Diabetic Retinopathy: Sonographically Measured Hemodynamic Alterations in Ocular, Carotid, and Vertebral Arteries

References

• Agewall S, Wikstrand J, Ljungman S, Fagelberg B. Urinary albumin excretion is associated with the intima-media thickness of the carotid artery in hypertensive males with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens 1995;13:463–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai T, Numata K, Tanaka K, Kiba T, Kawasaki S, Saito T, et al. Ocular arterial flow hemodynamics in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Ultrasound Med 1998;17:675–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boschi D, Frosini M, Mencucei R, Sodi A. The influence of early diabetes on the pattern electroretino-gram. Doc Ophthalmol 1989;71:369–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cogan D, Toussaint D, Kuwabara T. Retinal vascular patterns. IV. Diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1961;66:366–78.
   Google Scholar
• Davis MD, Hubbart LD, Trautman J, Klein R. Studies of retinopathy: methodology for assessment and classi-fication with fundus photographs. Diabetes 1985; 34:42–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deckert T, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Borch-Johnsen K, Jensen T, Kofoed-Enevoldsen A. Albuminuria reflects widespread vascular damage: the Steno hypothesis. Diabetologia 1989;38:219–26.
   Google Scholar
• Elliot TG, Cockcroft JR, Groop PH, Viberti GC, Ritter JM. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in forearm vasculature of insulin-dependent diabetic patients: blunted vasoconstriction in patients with microalbumi-nuria. Clin Sci 1993;85:687–93.
   Google Scholar
• Evans DW, Harris A, Danis RP, Arend O, Martin BJ. Altered retrobulbar vascular reactivity in early diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol 1997;81:279–82.
   Google Scholar
• Fallon TJ, Maxwell DL, Kohner EM. Autoregulation of retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy measured by the blue light entoptic technique. Ophthalmology 1987;4:1410–5.
   Google Scholar
• Feke GT, Yoshida A, Ogasawara H, Konno S, Goger DG, Buzney SM, et al. Retinal blood flow increases following short-term aspirin usage in type I diabetics with no or minimal retinopathy. Ophthalmic Res 1996;28:108–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giugliano D, Cedello A, Paolisso G. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Diabetes Care 1996; 19:257–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gobel W, Lieb WE, Ho A, Sergott RC, Farhoumand R, Grehn F. Colour duplex ultrasound. A new procedure in the study of orbital blood vessels in diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmologe 1994;91:26–30.
   Google Scholar
• Greenstein V, Sarter B, Hood D, Noble K, Carr R. Hue discrimination and S cone pathway sensitivity in early diabetic neuropathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31. 15:1008–15.
   Google Scholar
• Grunwald JE, Brucker AJ, Grunwald SE, Riva CE. Retinal hemodynamics in proliferative diabetic retino- pathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1993;34:66-71.32.
   Google Scholar
• Grunwald JE, Brucker AJ, Petrig BL, Riva CE. Retinal blood flow regulation and the clinical response to panretinal photocoagulation in proliferative diabetic 33. retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1984;96:1518–22.
   Google Scholar
• Grunwald JE, Brucker AJ, Schwartz SN, Braunstein SN, Baker L, Petrig BL, et al Diabetic glycemic control and retinal blood flow. Diabetes 1990;39:602–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grunwald JE, DuPont J, Riva CE. Retinal haemo-dynamics in patients with early diabetes mellitus. Br J Ophthalmology 1996;80:327–31.
   Google Scholar
• Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Brucker AJ, Sinclair SH, Petrig B. Altered retinal vascular response to 100% oxygen breathing in diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1984; 91:1447–52.
   Google Scholar
• Giiven D, Ozdemir H, Hasanreisoglu B. Hemodynamic alterations in diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 36. 1996;103:1245–9.
   Google Scholar
• Hanis CL, Chu H-H, Lawson K, Hewett-Emmett D, Barton SA, Schull WJ, et al. Mortality of Mexican Americans with NIDDM: retinopathy and other pre- 37 dictors in Starr County, Texas. Diabetes Care 1993;•16:82–9.
   Google Scholar
• Harris A, Williamson T, Martin B, Shoemaker J, Sergott R, Spaeth G. Test/retest reproducibility of 38 colour Doppler imaging assessment of blood flow•velocity in orbital vessels. J Glaucoma 1995;4:281–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ho AC, Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Brown GC, Bosley TM, et al. Colour Doppler imaging of the 39. ocular ischemic syndrome. Ophthalmology 1992;99: 1453–62.
   Google Scholar
• Ishimura E, Nishizawa Y, Kawagishi T, Okuno Y, Kogawa S, Fukumoto S, et al. Intrarenal hemodynamic 40. abnormalities in diabetic nephropathy measured by duplex Doppler sonography. Kidney Int 1997;51:1920–7.
   Google Scholar
• Kawagishi T, Nishizawa Y, Emoto M, Konishi T, 41. Maekawa K, Hagiwara S, et al. Impaired retinal artery blood flow in IDDM patients before clinical manifestations of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 42. 1995;18: 1544–9.
   Google Scholar
• Keyser BJ, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Brown GC, Lieb WE, Annesley WH Jr. Colour Doppler imaging of 43. arterial blood flow in central retinal vein occlusion. Ophthalmology 1994;101: 1357–61.
   Google Scholar
• Kohner EM. The retinal blood flow in diabetes. Diabete et Metabolisme 1993;19:401–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohner EM, Oakley NW. Diabetic retinopathy. Meta- 44. bolism 1975;24: 1085–102.
   Google Scholar
• Konno S, Feke GT, Yoshida A, Fujio N, Goger DG, Buzney SM. Retinal blood flow changes in type I diabetes. A long-term follow-up study. Invest Ophthal-mol Vis 1996;37:1140–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Leo MA, Caputo S, Falsini B, Porciatti V, Minnella A, Graco A, et al. Nonselective loss of contrast 46. sensitivity in visual system testing in early type I diabetes. Diabetes Care 1992;15:620–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieb WE, Flaharty PM, Sergott RC, Medlock RD, Brown GC, Bosley T, et al. Colour Doppler imaging 47. provides accurate assessment of orbital blood flow in occlusive carotid artery disease. Ophthalmology 1991; 98:548–52.
   Google Scholar
• McVeigh GE, Brennan GM, Johnston GD, McDermott BJ, McGrath LT, Henry WR, et al. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 1992;35:771–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendivil A. Ocular blood flow velocities in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy after panretinal photo-coagulation. Surv Ophthalmol 1997;42 Suppl. 1:S89–95.
   Google Scholar
• Mendivil A, Cuartero V. Ocular blood flow velocities in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy after scatter photocoagulation. Two years of follow-up. Retina 1996;16:222–7.
   Google Scholar
• Mendivil A, Cuartero V. Color Doppler echography study of ocular blood flow velocity in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy after performance of retinal pan-photocoagulation: 2 years' follow-up. Rev Med Univ Navarra 1998;42:134–44.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mendivil A, Cuartero V, Mendivil MP. Ocular blood flow velocities in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy before and after scatter photo-coagulation: a prospective study. Eur J Ophthalmol 1995;5:259–64.
   Google Scholar
• Mendivil A, Cuartero V, Mendivil MP. Ocular blood flow velocities in patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and healthy volunteers: a prospective study. Br J Ophthalmol 1995;79:413–6.
   Google Scholar
• Neil A, Hawkins M, Potok M, Thorogood D, Cohen D, Mann J. A prospective population-based study of microalbuminuria as predictor of mortality in NIDDM. Diabetes Care 1993;16:996–1003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okamoto N, Nishimura Y, Goami K, Harino S. Effect of hyperbaric oxygen on ophthalmic artery blood velocity in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1998;42:406–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Päivänsalo M, Leinonen S, Turunen J, Tikkakoski T, Suramo I. Quantification of carotid artery stenosis with various Doppler velocity parameters. RaFo 1996;164: 108–13.
   Google Scholar
• Päivänsalo M, Riihelainen K, Rissanen T, Suramo I, Laatikainen L. Effect of an internal carotid stenosis on orbital blood velocity. Acta Radiol 1990;40:270–5.
   Google Scholar
• Patel V, Rassam S, Newsom R, Wiek J, Kohner E. Retinal blood flow in diabetic retinopathy. Br Med J 1992;305:678–83.
   Google Scholar
• Peternel P, Keber D, Videcnik V. Carotid arteries in central retinal vessel occlusion as assessed by Doppler ultrasound. Br J Ophthalmol 1989;73:880–3.
   Google Scholar
• Quaranta L, Harris A, Donato F, Cassamali M, Semeraro F, Nascimbeni G, et al. Color Doppler imaging of ophthalmic artery blood flow velocity: a study of repeatability and agreement. Ophthalmology 1997;104:653–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajala U, Pajunpää H, Koskela P, Keindnen-Kiukaanniemi S. High cardiovascular disease mortality in subjects with visual impairment caused by diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2000;23:957–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riiheläinen K, Paivansalo M, Suramo I, Laatikainen L. The effect of carotid endarterectomy on ocular blood velocity. Ophthalmology 1997;104:672–5.
   Google Scholar
• Robinson F, Grunwald JE, Petrig BL, Sinclair SH. Retinal blood flow autoregulation in response to an acute increase in blood pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1986;27:722–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rossing P, Hougaard P, Borch-Johnsen K, Parving H-H. Predictors of mortality in insulin dependent diabetes: 10-year observational follow-up study. Br Med J 1995; 313:779–84.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair SH, Grunwald JE, Riva CE, Braunsteins SN, Nichols CW, Schwartz SS. Retinal vascular auto- 51. regulation in diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1982; 89:748–50.
   Google Scholar
• Stephenson JM, Kenny S, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Lee Ethe WHO Multinational Study Group. Proteinuria 52. and mortality in diabetes: the WHO multinational study of vascular disease in diabetes. Diabetic Med 1995; 12:149–55.
   Google Scholar
• Tamaki Y, Nagahara M, Yamashita H, Kikuchi M. Analysis of blood flow velocity in the ophthalmic artery by color Doppler. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi 1993;97:961–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamaki Y, Nagahara M, Yamashita H, Kikuchi M. Blood velocity in the ophthalmic artery determined by color Doppler imaging in normal subjects and diabetics. Jpn J Ophthalmol 1993;37:385–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visona A, Lusiani L, Bonanome A, Beltramello G, Confortin L, Papesso B, et al. Wall thickening of common carotid arteries in patients affected by non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: relationship to micro-vascular complications. Angiology 1995;46:793–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar