Angiogenesis inhibitors and symptomatic anal ulcers in metastatic colorectal cancer patients^**

References

• Hicklin DJ, Ellis LM. Role of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway in tumor growth and angiogenesis. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:1011–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W, et al. Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2335–2342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabbinavar FF, Hambleton J, Mass RD, et al. Combined analysis of efficacy: the addition of bevacizumab to fluorouracil/leucovorin improves survival for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. JCO. 2005;23:3706–3712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremolini C, Loupakis F, Masi G, et al. FOLFOXIRI or FOLFOXIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: a propensity score-adjusted analysis from two randomized clinical trials. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:843–849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurwitz HI, Fehrenbacher L, Hainsworth JD, et al. Bevacizumab in combination with fluorouracil and leucovorin: an active regimen for first-line metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:3502–3508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loupakis F, Cremolini C, Masi G, et al. Initial therapy with FOLFOXIRI and bevacizumab for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1609–1618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang PA, Cohen SJ, Kollmannsberger C, et al. Phase II clinical and pharmacokinetic study of aflibercept in patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:6023–6031.
   Google Scholar
• Van Cutsem E, Tabernero J, Lakomy R, et al. Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen. JCO. 2012;30:3499–3506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabernero J, Yoshino T, Cohn AL, et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol. 2015;16:499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aprile G, Ferrari L, Cremolini C, et al. Ramucirumab for the treatment of gastric cancers, colorectal adenocarcinomas, and other gastrointestinal malignancies. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2016;9:877–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eng C. Toxic effects and their management: daily clinical challenges in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2009;6:207–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available from: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/it_IT/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/000582/WC500029271.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson RL. Anal fissure (chronic). BMJ Clin Evid. 2014; 2014:0407.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouguen G, Trouilloud I, Siproudhis L, et al. Long-term outcome of non-fistulizing (ulcers, stricture) perianal Crohn’s disease in patients treated with infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2009;30:749–756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nadal SR, Manzione CR, Horta SH, et al. Management of idiopathic ulcer of the anal canal by excision in HIV-positive patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 1999;42:1598–1601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson A, Suttie S, Fraser A, et al. Nicorandil associated anal ulceration. Colorectal Dis. 2004;6:330–331.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.03: June 14. 2010. U.S.DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES; National Institutes of Health-National Cancer Institute. Available from: https://evs.nci.nih.gov/ftp1/CTCAE/CTCAE_4.03_2010-06-14_QuickReference_8.5x11.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gage KL, Deshmukh S, Macura KJ, et al. MRI of perianal fistulas: bridging the radiological-surgical divide. Abdom Imaging. 2013;38:1033–1042.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• O’Connor JP, Carano RA, Clamp AR, et al. Quantifying antivascular effects of monoclonal antibodies to vascular endothelial growth factor: insights from imaging. Clin Cancer Res. 2009;15:6674–6682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone RL, Sood AK, Coleman RL. Collateral damage: toxic effects of targeted antiangiogenic therapies in ovarian cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:465–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mourad JJ, Des Guetz G, Debbabi H, et al. Blood pressure rise following angiogenesis inhibition by bevacizumab. A crucial role for microcirculation. Ann Oncol. 2008;19:927–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• August DA, Serrano D, Poplin E. “Spontaneous,” delayed colon and rectal anastomotic complications associated with bevacizumab therapy. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:180–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinemann V, von Weikersthal LF, Decker T, et al. FOLFIRI plus cetuximab versus FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (FIRE-3): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15:1065–1075.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerr RS, Love S, Segelov E, et al. Adjuvant capecitabine plus bevacizumab versus capecitabine alone in patients with colorectal cancer (QUASAR 2): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:1543–1557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen JD, Liu M, Chen XH, et al. Effect of Angiotensin receptor blockers on flow-mediated vasodilation: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Cardiology. 2015;131:69–79.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pucci G, Ranalli MG, et al. Effects of β-blockers with and without vasodilating properties on central blood pressure: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials in hypertension. Hypertension. 2016;67:316–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lorenzo-Rivero S. Hemorrhoids: diagnosis and current management. Am Surg. 2009;75:635–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar