REFERENCES
- Antman K, Amato D, Wood W, et al. Selection bias in clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1142–7.
- Begg CB, Engstrom PF. Eligibility and extrapolation in cancer clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 1987; 5: 962–8.
- Charlson ME, Horwitz RI. Applying results of randomised trials to clinical practice: impact of losses before randomisation. Br Med J Clin Res Ed 1984; 289: 1281–4.
- Lee JY, Breaux SR. Accrual of radiotherapy patients to clinical trials. Cancer 1983; 52: 1014–6.
- Martin JF, Henderson WG, Zacharski LR, et al. Accrual of patients into a multihospital cancer clinical trial and its implications on planning future studies. Am J Clin Oncol 1984; 7: 173–82.
- McCusker J, Wax A, Bennett JM. Cancer patient accessions into clinical trials: a pilot investigation into some patient and physician determinants of entry. Am J Clin Oncol 1982; 5: 227–36.
- Siminoff LA, Fetting JH, Abeloff MD. Doctor-patient com-munication about breast cancer adjuvant therapy. J Clin Oncol 1989; 7: 1192–200.
- Tannock IF. Assessment of study design in clinical trials for bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am 1992; 19: 655–62.
- Marcus SM. Assessing non-consent bias with parallel random-ized and nonrandomized clinical trials. J Clin Epidemiol 1997; 50: 823–8.
- Olschewski M, Schumacher M, Davis KB. Analysis of random-ized and nonrandomized patients in clinical trials using the comprehensive cohort follow-up study design. Control Clin Trials 1992; 13: 226–39.
- Davis S, Wright PW, Schulman SF, et al. Participants in prospective, randomized clinical trials for resected non-small cell lung cancer have improved survival compared with nonpar-ticipants in such trials. Cancer 1985; 56: 1710–8.
- Lennox EL, Stiller CA, Jones PH, Wilson LM. Nephroblas-toma: treatment during1970-3 and the effect on survival of inclusion in the first MRC trial. Br Med J 1979; 2: 567–9.
- Bergh J, Jonsson PE, Glimelius B, et al. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in breast cancer. Acta Oncol 2001; 40: 253–81.
- Ragnhammar P, Hafström LO, Nygren P, et al. A systematic overview of chemotherapy effects in colorectal cancer. Acta On col 2001; 40: 282–308.
- International collaboration of trialists. Neo-adjuvant cisplatin, methotrexate and vinblastine hemotherapy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 354:533–40.
- Fossa SD, Ous S, Espetveit S, Langmark F. Patterns of primary care and survival in 336 consecutive unselected Norwegian patients with bladder cancer. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1992; 26: 131–8.
- UICC. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours. 4th ed. International Union against Cancer. Geneva. 1987. (GENERIC) Ref Type: Conference Proceeding.
- Waehre H, Ous S, Klevmark B, et al. A bladder cancer multi-institutional experience with total cystectomy for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer 1993; 72: 3044–51.
- Fossa SD, Waehre H, Aass N, Jacobsen AB, Olsen DR, Ous S. Bladder cancer definitive radiation therapy of muscle-inva-sive bladder cancer. A retrospective analysis of 317 patients. Cancer 1993; 72: 3036–43.
- Pollack A, Zagars GK, Swanson DA. Muscle-invasive blad-der cancer treated with external beam radiotherapy: prognos-tic factors. Int .1- Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1994; 30: 267–77.
- Malmstrom PU, Rintala E, Wahlqvist R, Hellstrom P, Hell-sten S, Hannisdal E. Five-year follow-up of a prospective trial of radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy: Nordic Cystectomy Trial I. The Nordic Cooperative Bladder Cancer Study Group [see comments]. J Urol 1996; 155: 1903–6.
- Gospodarowicz MK, Rider WD, Keen CW, et al. Bladder cancer: long-term follow-up results of patients treated with radical radiation. Clin Oncol R Coll Radiol 1991; 3: 155–61.
- Fossa S, Roberts T, Olsen DR. Radiotherapy in the manage-ment of bladder cancer. Eur Update Series 1996; 6: 80–5.
- Pagano F, Bassi P, Galetti TP, et al. Results of contemporary radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer: a clinicopatho-logical study with an emphasis on the inadequacy of the tumor, nodes and metastases classification. J Urol 1991; 145: 45–50.
- Dahlberg M, Glimelius B, Pahlman L. Improved survival and reduction in local failure rates after preoperative radiother-apy. Ann Surg 1999; 229: 93–7.
- Studer UE, Bacchi M, Biedermann C, et al. Adjuvant cis-platin chemotherapy following cystectomy for bladder cancer: results of a prospective randomized trial. J Urol 1994; 152: 81–4.
- Senn SJ. Clinical trials and epidemiology. J Clin Epidemiol 1990; 43: 628–32.
- Senn SJ. Falsificationism and clinical trials [see comments]. Stat Med 1991; 10: 1679–92.
- Licht RW, Gouliaev G, Vestergaard P, Frydenberg M. Gen-eralisability of results from randomised drug trials. A trial on antimanic treatment. Br J Psychiatry 1997; 170: 264–7.
- Moynihan C, Bliss JM, Davidson J, Burchell L, Horwich A. Evaluation of adjuvant psychological therapy in patients with testicular cancer: randomised controlled trial [see comments]. Br Med J 1998; 316: 429–35.