Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase Expression in Higher-grade Astrocytic Glioma

References

• Gomi A, Shinoda S, Masuzawa T, Ishikawa T, Kuo MT. Transient induction of the MRP/GS-X pump and y-glutamyl-cysteine synthetase by 1-(4-amino-2-methy1-5-pyrim-idinyl)methy1-3-(2-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosourea in human glioma cells. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 5292–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lorico A, Rappa G, Finch RA, Yang D, Flavell RA, Sar-torelli AC. Disruption of the murine MRP (multidrug resis-tance protein) gene leads to increased sensitivity to etoposide (VP-16) and increased levels of glutathione. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 5238–42.
   Google Scholar
• Rappa G, Lorico A, Flavell RA, Sartorelli AC. Evidence that the multidrug resistance protein (MRP) functions as a co-transporter of glutathione and natural product toxins. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 5232–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meister A, Anderson ME. Glutathione. Ann Rev Biochem 1983; 52: 711–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH. y-glutamyltranspeptidase, a glutathionase: its expression and function in carcinogenesis. Chem Biol Interact 1998; 111–112: 333–42.
   Google Scholar
• Orlowski M, Meister A. The gamma-glutamyl-cycle: a possi-ble transport system for amino acids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1970; 67: 1248–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith O, Meister A. Translocation of intracellular glu-tathione to membrane-bound y-glutamyl transpeptidase as a discrete step in the ?-glutamyl cycle. Glutathionuria after inhibition of transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 268–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith OW, Bridges WI, Meister A. Evidence that the y-glu-tamyl cycle functions in vivo using intracellular glutathione. Effects of amino acids and selective inhibition of enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1978; 75: 5405–548.
   Google Scholar
• Griffith OW, Novogrodsky A, Meister A. Translocation of glutathione from lymphoid cells that have markedly different y-glutamyl transpeptidase activities. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979; 76: 2249–52.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer P, Scherberich JE, Schoeppe W. Comparative bio-chemical and immunological studies on gamma-glutamyl-transferases from human kidney and renal cell carcinoma applying monoclonal antibodies. Clin Chim Acta 1990; 191: 185–200.
   Google Scholar
• Fischer P, Störkel S, Haase W, Scherberich JE. Differential diagnosis of histogenetically distinct human epithelial renal tumours with a monoclonal antibody against y-glutamyltrans-ferase. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1991; 33: 382–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rajpert-De Meyts E, Heisterkamp N, Groffen J. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of human y-glutamyl transpeptidase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988; 85: 8840–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH, Frierson HJ. Immunohistochemical detection of y-glutamyl-transpeptidase in normal human tissue. J His-tochem Cytochem 1996; 44: 1101–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH, Frierson HF, Swanson PE, De Young BR. Altered expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in hu-man tumors. Hum Pathol 1999; 30: 300–5.
   Google Scholar
• Fine HA. The basis for current treatment recommendations for malignant gliomas. J Neurooncol 1994; 20: 111–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shapiro WR, Grenn SB, Burger PC, et al. A randomized comparison of intra-arterial versus intravenous BCNU, with or without intravenous 5-fluorouracil, for newly diagnosed patients with malignant glioma. J Neurosurg 1992; 76: 772–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shugg D, Allen BJ, Blizzard L, Dwyer T, Roder D. Brain cancer incidence, mortality and case survival. Observations from two Australian cancer registries. hit J Cancer 1994; 59: 765–70.
   Google Scholar
• Kleihues P, Burger PC, Scheithauer BW. Histological typing of tumors of the central nervous system, Second ed. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Kaufmann O, Dietel M, Scherberich JE, Gaedicke G, Fischer P. Immunohistochemical differentiation of metastases of renal carcinomas versus other carcinomas with anti-y GT mono-clonal antibody 138H11. Histopathology 1997; 31: 31–7.
   Google Scholar
• Courtay C, Oster T, Michelet F. GGT: nucleotide sequence of the human pancreatic cDNA. Biochem Pharmacol 1992; 43: 2527–33.
   Google Scholar
• Leroy P, Nicolas A, Thioudellet C, Oster T, Wellman M, Siest G. Rapid liquid chromatographic assay of glutathione in cultured cells. Biomed Chromatogr 1993; 7: 86–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng S, Nassar K, Levy D. y-glutamyl transpeptidase activ-ity in normal, regenerating and malignant hepatocytes. FEBS Lett 1978; 85: 310.
   Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH, Gallagher BC, Townsend DM, Gabarra V. y-glutamyl transpeptidase accelerates tumor growth and in-creases the resistance of tumors to cisplatin in vivo. Carcino-genesis 1999; 20: 553–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blair S, Heerdt P, Sachar S, et al. Glutathione metabolism in patients with non-small cell lung cancers. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 152–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali-Osman F, Stein DE, Renwick A. Glutathione content and glutathione-S-transferaseexpressionin1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea-resistant human malignant astro-cytoma cell lines. Cancer Res 1990; 50: 6976–80.
   Google Scholar
• Wang W, Balatori N. Endogenous glutathione conjugates. Occurrence and biological functions. Pharmacol Rev 1998; 50: 335–55.
   Google Scholar
• McIntyre TM, Curthoys NP. Comparison of the hydrolytic and transfer activities of rat renal y-glutamyltranspeptidase. J Biol Chem 1979; 254: 6499–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw LM, Newman DA. Hydrolysis of glutathione by human liver y-glutamyltransferase. Clin Chem 1979; 25: 75–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thioudellet C, Oster T, Wellman M, Siest G. Molecular and functional characterization of recombinant human gamma-glutamyltransferase. Coupling of its activity to glutathione levels in V79 cells. Eur J Biochem 1994; 222: 1009–16.
   Google Scholar
• Souba WW. Glutamine and cancer. Ann Surg 1993; 218: 715–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klimberg VS, McClellan JL. Glutamine, cancer, and its ther-apy. Am J Surg 1996; 172: 418–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasa M, Bode BP, Abcouver SF, Collins CL, Tanabe KK, Souba WW. Glutamine as a regulator of DNA and protein biosynthesis in human solid tumor cell lines. Ann Surg 1996; 224: 189–97.
   Google Scholar
• Uren JR, Lazarus H. L-cyst(e)ine requirements of malignant cells and progress toward depletion therapy. Cancer Treat Rep 1979; 63: 1073–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Olney JW, Zorumski C, Price MT, Labruyere J. L-cysteine, a bicarbonate-sensitive endogenous excitotoxin. Science 1990; 248: 596–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH. Extracellular glutathione is a source of cysteine for cells that express y-glutamyl transpeptidase. Biochemistry 1993; 32: 6302–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanigan MH. Expression of y-glutamyl transpeptidase pro-vides tumor cells with a selective growth advantage at physio-logic concentrations of cysteine. Carcinogenesis 1995; 16: 181–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar