References
- Ahovuo JA, Kiuru MJ, Kinnunen JJ, Haapamaki V, Pihlajamaki HK. MR imaging of fatigue stress injuries to bones: intra- and interobserver agreement. Magn Reson Imaging 2002;20:401–6.
- Anderson MW, Greenspan A. Stress fractures. Radio-logy 1996;199:1–12.
- Breithaupt J. Zur Pathologie des menschlichen Fussess. Medizin Zeitung 1855;24:169–77.
- Brudvig TJ, Gudger TD, Obermeyer L. Stress fractures in 295 trainees: a one-year study of incidence as related to age, sex, and race. Mil Med 1983;148: 666–7.
- Buckwalter JA, Glimcher MJ, Cooper RR, Recker R. Bone biology. Structure, blood supply, cells, matrix, and mineralization. Instr Course Lect 1996;45:371–86.
- Daffner RH, Pavlov H. Stress fractures: current concepts. Am J Roentgenol 1992;159:245–52.
- Deutsch AL, Mink JH, Rosenfelt FP, Waxman AD. Incidental detection of hematopoietic hyperplasia on routine knee MR imaging. Am J Roentgenol 1989;152:333–6.
- Fazzalari NIL. Trabecular microfracture. Calcif Tissue Int 1993;53 Suppl 1:S143–6.
- Feydy A, Drape J, Beret E, Sarazin L, Pessis E, Minoui A, et al. Longitudinal stress fractures of the tibia: comparative study of CT and MR imaging. Eur Radiol 1998;8:598–602.
- Fredericson M, Bergman AG, Hoffman KL, Dillingham MS. Tibial stress reactions in runners: correlation of clinical symptoms and scintigraphy with a new magnetic resonance imaging grading system. Am J Sports Med 1995;23:472–81.
- Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU). 1. Redefining Wolff's law: the bone modeling problem. Anat Rec 1990;226: 403–13.
- Frost HM. Skeletal structural adaptations to mechanical usage (SATMU). 2. Redefining Wolff's law: the remo-deling problem. Anat Rec 1990;226: 414–22.
- Geslien GE, Thrall JH, Espinosa JL, Older RA. Early detection of stress fractures using 99mTc-polyphosphate. Radiology 1976;121:683–7.
- Giladi M, Milgrom C, Simkin A, Danon Y. Stress fractures. Identifiable risk factors. Am J Sports Med 1991;19:647–52.
- Greaney RB, Gerber FH, Laughlin RL, Kmet JP, Metz CD, Kilcheski TS, et al. Distribution and natural history of stress fractures in U.S. Marine recruits. Radiology 1983;146:339–46.
- Hodler J, Steinert H, Zanetti M, Frolicher U, Rogala J, Stumpe K, et al. Radiographically negative stress related bone injury. MR imaging versus two-phase scintigraphy. Acta Radiol 1998;39:416–20.
- Hulkko A, Orava S. Stress fractures in athletes. Int J Sports Med 1987;8:221–6.
- Jones BH, Harris JM, Vinh TN, Rubin C. Exercise-induced stress fractures and stress reactions of bone: epidemiology, etiology, and classification. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1989;17:379–422.
- Jones BH, Cowan DN, Tomlinson JP, Robinson JR, Polly DW, Frykman PN. Epidemiology of injuries associated with physical training among young men in the army. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:197–203.
- Kannus P, Sievanen H, Vuori I. Physical loading, exercise, and bone. Bone 1996;18 Suppl 1:S1–3.
- Kanstrup IL. Bone scintigraphy in sports medicine: a review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1997;7:322–30.
- Kelly EW, Jonson SR, Cohen ME, Shaffer R. Stress fractures of the pelvis in female navy recruits: an analysis of possible mechanisms of injury. Mil Med 2000;165:142–6.
- Kiuru MJ, Pihlajamaki HK, Perkio JP, Ahovuo JA. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging is sympto-matic bone stress of the pelvis and the lower extremity. Acta Radiol 2001;42:277–85.
- Kiuru MJ, Pihlajamaki HK, Hietanen HJ, Ahovuo JA. MR imaging, bone scintigraphy, and radiography in bone stress injuries of the pelvis and the lower extremity. Acta Radiol 2002;43:207–12.
- Kiuru MJ, Mantysaari MJ, Pihlajamaki HK, Ahovuo JA. Evaluation of stress-related anterior lower leg pain with magnetic resonance imaging and intracompart-mental pressure measurement. Mil Med 2003;168:48–52.
- Kiuru MJ, Pihlajamaki HK, Ahovuo JA. Fatigue stress injuries of the pelvic bones and proximal femur: evaluation with MR imaging. Eur Radiol 2003; 13:605–11.
- Koskinen SK, Taimela S. Low-field MRI in tibial stress pain. Ann Med Milit Fenn 1992;67:83–6.
- Lassus J, Tulikoura I, Konttinen YT, Salo J, Santavirta S. Bone stress injuries of the lower extremity: a review. Acta Orthop Scand 2002;73:359–68.
