Publication Cover
Education 3-13
International Journal of Primary, Elementary and Early Years Education
Volume 52, 2024 - Issue 5
330
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

A phenomenological analysis of primary school teachers’ lived distance education experience during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 703-717 | Received 24 Jun 2022, Accepted 07 Sep 2022, Published online: 19 Sep 2022

References

  • Allen, I. E., and J. Seaman. 2016. Online Report Card: Tracking Online Education in the United States. Babson Survey Research Group. https://onlinelearningconsortium.org/read/online-report-card-tracking-online-education-united-states-2015/.
  • Almazova, N., E. Krylova, A. Rubtsova, and M. Odinokaya. 2020. “Challenges and Opportunities for Russian Higher Education Amid COVID-19: Teachers’ Perspective.” Education Sciences 10 (12), doi:10.3390/educsci10120368.
  • Anastasiades, P. S. 2003. “Distance Learning in Elementary Schools in Cyprus: The Evaluation Methodology and Results.” Computers & Education 40: 17–40. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(02)00077-5.
  • Aslan, S. A., Y. E. Turgut, and A. Aslan. 2021. “Teachers’ Views Related the Middle School Curriculum for Distance Education During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” Education and Information Technologies 26: 7381–7405. doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10587-z.
  • Ballová Mikušková, E., and M. Verešová. 2020. “Distance Education During COVID-19: The Perspective of Slovak Teachers.” Problems of Education in the 21st Century 78 (6): 884–906. doi:10.33225/pec/20.78.884.
  • Barnard, L., W. Y. Lan, Y. M. To, V. O. Paton, and S.-L. Lai. 2009. “Measuring Self-Regulation in Online and Blended Learning Environments.” Internet and Higher Education 12 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2008.10.005.
  • Beckmann, E. A. 2010. “Learners on the Move: Mobile Modalities in Development Studies.” Distance Education 31 (2): 159–173. doi:10.1080/01587919.2010.498081.
  • Benson, V., D. Anderson, and A. Ooms. 2011. “Educators’ Perceptions, Attitudes, and Practices: Blended Learning in Business and Management Education.” Research in Learning Technology 19 (2): 143–154. doi:10.1080/21567069.2011.586676.
  • Brouwers, A., and W. Tomic. 2000. “A Longitudinal Study of Teacher Burnout and Perceived Self-Efficacy in Classroom Management.” Teaching and Teacher Education 16 (2): 239–253.
  • Buckley, F. J. 2000. Team Teaching: What, Why, and How?. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Burdina, G. M., I. E. Krapotkina, and L. G. Nasyrova. 2019. “Distance Learning in Elementary School Classrooms: An Emerging Framework for Contemporary Practice.” International Journal of Instruction 12 (1): 1–16. doi:10.29333/iji.2019.1211a.
  • Burić, L., and I. Macuka. 2018. “Self-efficacy, Emotions and Work Engagement among Teachers: A Two Wave Cross-Lagged Analysis.” Journal of Happiness Studies 19 (7): 1917–1933. doi:10.1007/s10902-017-9903-9.
  • Butakov, S., V. Dyagilev, and A. Tskhay. 2012. “Protecting Students’ Intellectual Property in the Web Plagiarism Detection Process.” The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning 13 (5): 1–19. doi:10.19173/irrodl.v13i5.1239.
  • Charles, D., and P. Anthony. 2007. Blended Learning: Research Perspectives. Needham, MA: Sloan Centre for Online Education.
  • Cho, M.-H., and D. Jonassen. 2009. “Development of the Human Interaction Dimension of the Self-Regulated Learning Questionnaire in Asynchronous Online Learning Environments.” Educational Psychology 29 (1): 117–138. doi:10.1080/01443410802516934.
  • Creswell, J. W. 2012. Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. 4th ed. Boston: Pearson.
  • Delen, E., J. Liew, and V. Willson. 2014. “Effects of Interactivity and Instructional Scaffolding on Learning: Self-Regulation in Online Video-Based Environments.” Computers & Education 78: 312–320. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2014.06.018.
  • Dembo, M. H., and M. J. Eaton. 2000. “Self-Regulation of Academic Learning in Middle-Level Schools.” The Elementary School Journal 100 (5): 473–490. doi:10.1086/499651.
  • Devkota, K. R. 2021. “Inequalities Reinforced Through Online and Distance Education in the age of COVID-19: The Case of Higher Education in Nepal.” International Review of Education 67: 145–165. doi:10.1007/s11159-021-09886-x.
  • Dolenc, K., A. Šorgo, and M. Ploj Virtič. 2021. “The Difference in Views of Educators and Students on Forced Online Distance Education Can Lead to Unintentional Side Effects.” Education and Information Technologies 26: 7079–7105. doi:10.1007/s10639-021-10558-4.
  • Dringus, L. P. 2000. “Towards Active Online Learning. A Dramatic Shift in Perspective for Learners.” The Internet and Higher Education 2 (4): 189–195. doi:10.1016/S1096-7516(00)00023-3.
  • Eshet, Y., P. Steinberger, and K. Grinautsky. 2021. “Relationship Between Statistics Anxiety and Academic Dishonesty: A Comparison Between Learning Environments in Social Sciences.” Sustainability 13 (3): Article 1564. doi:10.3390/su13031564.
  • Francom, G. M., S. J. Lee, and H. Pinkney. 2021. “Technologies, Challenges and Needs of K-12 Teachers in the Transition to Distance Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic.” TechTrends 65 (4): 589–601. doi:10.1007/s11528-021-00625-5.
  • Gamage, K. A. A., E. K. de Silva, and N. Gunawardhana. 2020. “Online Delivery and Assessment During COVID-19: Safeguarding Academic Integrity.” Education Sciences 10 (11): Article 301. doi:10.3390/educsci10110301.
  • Garner, J. K., and L. Bol. 2011. “The Challenges of e-Learning Initiatives in Supporting Students with Self-Regulated Learning and Executive Function Difficulties.” Journal of Computing in Higher Education 23 (2): 104–123. doi:10.1007/s12528-011-9046-7.
  • González-Betancor, S. M., A. J. López-Puig, and M. E. Cardenal. 2021. “Digital Inequality at Home.” The School as Compensatory Agent. Computers and Education 168: Article 104195. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104195.
  • Greenhow, C., and C. Lewin. 2021. “Online and Blended Learning: Contexts and Conditions for Education in an Emergency.” British Journal of Educational Technology 52 (4): 1301–1305. doi:10.1111/bjet.13130.
  • Harper, K. C., K. Chen, and D. C. Yen. 2004. “Distance Learning, Virtual Classrooms, and Teaching Pedagogy in the Internet Environment.” Technology in Society 26 (4): 585–598. doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2004.08.002.
  • Harry, K., D. Keegan, and M. John. 2001. Distance Education new Perspectives. 2nd ed. London: Routledge.
  • Hepburn, L., W. Beamish, and C. L. Alston-Knox. 2021. “Classroom Management Practices Commonly Used by Secondary School Teachers: Results from a Queensland Survey.” The Australian Educational Researcher 48: 485–505. doi:10.1007/s13384-020-00402-y.
  • Humphry, D., and G. Hampden-Thompson. 2019. “Primary School Pupils’ Emotional Experiences of Synchronous Audio-Led Online Communication During Online One-to-One Tuition.” Computers and Education 135: 100–112. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.03.003.
  • Hunt, H. D., K. Davies, D. Richardson, G. Hammock, M. Akins, and L. Russ. 2014. “It Is (More) About the Students: Faculty Motivations and Concerns Regarding Teaching Online.” Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration 17 (2): 62–71. https://www.westga.edu/~distance/ojdla/summer172/Hunt_Davies_Richardson_Hammock_Akins_Russ172.html.
  • Ingersoll, R. 1999. “The Problem of Under Qualified Teachers in American Secondary Schools.” Educational Researcher 28 (2): 26–37. doi:10.3102/0013189X028002026.
