560
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

A Systematic Overview of Chemotherapy Effects in Urothelial Bladder Cancer

Pages 371-390 | Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • IARC. Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC monographs volumes 1 to 42. In: IARC mono-graphs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemi-cals to humans. Suppl 7. Lyon: IARC, 1987.
  • Reading J, Hall RR, Parmar MK. The application of a prognostic factor analysis for Ta, Ti bladder cancer in routine urological practice. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 604–7.
  • Farrow GM. Pathology of carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder and related lesions. J Cell Biochem 1992; (Suppl 161): 39–43.
  • Norming U, Nyman CR, Gustafsson H. Deoxyribonucleic acid profile and tumor progression in primary carcinoma in situ of the bladder: A study of 63 patients with grade 3 lesions. J Urol 1992; 147: 11–5.
  • Reuter V. Pathology of bladder cancer: Assessments of prognostic variables and response to therapy. Semin Oncol 1990; 17: 524–32.
  • Herr HW. Intravesical Therapy. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 1992; 6: 117–27.
  • Kakizoe T, Matumoto K, Nishio Y, et al. Significance of carcinoma in situ and dysplasia in association with bladder cancer. J Urol 1985; 133: 395–8.
  • Kilbridge KL, Kamoff P. Intravesical therapy for superficial bladder cancer: is it a wash? J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 1–4.
  • Lamm DL. Bacillus Calmette-Gurein immunotherapy for bladder cancer. J Urol 1985; 134: 40–7.
  • Herr HW, Jakse G, Sheinfeld J. The Ti bladder tumor. Semin Urol 1990; 8: 254–61.
  • Pagano F, Bassi P, Galetti TP, et al. Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinico-pathological study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes and metastases classification. J Urol 1991; 145: 45–50.
  • Smith JA Jr, Whitmore WF Jr. Regional lymph node metas-tasis from bladder cancer. J Urol 1981; 126: 591–3.
  • Whitmore WF. Management of invasive bladder neoplasms. Semin Urol 1983; 1: 34–41.
  • Jones HC, Swinney J. Thiotepa in the treatment of tumours of the bladder. Lancet 1961; 2: 615–8.
  • Akaza H, Isaka S, Koiso K, et al. Comparative analysis of short-term and long-term prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy of superficial bladder cancer. Prospective, ran-domized, controlled studies of the Japanese Urological Can-cer Research Group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; (Suppl 20): 91–6. (C2/298)
  • Akaza H, Koiso K, Kotake T, et al. Long-term results of intravesical chemoprophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer: experience of the Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group for Adriamycin. Cancer Che-mother Pharmacol 1992; (Suppl 30): 15–20. (C1/457)
  • Ali-El-Dein B, El-Baz M, Aly ANM, et al. Intravesical epirubicin versus doxorubicin for superficial bladder tumors (Stages pTa and PT1): a randomized prospective study. J Urol 1997; 158: 68-74. (C2/193)
  • Ali-El-Dein B, Nabeeh A, El-Baz M, et al. Single-dose versus multiple instillations of epirubicin as prophylaxis for recur-rence after transurethral resection of pTa and pT1 transitional -cell bladder tumours: a prospective, randomized controlled study. Br J Urol 1997; 79: 731–5. (C2/168)
  • Asahi T, Matsumura Y, Tanahashi T, et al. The effects of intravesical instillation of thiotepa on the recurrence rate of bladder tumors. Acta Med Okayama 1980; 34: 43-9. (C2/134)
  • Bouffioux C, Kurth KH, Bono A, et al. Intravesical adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional bladder carcinoma: Results of 2 European Organization and Treatment Cancer randomized trials with mitomycin C and doxorubicin com-parins early versus delayed instillations and short-term versus long-term treatment. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Genitourinary Group. J Urol 1995; 153: 934–41. (C1/517 +448)
  • Burnand KG, Boyd PJR, Mayo ME, et al. Single dose intravesical thiotepa as an adjuvant to cystodiathermy in the treatment of transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Br J Urol 1976; 48: 55-9. (C3/51)
  • Byar D, Blackard C. Comparisons of placebo, pyridoxine, and topical thiotepa in preventing recurrence of stage I bladder cancer. Urol 1977; 10: 556-61. (C3/86)
  • Flamm J, Donner G, Oberleitner S, et al. Adjuvant intraves-ical mitoxantrone after transurethral resection of primary superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. A prospective study. Eur J Cancer 1995; 31: 143-6. (C2/126)
  • Huland H, Otto H. Mitomycin instillation to prevent recur-rence of superficial bladder carcinoma. Results of a con-trolled, prospective study in 58 patients. Eur Urol 1983; 9: 84–6. (C3/58)
  • Kim HH, Lee C. Intravesical mitomycin C instillation as a prophylactic treatment of superficial bladder tumor. J Urol 1989; 141: 1337-9. (C3/43)
  • Koontz WW Jr, Prout GR Jr, Smith W, et al. The use of intravesical thiotepa in the management of non-invasive carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1981; 125: 307-12. (C3/93)
  • Krege S, Giani G, Meyer R, et al. A randomized multicenter trial of adjuvant therapy in superficial bladder cancer: transurethral resection only versus transurethral resection plus mitomycin C versus transurethral resection plus bacillus Calmette-Guerin. Participating clinics. J Urol 1996; 156: 962-6. (C1/235)
  • Kurth KH, Debruyne FJM, Senge T, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy of superficial transitional cell carcinoma: an EORTC randomized trial comparing doxorubicin hydrochlo-ride, ethoglucid, and TUR alone. In: Schroeder FH, Richards B, eds. EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 2, Part B: Superficial Bladder Tumors. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1985: 135–42. (C2/209)
  • Kurth K, Tunn U, Ay R, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for superficial transitional cell bladder carcinoma: Long-term results of a European Organization for Research and Treat-ment of Cancer randomized trial comparing doxorubicin, ethoglucid and transurethral resection alone. J Urol 1997; 158: 378-84. (C2/148)
  • Medical Research Council Working Party on Urological Cancer, London. The effect of intravesical thiotepa on the recurrence rate of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer. An MRC study. Br J Urol 1985; 57: 680-5. (C1/367)
  • Medical Research Council Working Party on Urological Cancer, Subgroup on Superficial Bladder Cancer: The effect of intravesical thiotepa on tumour recurrence after endo-scopic treatment of newly diagnosed superficial bladder can-cer. A further report with long-term follow-up of a Medical Research Council randomized trial. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 632-8. (C2/146)
  • Minervini R, Felipetto R, Vigano L, et al. Recurrences and progression of superficial bladder cancer following long-term intravesical prophylactic therapy with mitomycin C: 48-month follow-up. Urol Int 1996; 56: 234-7. (C2/261)
  • Niijima T, Koiso K, Akaza H. Ran domized clinical trial on chemoprophylaxis of recurrence in cases of superficial bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharm 1983; (Suppl 11): 79–82. (C2/278)
  • Nocks BN, Nieh PT, Prout GRJr. A longitudinal study of patients with superficial bladder carcinoma successfully treated with weekly intravesical thiotepa. J Urol 1979; 122: 27-9. (C3/42)
  • Obata K, Ohashi Y, Akaza H, et al. Prophylactic chemother-apy with intravesical instillation of adriamycin and oral administration of 5-fluorouracil after surgery for superficial bladder cancer. The Japanese Urological Cancer Research Group for Adriamycin. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; Suppl 35: 88–92. (C2/331)
  • Okamura K, Murase T, Obata K, et al. A randomized trial of early intravesical instillation of epirubicin in superficial bladder cancer. The Nagoya University Urological Oncology Group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; (Suppl 35): 31–5. (C2/122)
  • Okamura K, Kinukawa T, Tsumura Y, et al. A randomized study of short-term versus long-term intravesical epirubicin instillation epirubicin for superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1998; 33: 285-9. (C2/148)
  • Oosterlinck W, Kurth KH, Schroder F, et al. A prospective European Organization for Research and Treatment of Can-cer Genitourinary Group randomized trial comparing transurethral resection followed by a single intravesical instil-lation of epirubicin or water in single stage Ta, Ti papillary carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1993; 149: 749-52. (C1/399)
  • Prout GR Jr, Koontz WW Jr, Coombs LJ, et al. Long-term fate of 90 patients with superficial bladder cancer randomly assigned to receive or not to receive thiotepa. J Urol 1983; 130: 677-80. (C3/90)
  • Rajala P, Liukkonen T, Raitanen M, et al. Transurethral resection with perioperative instillation of interferon-a or epirubicin for the prophylaxis of recurrent primary superficial bladder cancer: a prospective randomized multicenter study - Finnbladder III. J Urol 1999; 161: 1133-6. (C2/134)
  • Rubben EJ, Graf-Dobberstein C, Ostwald R, et al. Prospec-tive randomized study of adjuvant therapy after complete resection of superficial bladder cancer, mitomycin C vs BCG Connaught vs TUR alone. In: de Kernion JB, Mazema E, eds. Immunotherapy of Urological Tumours. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1990: 27–36 Ch. 3. (C3/83)
  • Schulman CC, Robinson M, Denis L, et al. Prophylactic chemotherapy of superficial transitional cell bladder car-cinoma. An EORTC randomized trial comparing thiotepa, an epipodophyllotoxin (VM26) and TUR alone. Eur Urol 1982; 8: 207–12. (C2/209)
  • Solsona E, Iborra I, Ricós JV, et al. Effectiveness of a single immediate mityomycin C instillation in patients with low risk superficial bladder cancer: short and long-term follow-up. J Urol 1999; 161: 1120-3. (C2/121)
  • Tolley DA, Hargreave TB, Smith PH, et al. Effect of intrav-esical mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superfi-cial bladder cancer: interim report from the Medical Research Council Subgroup on Superficial Bladder Cancer. (Urological Cancer Working Party). Br Med J 1988; 296: 1759-61. (C2/397)
  • Tolley DA, Parmar MK, Grigor KM, et al. The effect of intravesical mitomycin C on recurrence of newly diagnosed superficial bladder cancer: A further report with 7 years of follow-up. J Urol 1996; 155: 1233-8. (C1/502)
  • Zincke H, Utz DC, Taylor WF, et al. Influence of thiotepa and doxorubicin instillation at time of transurethral surgical treatment of bladder cancer on tumor recurrence: a prospec-tive, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial. J Urol 1983; 129: 505-9. (C3/58)
  • Lamm DL, Riggs DR, Traynelis CL, et al. Apparent failure of current intravesical chemotherapy prophylaxis to influence the long-term course of superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Urol 1995; 153: 1444–50. (L1/3 899)
  • Huland H, Klöppel G, Feddersen I, et al. Comparison of different schedules of cytostatic intravesical instillations in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma: Final evaluation of a prospective multicenter study with 419 patients. J Urol 1990; 144: 68-72. (C1/419)
  • Michael M, Tannock IF, Czaykowski PM, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for high-risk urothelial transitional cell car-cinoma: the Princess Margaret Hospital experience. Br J Urol 1998; 82: 366-72. (R2/35)
  • Shinohara N, Nonomura K, Tanaka M, et al. Prophylactic chemotherapy with anthracyclines (adriamycin, epirubicin, and pirarubicin) for primary superficial bladder cancer. Can-cer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; Suppl 35: 41–5. (C2/299)
  • Medical Research Council Working Party on Urological Cancer, Subgroup on Advanced Bladder Cancer: A phase II study of carboplatin in metastatic transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1987; 23: 375-7. (P2/48)
  • Rubben H, Lutzeyer W, Fischer N, et al. Natural history and treatment of low and high risk superficial bladder tumors. J Urol 1988; 139: 283-5. (C2/220)
  • Pawinski A, Sylvester R, Kurth KH, et al. A combined analysis of European Organization for Research and Treat-ment of Cancer, and Medical Research Council randomized clinical trials for the prophylactic treatment of stage TaT1 bladder cancer. J Urol 1996; 156: 1934–41. (M1/2 535)
  • Eto H, Oka Y, Ueno K, et al. Comparison of the prophylactic usefulness of epirubicin and doxorubicin in the treatment of superficial bladder cancer by intravesical instillation: a multi-center randomized trial. Kobe University Urological Oncol-ogy Group. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; (Suppl 35): 46–51. (C2/150)
  • Newling DW, Robinson MR, Smith PH, et al. Tryptophan metabolites, pyridoxine (vitamin B6) and their influence on the recurrence rate of superficial bladder cancer. Results of a prospective randomized phase III study performed by the EORTC GU Group. Eur Urol 1995; 27: 110–6
  • Green DF, Robinson MRG, Glashan R, et al. Does intraves-ical chemotherapy prevent invasive bladder cancer? J Urol 1984; 131: 33-5. (P2/597)
  • Kurth KH, Sylvester R, de Pauw M, et al. Intracavitary treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: questions and lessons after 27 years of experience. In: De-bruyne FMJ, Denis L, van der Meijden APM, eds. EORTC Genitourinary Group Monograph 6: BCG in Superficial Bladder Cancer. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 1989: 125–45.
  • Melekos MD, Chionis H, Pantazakos A, et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunoprophylaxis of superficial bladder cancer: results of a controlled prospective trial with modified treatment schedule. J Urol 1993; 149: 744–8.
  • Naito S, Kotoh S, Omoto T, et al. Prophylactic intravesical instillation chemotherapy against recurrence after a transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer: a ran-domized controlled trial of doxorubicin plus verapamil versus doxorubicine alone. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1998; 42: 367-72. (C2/157)
  • Flamm J. Long term versus short term doxorubicin hydro-chloride instillation after transurethral resection of superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1990; 17: 119-24. (C2/146)
  • Schwaibold H, Pilchmeier U, Klingenberger H-J, et al. Long-term follow-up of cytostatic intravesical instillation in pa-tients with superficial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 153-9. (C1/419)
  • Masters JR, Popert RJM, Thompson PM, et al. Intravesical chemotherapy with epirubicin: a dose response study. J Urol 1999; 161: 1490-3. (C2/157)
  • Tsushima T, Ohomori H, Ohi Y, et al. Intravesical instillation chemotherapy of adriamycin with or without verapamil for the treatment of superficial bladder cancer: the final results of a collaborative randomized trial. Cancer Chemother Pharma-col 1994; (Suppl 35): 69–75. (C3/96)
  • Herr HW, Pinsky CM, Whitmore WF Jr, et al. Experience with intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy of superfi-cial bladder tumors. Urology 1985; 25: 119–23.
  • Herr HW, Pinsky CM, Whitmore WF Jr, et al. Long-term effect of intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin on flat car-cinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1986; 135: 265–7.
  • Pagano F, Bassi P, Milani C, et al. A low dose Bacillus Calmette-Gurérin regimen in superficial bladder cancer ther-apy: is it effective? J Urol 1991; 146: 32–5.
  • Herr HW, Laudone VP, Badalament RA, et al. BCG alters the progression of superficial baldder cancer. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1450–5.
  • Herr HW. Transurethral resection and intravesical therapy of superficial bladder tumours. Urol Clin N Amer 1991; 18: 525–8.
  • Herr HW, Schwalb DM, Zhang ZF, et al. Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin therapy prevents tumor progres-sion and death from bladder cancer: Ten-year follow-up of a prospective randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 1404–8.
  • Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED, et al. Mainte-nance bacillus Calmette-Guerin immunotherapy for recur-rent TA, Ti and carcinoma in situ transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: A randomized Southwest Oncol-ogy Group Study. J Urol 2000; 163: H24–9.
  • Lamm DL, van der Mejden PM, Morales A, et al. Incidence and treatment of bacillus Calmette-Guerin intravesical ther-apy in superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 596–600.
  • Rintala E, Jauhiainen K, Kaasinen E, et al. Alternating mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin instillation pro-phylaxis for recurrent papillary (stages Ta to Ti) superficial bladder cancer. Finnbladder Group. J Urol 1996; 156: 56-60. (C1/188)
  • Witjes JA, Caris CTM, Mungan NA, et al. Results of a randomized phase III trial of sequential intravesical therapy with mitomycin C and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mit-omycin C alone in patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1998; 160: 1668-72. (C2/182)
  • Debruyne FMJ, van der Meijden APM, Witjes JA, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus mitomycin C intravesical therapy in superficial bladder cancer. Urology 1992; (Suppl 40): 11–5. (C1/344)
  • Lamm DL, Blumenstein BA, Crawford ED, et al. A ran-domized trial of intravesical doxorubicin and immunother-apy with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. N Engl J Med 1991; 325: 1205–9.
  • Lundholm C, Norlen BJ, Ekman P, et al. A randomized prospective study comparing long-term intravesical instilla-tions of mitomycin C and bacillus Calmette-Guérin in pa-tients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1996; 156: 372-6. (C1/261)
  • Martinez-Pineiro JA, Jiminez Leon J, Martinez-Pineiro L, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guerin versus doxorubicin versus thiotepa: A randomized study in 202 patients with superficial bladder cancer. J Urol 1990; 143: 502–6. (C1/202)
  • Rintala E, Jauhiainen K, Alftan O, et al. Intravesical chemotherapy (mitomycin C) versus immunotherapy (bacil-lus Calmette-Guérin) in superficial bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1991; 20: 19-25. (C2/91)
  • Witjes JA, v d Meijden AP, Sylvester R, et al. Long-term follow-up of an EORTC randomized prospective trial com-paring intravesical bacille Calmette-Guérin-RIVM and mito-mycin C in superficial bladder cancer. EORTC GU Group and the Dutch South East Cooperative Urological Group. Urology 1998; 52: 403-10. (C1/344)
  • Lamm DL, Griffith JG. Intravesical therapy: does it affect the natural history of superficial bladder cancer? Semin Urol 1992; 10: 39–44.
  • Malmstrom P-U, Wijkstrom H, Lundholm C, et al. 5-year follow-up of a randomized prospective study comparing mitomycin C and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in patients with superficial bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1999; 161: 1124–7. (C1/261)
  • Witjes JA, van der Meiden AP, Witjes WP, et al. A random-ized prospective study comparing intravesical instillations of mitomycin-C, BCG-Tice, and BCG-RIVM in pTa-pT1 tu-mours and primary carcinoma in situ of the urinary bladder. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29: 1672-6. (C1/437)
  • Vegt PD, Witjes JA, Witjes WP, et al. A randomized study of intravesical mitomycin C, Bacillus Calmette-Guerin TICE and Bacillus Calmette-Guerin RIVM treatment in pTa-pT1 papillary carcinoma and carcinoma in situ of the bladder. J Urol 1995; 153: 929-33. (C1/437)
  • Sternberg CN, Raghavan D, Ohi Y, et al. Neo-adjuvant and adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced disease: What are the effects on survival and prognosis? Int .1- Urol 1995; 2: 76–88.
  • Checile G, Montie J, Pontes JE, et al. Neo-adjuvant intra-ar-terial chemotherapy in locally advanced bladder cancer. In: Splinter TA, Scher HI, eds. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Invasive Bladder Cancer. New York: Wiley-Liss, 1990: 153–61.
  • Scher HI, Herr HW, Sternberg CN, et al. M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblertin, adriamycin and cisplatin) and bladder preservation. In: Scher HI, Splinter TAW, eds. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Invasive Bladder Cancer. New York: Liss, 1990: 179–86.
  • Scher HI, Norton L. Chemotherapy for urothelial tract malignancies: breaking the deadlock. Semin Surg Oncol 1992; 8: 316–41.
  • Abratt RP, Pontin AR, Barnes RD. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy and radical irradiation for locally advanced bladder cancer - a phase 2 study. Eur J Surg Oncol 1994; 20: 576–9. (P3/18)
  • Bellmunt J, Ribas A, Albanell J, et al. M-CAVI, a neoadju-vant carboplatin-based regimen for the treatment of T2-4NOMO carcinoma of the bladder. Am J Clin Oncol 1996; 19: 344-8. (P2/47)
  • Cacciari N, Martoni A, Rossi AP, et al. A new regimen of cisplatin, epirubicin and methotrexate (PEM-3) as primary chemotherapy for locally advanced bladder cancer. Tumori 1996; 82: 364-8. (P3/41)
  • Galante E, Ferroni C, Bianchi S, et al. Neoadjuvant treat-ment of cancer of the bladder with M-VAC/M-VEC, and bladder-sparing policy: preliminary report of a non-random-ized study. J Exp Ther Oncol 1996; 1: 237-41. (P3/36)
  • Hatcher PA, Hahn RG, Richardson RL, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder carcinoma: disease out-come and bladder preservation and relationship to local tumor response. Eur Urol 1994; 25: 209-15. (P3/39)
  • Havsteen H, von der Maase H, Stroyer I, et al. Cisplatin as a first line treatment in T2 and T3 bladder carcinoma. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 1285-7. (P2/22)
  • Herr HW, Scher HI. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and partial cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 975-80. (P1/111)
  • Hoshi S, Orikasa S, Yoshikawa K, et al. Neoadjuvant therapy and bladder substitute for invasive bladder cancer: 20 years experience at Tohoku university. Int J Urol 1999; 6: 68-74. (P3/23)
  • Jacobs SC, Menashe DS, Mewissen MW, et al. Intraarterial cisplatin infusion in the management of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 1989; 64: 388-91. (P2/30)
  • Kachnic LA, Kaufman DS, Heney NM, et al. Bladder preservation by combined modality therapy for invasive bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 1022-9. (P1/106)
  • Kuroiwa T, Naito S, Hasuo K, et al. Phase II study of a new combined primary chemotherapy regimen, intraveneous methotrexate and vincristine and intraarterial adriamycin and cisplatin, for locally advanced urinary bladder cancer: prelim-inary results. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1995; 35: 357-63. (P3/27)
  • Letocha HS, Malmstrom P-U, Busch C, et al. The efficacy of preoperative systemic chemotherapy in the local control of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Acta Oncol 1994; 33: 519–22. (P2/30)
  • Naito S, Kuroiwa T, Ueda T, et al. Combination chemother-apy with intra-arterial cisplatin and doxorubicin plus intra-venous methotrexate and vincristine for locally advanced bladder cancer. Kyushu University Urological and Radiolog-ical Oncology Group. J Urol 1995; 154: 1704-9. (P3/36)
  • Paz-Ares L, Lianes P, Diaz-Puente M, et al. CMV front-line chemotherapy in transitional bladder carcinoma. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 147-50. (P2/36)
  • Sagaster P, Flamm J, Flamm M, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (MVAC) in locally invasive bladder cancer. Eur J Urol 1996; 32: 1320-4. (P2/52)
  • Scattoni V, Bolognesi A, Cozzarini C, et al. Neoadjuvant CMV chemotherapy plus radical cystectomy in locally ad-vanced bladder cancer: the impact of pathologic response on long-term results. Tumori 1996; 82: 463-9. (P2/75)
  • Scher HI, Yagoda A, Herr HW, et al. Neoadjuvant M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, dox-orubicin and cisplatin) effect on the primary bladder lesion. J Urol 1988; 39: 470-4. (P2/50)
  • Schultz PK, Herr HW, Zhang ZF, et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: prognostic factors for survival of patients treated with M-VAC with five-year follow-up. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 1394-401. (P1/111)
  • Serretta V, Lo Greco G, Pavone C, et al. The fate of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer treated conservatively with neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Extensive transurethral re-section and radiotherapy: 10-year experience. J Urol 1998; 159: 1187–91. (P2/40)
  • Splinter TA, Pavone-Macaluso M, Jacqmin D, et al. A European Organization for Research and Treatment of Can-cer-Genitourinary Group phase 2 study of chemotherapy in stage T3--4N0-XMO transitional cell cancer of the bladder: evaluation of clinical response. J Urol 1992; 148: 1793-6. (P1/171)
  • Srougi M, Simon SD. Primary methotrexate, vinblastin, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy and bladder preser-vation in locally invasive bladder cancer: A five-year follow-up. J Urol 1994; 151: 593-7. (P2/36)
  • Sternberg CN, Arena MG, Calabresi F, et al. Neoadjuvant M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cis-platin) for infiltrating transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Cancer 1993; 72: 1975-82. (P1/46)
  • Tester W, Caplan R, Heaner J, et al. Neoadjuvant combined modality program with selective organ preservation for inva-sive bladder cancer: results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group phase 11 trial 8802. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 119-26. (P1/91)
  • Vogelzang NJ, Moormeier JA, Awan AM, et al. Methotrex-ate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin followed by radio-therapy or surgery for muscle invasive bladder cancer: the University of Chicago experience. J Urol 1993; 149: 753-7. (P2/29)
  • International collaboration of trialists of the Medical Re-search Council Advanced Bladder Cancer Working Party. Neoadjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a ran-domised controlled trial. Lancet 1999;354:533-40. (C1/976)
  • Splinter TA, Scher HI, Denis L, et al. The prognostic value of the pathologic response to combination chemotherapy before cystectomy in patients with invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 1992; 147: 606-8. (P2/147)
  • Coppin CM, Gospodarowicz MK, James K, et al. Improved local control of invasive bladder cancer by concurrent cisplatin and preoperative or definitive radiation. The National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group. J Clin Oncol 1996; 14: 2901-7. (C2/99)
  • Martinez-Pineiro JA, Gonzalez Martin M, Arocena F, et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin chemotherapy before radical cystec-tomy in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a prospective randomized phase III study. J Urol 1995; 153: 964–73. (C2/122)
  • Wallace DM, Raghavan D, Kelly KA, et al. Neo-adjuvant (pre-emptive) cisplatin therapy in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Br J Urol 1991; 67: 608-15. (C2/255)