- Lazzarini KM, Troiano RN, Smith RC. Can running cause the appearance of marrow edema on MR images of the foot and ankle?. Radiology 1997;202:540–2.
- Lee JK, Yao L. Stress fractures: MR imaging. Radio-logy 1988;169:217–20.
- Li GP, Zhang S, Chen C, Chen H, Wang AM. Radiographic and histologic analyses of stress fracture in rabbit tibias. Am J Sports Med 1998;13:285–95.
- Markey KL. Stress fractures. Clin Sports Med 1987; 6:405�25.
- Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC, Taunton JE, Lloyd-Smith DR, MacIntyre JG. Stress fractures in athletes. A study of 320 cases. Am J Sports Med 1987;15: 46�58.
- Matheson GO, Clement DB, McKenzie DC, Taunton JE, Lloyd-Smith DR, Macintyre JG. Scintigraphic uptake of 99mTc at non-painful sites in athletes with stress fractures. The concept of bone strain. Sports Med 1987;4: 65�75.
- Meyers SP, Wiener SN. Magnetic resonance imaging features of fractures using the short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence: correlation with radiographic findings. Skeletal Radiol 1991;20:499�507.
- Milgrom C, Chisin R, Giladi M, Stein M, Kashtan H, Margulies J, et al. Negative bone scans in impending tibial stress fractures. A report of three cases. Am J Sports Med 1984;12:488�91.
- Milgrom C, Finestone A, Shlamkovitch N, Rand N, Lev B, Simkin A, et al. Youth is a risk factor for stress fracture. A study of 783 infantry recruits. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1994;76:20�2.
- Milgrom C, Giladi M, Stein M, Kashtan H, Margulies JY, Chisin R, et al. Stress fractures in military recruits. A prospective study showing an unusually high incidence. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1985;67:732�5.
- Mubarak SJ, Gould RN, Lee YF, Schmidt DA, Hargens AR. The medial tibial stress syndrome. A cause of shin splints. Am J Sports Med 1982;10:201�5.
- Mulligan ME. The "gray cortex": an early sign of stress fracture. Skeletal Radiol 1995;24:201–3.
- Nielsen MB, Hansen K, Holmer P, Dyrbye M. Tibial periosteal reactions in soldiers. A scintigraphic study of 29 cases of lower leg pain. Acta Orthop Scand 1991;62:531�4.
- Orava S. Stress fractures. Br J Sports Med 1980;14:40–4.
- Orava S, Hulkko A. Delayed unions and nonunions of stress fractures in athletes. Am J Sports Med 1988;
- Orava S, Karpakka J, Hulkko A, Vaananen K, Takala T, Kallinen M, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of stress fractures located at the mid-tibial shaft in athletes. Int J Sports Med 1991;12:419–22.
- Otis CL, Drinkwater B, Johnson M, Loucks A, Wilmore J. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. The Female Athlete Triad. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1997;29:i-ix.
- Pathria MN, Issacs P. Magnetic resonance imaging of bone marrow. Curr Opin Radiol 1992;4:21–31.
- Rupani HD, Holder LE, Espinola DA, Engin SI. Three-phase radionuclide bone imaging in sports medicine. Radiology 1985;156:187–96.
- Sallis RE, Jones K. Stress fractures in athletes: how to spot this underdiagnosed injury. Postgrad Med 1991; 89:185-188, 191–192.
- Schulte. Die sogenannte Fussgeschwulst. Arch Kiln Chir 1897;55:872.
- Schweitzer ME, White LM. Does altered biomechanics cause marrow edema? Radiology 1996;198:851–3.
- Shin AY, Morin WD, Gorman JD, Jones SB, Lapinsky AS. The superiority of magnetic resonance imaging in differentiating the cause of hip pain in endurance athletes. Am J Sports Med 1996;24:168–76.
- Sterling JC, Edelstein DW, Calvo RD, Webb R II. Stress fractures in the athlete: diagnosis and manage-ment. Sports Med 1992;14:336–46.
- Sterling JC, Webb RF, Jr., Meyers MC, Calvo RD. False negative bone scan in a female runner. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1993;25:179–85.
- Turner CH, Burr DB. Basic biomechanical measure-ments of bone: a tutorial. Bone 1993;14:595–608.
- Visuri T, Vara A, Meurman KO. Displaced stress fractures of the femoral neck in young male adults: a report of twelve operative cases. J Trauma 1988; 28:1562–9.
- Vogler JB III, Murphy WA. Bone marrow imaging. Radiology 1988;168:679–93.
- Williams M, Laredo JD, Setbon S, Belange G, Timsit MA, Karneff, et al. Unusual longitudinal stress fractures of the femoral diaphysis: report of five cases. Skeletal Radiol 1999;27:81–5.
- Yao L, Johnson C, Gentili A, Lee JK, Seeger LL. Stress injuries of bone: analysis of MR imaging staging criteria. Acad Radiol 1998;5:34–40.