  • Jones, K. O., J. Reid, and R. Bartlett. 2008. “Cyber Cheating in an Information Technology age.” Digithum 10: 19–28. http://www.uoc.edu/digithum/10/dt/eng/jones_reid_bartlett.pdf.
  • Karal, H., A. Çebi, and M. Pekşen. 2010. “Student Opinions About the Period of Measurement and Evaluation in Distance Education: The Difficulties.” Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 9: 1597–1601. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.371.
  • Karasel Ayda, N., M. Bastas, F. Altinay, Z. Altinay, and G. Dagli. 2020. “Distance Education for Students with Special Needs in Primary Schools in the Period of COVID-19 Epidemic.” Propósitos y Representaciones 8 (3): Article e587. doi:10.20511/pyr2020.v8n3.587.
  • Klein, D. 2011. “Why Learners Choose Plagiarism: A Review of Literature.” Interdisciplinary Journal of E-Learning and Learning Objects 7: 97–110. doi:10.28945/1385.
  • Kuo, Y.-C., and B. R. Belland. 2016. “An Exploratory Study of Adult Learners’ Perceptions of Online Learning: Minority Students in Continuing Education.” Educational Technology Research and Development 64 (4): 661–680. doi:10.1007/s11423-016-9442-9.
  • Kuo, Y.-C., A. E. Walker, K. E. Schroder, and B. R. Belland. 2014. “Interaction, Internet Self-Efficacy, and Self-Regulated Learning as Predictors of Student Satisfaction in Online Education Courses.” Internet and Higher Education 20: 35–50. doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2013.10.001.
  • Kvavik, R. B., J. B. Caruso, and G. Morgan. 2004. ECAR Study of Students and Information Technology 2004: Convenience, Connection, and Control. EDUCASE Center for Applied Research. https://library.educause.edu/resources/2004/10/ecar-study-of-students-and-information-technology-2004-convenience-connection-and-control.
  • Lai, V. K. 2021. “Pandemic-Driven Online Teaching – the Natural Setting for a Flipped Classroom?” Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 43 (12). doi:10.1115/1.4052109.
  • Larmuseau, C., P. Desmet, and F. Depaepe. 2019. “Perceptions of Instructional Quality: Impact on Acceptance and Use of an Online Learning Environment.” Interactive Learning Environments 27 (7): 953–964. doi:10.1080/10494820.2018.1509874.
  • Liu, X. S., and J. Ramsey. 2008. “Teachers’ Job Satisfaction: Analyses of the Teacher Follow-Up Survey in the United States for 2000–2001.” Teaching and Teacher Education 24 (5): 1173–1184. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016j.tate.2006.11.010.
  • Mahande, R. D., and A. Akram. 2021. “Motivational Factors Underlying the Use of Online Learning System in Higher Education: An Analysis of Measurement Model.” Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education-TOJDE 22 (1): 1302–6488. doi:10.17718/tojde.849888.
  • Maity, S., T. N. Sahu, and N. Sen. 2020. “Panoramic View of Digital Education in COVID-19: A New Explored Avenue.” Review of Education 9 (2): 405–423. doi:10.1002/rev3.3250.
  • Mankki, V. 2021. “Primary Teachers’ Principles for High-Quality Distance Teaching During COVID-19.” Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research. Advance Online Publication. doi:10.1080/00313831.2021.1939141.
  • Martin, F., T. Sun, and C. D. Westine. 2020. “A Systematic Review of Research on Online Teaching and Learning from 2009 to 2018.” Computers & Education 159: Article 104009. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2020.104009.
  • McPherson, M., and M. B. Nunes. 2006. “Organizational Issues for e-Learning: Critical Success Factors as Identified by HE Practitioners.” International Journal of Educational Management 20 (7): 542–558. doi:10.1108/09513540610704645.
  • Means, B., M. Bakia, and R. Murphy. 2014. Learning Online: What Research Tells Us About Whether, When and How. New York: Routledge.