  • Ghersi D, Stewart LA, Parmar MK, et al. Does neo-adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy improve survival of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer: an analysis of individual patient data from randomized clinical trials. Br J Urol 1995; 75: 206-13. (M1/479)
  • Loehrer PJ, Einhom LH, Elson P, et al. A randomized comparison of cisplatin alone or in combination with methotrexate, vinblastine, and doxorubicin in patients with metastatic urothelial carcinoma: A cooperative group study. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 1066-73. (C1/269)
  • Mead GM, Russell M, Clark P, et al. A randomized trial comparing methotrexate and vinblastine (MV) with cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine (CMV) in advanced transitional cell carcinoma: results and a report on prognostic factors in a Medical Research Council study. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 1967-75. (C1/214)
  • Malmstrom PU, Rintala E, Wahlqvist R, et al. Five-year follow-up of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Nordic Cystectomy Trial 1. J Urol 1996; 155: 1903–6. (C1/311)
  • Rintala E, Hannisdahl E, Fossa SD, et al. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in bladder cancer: a randomized study. Nordic Cystectomy Trial I. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1993; 27: 355-62. (C1/311)
  • Shearer RJ, Chilvers CF, Bloom HJ, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy in T3 carcinoma of the bladder. A prospective trial: preliminary report. Br J Urol 1988; 62: 558-64. (C2/376)
  • Shipley WU, Winter KA, Kaufman DS, et al. Phase III trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with invasive blad-der cancer treated with selective bladder preservation by combined radiation therapy and chemotherapy: Initial results of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group 89-03. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 3576-83. (C2/123)
  • Skinner DG, Daniels JR, Russell CA, et al. The role of adjuvant chemotherapy following cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: A prospective comparative trial. J Urol 1991; 145: 459-67. (C3/91)
  • Stockle M, Meyenburg W, Wellek S, et al. Adjuvant poly-chemotherapy of non-organ-confined bladder cancer after radical cystectomy revisited: Long term results of a controlled prospective study and further clinical experience. J Urol 1995; 153: 47-52. (P2/83)
  • Clyne CA, Jenkins JD, Smart CJ. A trial of adjuvant chemotherapy for stage T3 bladder tumors. J Urol 1983; 129: 736–7. (P2/59)
  • Gohji K, Higuchi A, Marayama S, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive urothelial cancer: experience with a methotrexate, vincristine, cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, adriamycin and bleomycin (MVP-CAB) regimen: a prelimi-nary report. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1993; 23: 291-8. (P3/28)
  • Kobayashi H, Obata K. Results of adjuvant chemotherapy for invasive urothelial cancer with lymph-node metastases. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; (Suppl 35): 14–7. (P2/59)
  • Kuriyama M, Takeuchi T, Fujihiro S, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for uroepithelial transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1987; 20: 29-33. (C3/108)
  • Logothetis CJ, Johnson DE, Chong C, et al. Adjuvant cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin chemotherapy for bladder cancer: An update. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1590-6. (P2/71)
  • Uekado Y, Shinka T, Hirano A, et al. Adjuvant chemother-apy for invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharma-col 1987; Suppl 20: 24–8. (P3/25)
  • Freiha F, Reese J, Torti FM. A randomized trial of radical cystectomy versus radical cystectomy plus cisplatin, vin-blastine and methotrexate chemotherapy for muscle invasive bladder cancer. J Urol 1996; 155: 495-500. (C3/50)
  • Stockle M, Meyenburg W, Wellek S, et al. Advanced blad-der cancer (stages pT3b, pT4a, pN1 and pN2): improved survival after radical cystectomy and 3 adjuvant cycles of chemotherapy. Results of a controlled prospective study. J Urol 1992; 148: 302-7. (C3/49)
  • Studer UE, Bacchi M, Biedermann C, et al. Adjuvant cis-platin chemotherapy following cystectomy for bladder can-cer: results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 1994; 152: 81-4. (C3/77)
  • Stockle M, Wellek S, Meyenburg W, et al. Radical cystec-tomy with or without adjuvant polychemotherapy for non-organ-confined transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder: prognostic impact of lymph node involvement. Urology 1996; 48: 868-75. (P2/166)
  • Hall RR, Newling DW, Ramsden PD, et al. Treatment of invasive bladder cancer by local resection and high dose methotrexate. Br J Urol 1984; 56: 668-72. (P2/57)
  • Rubben H, Weissbach L, Knebel L, et al. Adjuvant systemic chemotherapy after complete transurethral resection of su-perficially invasive bladder carcinoma. Urol Int 1990; 45: 78-83. (P2/52)
  • Yugur MC, Yaman I, Altug U, et al. Conservative manage-ment of stage T2 or T3 bladder cancer with deep transurethral resection followed by four courses of chemotherapy. Br J Urol 1996; 78: 201-4. (P3/19)
  • Richards B, Bastable JR, Freedman L, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy with doxoruhicin (Adriamycin) and 5-fluorou-racil in T3, NX, MO bladder cancer treated with radiother-apy. Br J Urol 1983; 55: 386-91. (C2/111)
  • Logothetis C, Swanson D, Amato R, et al. Optimal delivery of perioperative chemotherapy: preliminary results of a ran-domized, prospective, comparative trial of preoperative and postoperative chemotherapy for invasive bladder carcinoma. J Urol 1996; 155: 1241-5. (C2/100)
  • Angulo JC, Sanchez-Chapado M, Lopez JI, et al. Primary cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine aiming at bladder preservation in invasive bladder cancer: multivariate analysis on prognostic factors. J Urol 1996; 155: 1897-902. (P2/61)
  • Arena MG, Sternberg CN, Zeuli M, et al. Carboplatin and 5-fluorouracil in poor performance status patients with ad-vanced urothelial cancer. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 241-4. (P2/23)
  • Boccardo F, Pace M, Guarneri D, et al. Carboplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine in the treatment of patients with advanced urothelial cancer. A phase II trial. Cancer 1994; 73: 1932-6. (P2/36)
  • Boutan-Laroze A, Mahjoubi M, Droz JP, et al. MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) for advanced carcinoma of the bladder: the French Federation of Cancer Centers experience. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1690–4. (P2/70)
  • DeWit R, Tesselaar M, Kok TC, et al. Randomised phase II trial of carboplatin and ibroplatin in advanced urothelial cancer. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 1383-5. (P2/47)
  • Donat SM, Herr HW, Bajorin DF, et al. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin chemotherapy and cystectomy for unresectable bladder cancer. J Urol 1996; 156: 368-71. (P2/41)
  • Dreicher R, Gustin DM, See WA, et al. Paclitaxel in ad-vanced urothelial carcinoma: its role in patients with renal insufficiency and as salvage therapy. J Urol 1996; 156: 1606-8. (P3/9)
  • Dreicher R, Propert KJ, Roth BJ, et al. Vinblastine, ifos-famide, and gallium nitrate - an active new regimen in patients with advanced carcinoma of the urothelium. A phase II trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (E5892). Cancer 1997; 79: 110–4. (P2/45)
  • Einhom LH, Roth BJ, Ansari R, et al. Phase II trial of vinblastine, ifosfamide, and gallium combination chemother-apy in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2271-6. (P2/27)
  • Gabrilove JL, Jakubowski A, Scher H, et al. Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia and associated morbidity due to chemotherapy for transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium. N Engl J Med 1988; 318: 1414-22. (P2/27)
  • Geertsen PF, Sengelov L, Larsen SK, et al. A phase II study of cisplatin plus methotrexate with folinic acid rescue in metastatic or locally recurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Eur J Cancer 1993; 29: 347-50. (P2/34)
  • Gohji K, Ono Y, Takenaka A, et al. Long-term follow-up results of a pilot phase II study of multidrug chemotherapy (MVP-CAB) in patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol 1999; 29: 204-8. (P2/40)
  • Igawa M, Kadena H, Ueda M, et al. M-VEC (methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin, and cisplatin) with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for the treatment of urological cancer: an effective and safe chemotherapy regimen. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; Suppl 35: 1–4. (P3/52)
  • Igawa M, Urakami S, Shirakawa H, et al. Factors related to the outcome of M-VAC in 101 patients with advanced urothelial cancer. Hiroshima J Med Sci 1995; 44: 113-7. (P2/101)
  • Jones WG, Sokal MP, Ostrowski MJ, et al. A phase II study of epirubicin in advanced transitional cell bladder cancer. The Yorkshire Urological Cancer Research Group. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1993; 5: 25-9. (P3/36)
  • Kish JA, Wolf MK, Schellhammer PF, et al. Continuous-in-fusion 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin for advanced/recurrent transitional cell cancer of the bladder: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. Am J Clin Oncol 1997; 20: 327-30. (P2/38)
  • Kosmidis PA, Bacoyiannis C, Fountzilas G, et al. 5-fluorou-racil, interferon-alpha-2b and cisplatin (FAP) fore advanced urothelial cancer. A phase II study. Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group. Ann Oncol 1997; 8: 373-8. (P2/34)
  • Kyriakakis Z, Dimopoulos MA, Kostakopoulos A, et al. Cisplatin, ifosfamide, methotrexate and vinblastine combina-tion chemotherapy for metastatic urothelial cancer. J Urol 1997; 158: 408-11. (P3/32)
  • Loehrer PJ, Elson P, Dreicer R, et al. Escalated dosages of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin plus recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in advanced urothelial carcinoma: An Eastern Cooperative On-cology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 483-8. (P2/35)
  • Logothetis CL, Dexeus FH, Sella A, et al. Escalated therapy for refractory urothelial tumors: Methotrexate vinblastine-doxorubicin-cisplatin plus unglycosylated human granulo-cyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. J Natl Cancer Inst 1990; 82: 667-72. (P2/32)
  • Lorusso V, Pagliarulo A, Selvaggi FP, et al. Treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma with M-VECA (methotrex-ate, vinblastine, epirubicin and carboplatin). J Chemother 1996; 8: 154-8. (P2/35)
  • Lorusso V, Pollera CF, Antimi M, et al. A phase II study of gemcitabine in patients with transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary tract previously treated with platinum. Italian Co-operative Group on Bladder Cancer. Eur J Cancer 1998; 34: 1208-12. (P2/35)
  • Miyanga N, Akaza H, Shimazui T, et al. The effect of dose-intensity on M-VAC therapy for advanced urothelial cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1994; (Suppl 35): 5–8. (P3/29)
  • Mokarim A, Uetani M, Sakamoto I, et al. Transarterial infusion of cisplatin and doxorubicin in bladder cancer. Acta On col 1997; 36: 171-81. (P2/45)
  • Moore MJ, Iscoe N, Tannock IF. A phase II study of methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin plus recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimu-lating factors in patients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993; 150: 1131-4. (P3/21)
  • Moore MJ, Tannock IF, Ernst DS, et al. Gemcitabine: a promising new agent in the treatment of advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3441-5. (P2/41)
  • Oh WK, Manola J, Richie JP, et al. A phase II trial of methotrexate, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leukovorin in the treatment of invasive and metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 1999; 86: 1229-34. (P3/24)
  • Otto T, Bex A, Krege S, et al. Paclitaxel-based second-line therapy for patients with advanced chemotherapy-resistant bladder carcinoma (MD: a clinical phase II study. Cancer 1997; 80: 465-70. (P3/18)
  • Papamichael D, Gallagher CJ, Oliver RT, et al. Phase II study of paclitaxel in pretreated patients with locally ad-vanced/metastatic cancer of the bladder and urether. Br J Cancer 1997; 75: 606-7. (P3/14)
  • Pectasides D, Mylonakis A, Antoniou F, et al. Chemother-apy with methotrexate, carboplatin, mitoxantrone (No-vantrone) and vincristine (Oncovin) in transitional-cell urothelial cancer. Oncology 1998; 55: 139-44. (P2/44)
  • Pronzato P, Landucci M, Vaira F, et al. Carboplatin, methotrexate, and vinblastine in outpatients with advanced transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Am J Clin Oncol 1995; 18: 223-5. (P3/20)
  • Pronzato P, Bertelli G, Bruna F, et al. Intensified M-VEC chemotherapy with G-CSF support as outpatient treatment for advanced bladder cancer. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 2325-7. (P3/21)
  • Pronzato P, Vigiani A, Pensa F, et al. Second line chemotherapy with ifosfamide as outpatient treatment for advanced bladder cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 1997; 20: 519-21. (P3/20)
  • Raabe NK, Fossa SD, Paro G. Phase II study of carboplatin in locally advanced and metastatic transitional cell car-cinoma of the urinary bladder. Br J Urol 1989; 64: 604-7. (P2/25)
  • Roth BJ, Dreicher R, Einhom LH, et al. Significant activity of paclitaxel in advanced transitional-cell carcinoma of the urothelium: a phase II trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 2264-70. (P2/26)
  • Saxman SB, Loehrer PJ, Propert K, et al. Long-term follow-up of phase III Intergroup Study of M-VAC versus cisplatin in metastatic urothelial carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 2564-9. (C1/255)
  • Segati R, Bari M, Azzarello G, et al. Carboplatin monochemotherapy in elderly patients with nonoperable transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder: a two-stage, phase II study. Eur Urol 1996; 29: 312-6. (P3/17)
  • Seidman AD, Scher HI, Gabrilove JL, et al. Dose-in-tensifi-cation of MVAC with recombinant granulocyte colony stim-ularing factor as initial therapy in advanced urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 408-14. (P2/23)
  • Sengelov L, Nielsen OS, Kamby C, et al. Platinum analogue combination chemotherapy: cisplatin, carboplatin, and methotrexate in patients with metastatic urothelial tract tu-mors. A phase II trial with evaluation of prognostic factors. Cancer 1995; 76: 1797-803. (P2/55)
  • Skarlos DV, Aravantinos G, Linardou E, et al. Chemother-apy with methotrexate, vinblastine, epirubicin and carbo-platin (Carbo-MVE) in transitional cell urothelial cancer. A Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group study. Eur Urol 1997; 31: 420-7. (P2/46)
  • Small EJ, Fippin LJ, Ernest ML, et al. A carboplatin-based regimen for the treatment of patients with advanced transi-tional cell carcinoma of the urothelium. Cancer 1996; 78: 1775-80. (P3/23)
  • Sola C, Mallafre J, Mendoza Solorzano L, et al. Carbo-platin, methotrexate, vinblastine and epirubicin (Carbo-MVE) for transitional cell bladder carcinoma. Ann Oncol 1993; 4: 313-6. (P2/27)
  • Stadler WM, Kuzel T, Roth B, et al. Phase II study of single-agent gemcitabine in previously untreated patients with metastatic urothelial cancer. J Clin Oncol 1997; 15: 3394-8. (P2/40)
  • Sternberg CN, Yagoda A, Scher HI, et al. Methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin for advanced transi-tional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: Efficacy and pat-terns of response and relapse. Cancer 1989; 64: 2448-58. (P1/133)
  • Tannock I, Gospodarowicz M, Connolly J, et al. M-VAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin) chemotherapy for transitional cell carcinoma: The Princess Margaret Hospital experience. J Urol 1989; 142: 289-92. (P2/41)
  • Tu SM, Hossan E, Amato R, et al. Paclitaxel, cisplatin and methotrexate combination chemotherapy is active in the treatment of refractory urothelial malignancies. J Urol 1995; 154: 1719-22. (P3/25)
  • Ueda M, Igawa M, Kadena H, et al. M-VEC (methotrexate, vinblastine, 4'-epirubicin and cisplatin) combined with glyco-sylated recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh-G-CSF) for the treatment of transitional cell carcinoma of the urothelium: reduction in toxicity produced by rhG-CSF. Int J Urol 1994; 1: 223-7. (P2/46)
  • Wallace S, Chuang VP, Samuels M, et al. Transcatheter intraarterial infusion of chemotherapy in advanced bladder cancer. Cancer 1982; 49: 640-5. (P3/15)
  • Witjes JA, Wullink M, Oosterhof GO, et al. Toxicity and results of MVAC (methotrexate, vinblastine, adriamycin and cisplatin) chemotherapy in advanced urothelial carcinoma. Eur Oncol 1997; 31: 414-9. (P3/28)
  • Witte RS, Elson P, Khandakar J, et al. An Eastern Cooper-ative Oncology Group phase II trial of trimetrexate in the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 73: 688-91. (P2/48)
  • Witte RS, Manola J, Burch PA, et al. Topotecan in previously treated advanced urothelial carcinoma: an ECOG phase II trial. Invest New Drugs 1998; 16: 191-5. (P2/44)
  • Yoshida O, Kakehi Y, Arai Y, et al. Shorter interval between cycles of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin using re-combinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor for urothelial cancer - phase I/II study. Int .1- Urol 1995; 2: 316–21. (P3/16)
  • Zielinski CC, Schnack B, Grovic M, et al. Paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic urothelial cancer: result of a phase II trial. Br J Cancer 1998; 78: 370-4. (P2/20)
  • Zietman AL, Shipley WU, Kaufman DS, et al. A phase I/II trial of transurethral surgery combined with concurrent cis-platin, 5-fluorouracil and twice daily radiation followed by selective bladder preservation in operable patients with mus-cle invading bladder cancer. J Urol 1998; 160: 1673-7. (P2/18)
  • Bellmunt J, Ribas A, Eres N, et al. Carboplatin-based versus cisplatin-based chemotherapy in the treatment of surgically incurable advanced bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 80: 1966-72. (C3/47)
  • Logothetis CJ, Dexeus FH, Finn L, et al. A prospective randomized trial comparing MVAC and CISCA chemother-apy for patients with metastatic urothelial tumors. J Clin Oncol 1990; 8: 1050-5. (C1/110)
  • Logothetis CJ, Finn LD, Smith T, et al. Escalated MVAC with or without recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for the initial treatment of advanced malignant urothelial tumors: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 1995; 13: 2272-7. (C2/48)
  • Petrioli R, Frediani B, Manganelli A, et al. Comparison between a cisplatin-containing regimen and a carboplatin-containing regimen for recurrent or metastatic bladder cancer patients. A randomized phase II study. Cancer 1996; 77: 344-51. (C3/55)
  • Scher HI, Shipley WU, Herr HW. Cancer of the bladder. In: DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer. Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 1300–22
  • Kaufman DS, Shipley WU, Griffin PP, Heney NM, Al-thausen AF, Efird JT. Selective bladder preservation by combination treatment of invasive bladder cancer. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1377-82. (P2/29)
  • Tester W, Porter A, Asbell S, et al. Combined modality program with possible organ preservation for invasive blad-der carcinoma: results from RTOG, protocol 85-12. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1993; 25: 783-90. (P2/47)
  • Given RW, Parsons JT, McCarley D, et al. Bladder-sparing multimodality treatment of muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a five-year follow-up. Urology 1995; 46: 499-505. (P1/94)
  • Birkenhake S, Martus P, Kuhn R, et al. Radiotherapy alone or radiochemotherapy with platin derivatives following transurethral resection of the bladder. Organ preservation and survival after treatment of bladder cancer. Strahlenther Onkol 1998; 174: 121-7. (R2/282)
  • Cervek J, Cufer T, Zakotnik B, et al. Invasive bladder cancer: our experience with bladder sparing approach. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 41: 273-8. (P2/105)
  • Dunst J, Sauer R, Schrott KM, et al. Organsparing treatment of advanced bladder cancer: a 10-year experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 30: 261-6. (P3/245)
  • Kondas J, Engloner L, Vaczi L, et al. Transurethral resection and intra-arterial chemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int Urol Nephrol 1996; 28: 181-7. (P3/33)
  • Letocha HS, Malmstrom P-U, Rikner G, et al. Combined systemic chemotherapy and irradiation of muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Acta Oncol 1994; 33: 195–200. (P2/53)
  • Mokarim A, Uetani M, Hayashi N, et al. Combined intraar-terial chemotherapy and radiotherapy in the treatment of bladder carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 80: 1776-85. (P3/35)
  • Monzen Y, Mori H, Matasumoto S, et al. Intraarterial infusion of cisplatin with and without preoperative concur-rent radiation for urinary bladder cancer: a preliminary report. Radiat Med 1995; 13: 149-52. (P3/23)
  • Thomas DJ, Roberts JT, Hall RR, et al. Radical transurethral resection and chemotherapy in the treatment of muscle-inva-sive bladder cancer: long-term follow-up. BJU Int 1999; 83: 432-7. (P2/50)
  • Arias F, Duenas M, Martinez E, et al. Radical chemoradio-therapy for elderly patients with bladder carcinoma invading muscle. Cancer 1997; 80: 115-20. (P3/20)
  • Birkenhake S, Leykamm S, Martus P, et al. Concomitant radiochemotherapy with 5-FU and cisplatin for invasive bladder cancer. Acute toxicity and first results. Strahlenter Onkol 1999; 175: 97-101. (P2/61)
  • Chauvet B, Brewer Y, Felix-Faure C, et al. Concurrent cisplatin and radiotherapy for patients with muscle invasive bladder cancer who are not candidates for radical cystectomy. J Urol 1996; 156: 1258-62. (P2/109)
  • Danesi DT, Arcangeli G, Cruciani E, et al. Combined treatment of invasive bladder carcinoma with transurethral resection, induction chemotherapy, and radical radiotherapy plus concomitant protracted infusion of cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil: a phase I study. Cancer 1997; 80: 1464-71. (P2/25)
  • DePree C, Aapro MS, Mermillod B, et al. Combined chemoradiotherapy for invasive bladder cancer: a feasibility approach in a non selected population. Anticancer Res 1998; 18: 3807-12. (P3/35)
  • Eapen L, Stewart D, Danjoux C, et al. Intraarterial cisplatin and concurrent radiation therapy for locally advanced blad-der cancer. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 230-5. (R2/25)
  • Einstein AB Jr, Wolf M, Halliday KR, et al. Combination transurethral resection, systemic chemotherapy, and pelvic radiotherapy for invasive (T2-T4) bladder cancer unsuitable for cystectomy: a phase I/II Southwestern Oncology Group study. Urology 1996; 47: 652-7. (P2/27)
  • Fellin G, Graffer U, Bolner A, et al. Combined chemotherapy and radiation with selective organ preservation for muscle-in-vasin e bladder carcinoma. A single-institution phase II study. Br J Urol 1997; 80: 44-9. (P2/56)
  • Housset M, Maulard C, Chretien Y, et al. Combined radia-tion and chemotherapy for invasive transitional-cell car-cinoma of the bladder: a prospective study. J Clin Oncol 1993; 11: 2150-7. (P2/54)
  • Igawa M, Urakami S, Shirakawa H, et al. Preliminary results of concurrent methotrexate, cisplatin and radiation treatment for locally advanced urothelial cancers. Int Urol Nephrol 1996; 28 (2): 189–94. (P3/10)
  • Jakse G, Frommhold G, zur-Nedden D. Combined radiation and chemotherapy for locally advanced transitional cell car-cinoma of the urinary bladder. Cancer 1985; 55: 1659-64. (P3/22)
  • Kragelj B, Jereb B, Kragelj L, et al. Concurrent vinblastine and radiation therapy in bladder cancer. Cancer 1992; 70: 288S-90. (P3/29)
  • Mizoguchi H, Nomura Y, Terada K, et al. Combined intraar-terial cisplatin infusion and radiation therapy for invasive bladder cancer. Int J Urol 1995; 2: 17-23. (P3/23)
  • Radosevic-Jelicd L, Pekmezovic T, Pavlovic-Cvetkovic L, et al. Concomitant radiotherapy and carboplatin in locally advanced bladder cancer. Eur Urol 1999; 36: 401-5. (P2/67)
  • Russell KJ, Boileau MA, Higano C, et al. Combined 5-fluorouracil and irradiation for transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. Int .1- Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1990; 19: 693–9. (P2/34)
  • Saracino B, Arcangeli G, Mecozzi A, et al. Combined hy-perfractionated radiotherapy and protracted infusion chemotherapy in bladder cancer for organ preservation. Clin Ter 1998; 149: 183-9. (P2/52)
  • Shipley WU, Prout GR Jr, Einstein AB, et al. Treatment of invasive bladder cancer by cisplatin and radiation in patients unsuitable for surgery. JAMA 1987; 258: 931-5. (P2/70)
  • Sumiyoshi Y, Hashine K, Karashima T, et al. Preliminary results of bladder preservation by concurrent intraarterial chemotherapy and radiotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Int .1- Urol 1998; 5: 225–9. (P2/21)
  • Tsujii H, Akaza H, Ohtani M, et al. Preliminary results of bladder-preserving therapy with definitive radiotherapy and intraarterial infusion of chemotherapy. Strahlenther Onkol 1994; 170: 531-7. (P3/25)
  • Varveris H, Delakas D, Anezinis P, et al. Concurrent platinum and docetaxel chemotherapy and external radical radiotherapy in patients with invasive transitional cell bladder carcinoma. A preliminary report of tolerance and local control. Anticancer Res 1997; 17: 4771-80. (P2/42)
  • Vikram B, Chadha M, Malamud S, et al. Rapidly alternat-ing chemotherapy and radiotherapy instead of cystectomy for the treatment of muscle-invasive carcinoma of the uri-nary bladder: long term results of a pilot study. Cancer 1998; 82: 918-22. (P2/21)
  • Herr HW, Bajorin DF, Scher HI. Neoadjuvant chemother-apy and bladder-sparing surgery for invasive bladder cancer: ten-year out-come. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16: 1298-301. (P1/ 111)
  • Shipley WU, Zietman AL, Kaufman DS. Invasive bladder cancer: treatment strategies using transurethral surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy with selection for blad-der conservation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997; 39: 937–43.
  • Sternberg CN. Bladder preservation--a prospect for pa-tients with urinary bladder. Acta Oncol 1995; 34: 589–97.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.