What conclusions can be drawn from the Stockholm III rectal cancer trial in the era of watch and wait?

References

• Erlandsson J, Holm T, Pettersson D, et al. The Stockholm III Trial on optimal fractionation of preoperative radiotherapy and timing to surgery for rectal cancer – a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:336–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujko K, Pietrzak L, Partycki M, et al. The feasibility of short-course radiotherapy in a watch-and-wait policy for rectal cancer. Acta Oncol. 2017;57. [Epub ahead of print]. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0284186X.2017.1327721
   Google Scholar
• Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Nadalin W, et al. Operative versus nonoperative treatment for stage 0 distal rectal cancer following chemoradiation therapy: long-term results. Ann Surg. 2004;240:711–717.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maas M, Beets-Tan RG, Lambregts DM, et al. Wait-and-see policy for clinical complete responders after chemoradiation for rectal cancer. JCO. 2011;29:4633–4640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Appelt AL, Ploen J, Harling H, et al. High-dose chemoradiotherapy and watchful waiting for distal rectal cancer: a prospective observational study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:919–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poleszczuk JT, Luddy KA, Prokopiou S, et al. Abscopal benefits of localized radiotherapy depend on activated T-cell trafficking and distribution between metastatic lesions. Cancer Res. 2016;76:1009–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desar IM, Braam PM, Kaal SE, et al. Abscopal effect of radiotherapy in a patient with metastatic diffuse-type giant cell tumor. Acta Oncol. 2016;55:1510–1512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withers HR, Haustermans K. Where next with preoperative radiation therapy for rectal cancer? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:597–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez RO, Habr-Gama A, Sao Juliao GP, et al. Optimal timing for assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in patients with rectal cancer: do all patients benefit from waiting longer than 6 weeks? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84:1159–1165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefevre JH, Mineur L, Kotti S, et al. Effect of interval (7 or 11 weeks) between neoadjuvant radiochemotherapy and surgery on complete pathologic response in rectal cancer: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial (GRECCAR-6). J Clin Oncol. 2016;34:3773–3780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimelius B. Optimal time intervals between pre-operative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy and surgery in rectal cancer? Front Oncol. 2014;4:1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sloothaak DA, Geijsen DE, van Leersum NJ, et al. Optimal time interval between neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and surgery for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2013;100:933–939.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimelius B. On a prolonged interval between rectal cancer (chemo)radiotherapy and surgery. Ups J Med Sci. 2017;122:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glimelius B. What is most relevant in preoperative rectal cancer chemoradiotherapy - the chemotherapy, the radiation dose or the timing to surgery? Acta Oncol. 2016;55:1381–1385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poulsen LO, Qvortrup C, Pfeiffer P, et al. Review on adjuvant chemotherapy for rectal cancer - why do treatment guidelines differ so much? Acta Oncol. 2015;54:437–446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujko K, Glimelius B, Valentini V, et al. Postoperative chemotherapy in patients with rectal cancer receiving preoperative radio(chemo)therapy: a meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing surgery +/− a fluoropyrimidine and surgery + a fluoropyrimidine +/− oxaliplatin. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2015;41:713–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breugom AJ, Swets M, Bosset JF, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative (chemo)radiotherapy and surgery for patients with rectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:200–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen SH, Harling H, Kirkeby LT, et al. Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in rectal cancer operated for cure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;3:CD004078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rödel C, Graeven U, Fietkau R, et al. Oxaliplatin added to fluorouracil-based preoperative chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemotherapy of locally advanced rectal cancer: The German CAO/ARO/AIO-04 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:979–989.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson D, Lorinc E, Holm T, et al. Tumour regression in the randomized Stockholm III Trial of radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2015;102:972–978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson PJ, van Etten B, Hospers GAP, et al. Short-course radiotherapy followed by neo-adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer - the RAPIDO trial. BMC Cancer. 2013;13:279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bujko K, Wyrwicz L, Rutkowski A, et al. Long-course oxaliplatin-based preoperative chemoradiation versus 5 x 5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy for cT4 or fixed cT3 rectal cancer: results of a randomized phase III study. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:834–842.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin J, Liu S, Zhu Y, et al. 5x5 Gy and consolidation chemotherapy vs long-course preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer: An interim analysis of a randomized phase III study. ASCO Annual Meeting, JCO. 2017;35:Abstr e15006.
   Google Scholar
• NCCN Rectal Cancer. [cited 2017 Jun 12]. Available from: https://wwwnccnorg/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelinesasp#rectal. 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Bosset JF, Collette L, Calais G, et al. Chemotherapy with preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2006;355:1114–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosset JF, Calais G, Mineur L, et al. Fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy after preoperative chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer: long-term results of the EORTC 22921 randomised study. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:184–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerard JP, Conroy T, Bonnetain F, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy with or without concurrent fluorouracil and leucovorin in T3-4 rectal cancers: results of FFCD 9203. JCO. 2006;24:4620–4625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Berglund Å, et al. A randomized phase III study (LARCS) comparing preoperative radiotherapy alone versus chemoradiotherapy in non-resectable rectal cancer. JCO. 2008;26:3687–3694.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiv M, Puyraveau M, Mineur L, et al. Long-term quality of life in patients with rectal cancer treated with preoperative (chemo)-radiotherapy within a randomized trial. Cancer Radiother. 2010;14:530–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braendengen M, Tveit KM, Bruheim K, et al. Late patient-reported toxicity after preoperative radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy in nonresectable rectal cancer: results from a randomized phase III study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;81:1017–1024.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blomqvist L, Glimelius B. The ‘good’, the ‘bad’, and the 'ugly' rectal cancers. Acta Oncol. 2008;47:5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swedish National Colorectal Cancer Care Programme. Regional Cancer Centre North, Umeå. [cited 2017 Jun 13]. Available from: http://www.cancercentrum.se/globalassets/cancerdiagnoser/tjock–och-andtarm/vard-program/nvpkolorektalcancer_2016-03-15.pdf
   Google Scholar