  • Ortigoza, D. O., J. R. Rodriguez, and A. M. Inchaurrondo. 2021. “Higher Education and COVID-19: Methodological Adaptation and Online Evaluation at Two Universities in Barcelona.” Revista Digital De Investigacion En Docencia Universitaria-Ridu 15 (1): 1–13. doi:10.19083/10.19083/ridu.2021.1275.
  • Pokhrel, S., and R. Chhetri. 2021. “A Literature Review on Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Teaching and Learning.” Higher Education for the Future 8 (1): 133–141. doi:10.1177/2F2347631120983481.
  • Raes, A., P. Vanneste, M. Pieters, I. Windey, W. Van Den Noortgate, and F. Depaepe. 2020. “Learning and Instruction in the Hybrid Virtual Classroom: An Investigation of Students’ Engagement and the Effect of Quizzes.” Computers and Education 143: Article 103682. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103682.
  • Ramon, P., F. Marta, M. Jordi, and C. Gisela. 2021. “Analysis of the Implementation of Teaching and Learning Processes at Catalan Schools During the Covid-19 Lockdown.” Technology, Pedagogy and Education 30 (1): 183–199. doi:10.1080/1475939X.2020.1863855.
  • Roffe, I. 2004. Innovation and e-Learning: E-Business for an Educational Enterprise. University of Wales. https://www.uwp.co.uk/book/innovation-and-e-learning/.
  • Roque-Hernández, R. V., J. L. Díaz-Roldán, A. López-Mendoza, and R. Salazar-Hernández. 2021. “Instructor Presence, Interactive Tools, Student Engagement, and Satisfaction in Online Education During the COVID-19 Mexican Lockdown.” Interactive Learning Environments, 1–14. doi:10.1080/10494820.2021.1912112.
  • Salmeron, L., A. Sampietro, and P. Delgado. 2020. “Using Internet Videos to Learn About Controversies: Evaluation and Integration of Multiple and Multimodal Documents by Primary School Students.” Computers & Education 148: Article 103796. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2019.103796.
  • Scarpellini, F., G. Segre, M. Cartabia, M. Zanetti, R. Campi, A. Clavenna, and M. Bonati. 2021. “Distance Learning in Italian Primary and Middle School Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey.” BMC Public Health 21 (1): Article 1035. doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11026-x.
  • Schunk, D. H. 2001. “Social Cognitive Theory and Self-Regulated Learning.” In Self-Regulated Learning and Academic Achievement: Theoretical Perspectives, edited by B. J. Zimmerman and D. H. Schunk, 125–151. New York: Erlbaum.
  • Shelton, K., and G. Saltsman. 2005. An Administrator’s Guide to Online Education. Greenwich, CT: Information Age.
  • Singh, A., K. Gupta, and V. K. Yadav. 2021. “Adopting e-Learning Facilities During COVID-19: Exploring Perspectives of Teachers Working in Indian Public-Funded Elementary Schools.” Education 3-13, 1–15. doi:10.1080/03004279.2021.1948091.
  • Sithole, A., D. M. Mupinga, J. S. Kibirige, F. Manyanga, and B. K. Bucklein. 2019. “Expectations, Challenges and Suggestions for Faculty Teaching Online Courses in Higher Education.” International Journal of Online Pedagogy and Course Design 9 (1): 62–77. doi:10.4018/IJOPCD.2019010105.
  • Steed, E. A., and N. Leech. 2021. “Shifting to Remote Learning During COVID-19: Differences for Early Childhood and Early Childhood Special Education Teachers.” Early Childhood Education Journal 49 (5): 789–798. doi:10.1007/s10643-021-01218-w.
  • Tarchi, C., E. W. Brante, M. Jokar, and E. Manzari. 2022. “Pre-Service Teachers’ Conceptions of Online Learning in Emergency Distance Education: How Is It Defined and What Self-Regulated Learning Skills are Associated with It?” Teaching And Teacher Education 113: 103669. doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103669.
  • Tawfik, A. A., P. J. Giabbanelli, M. Hogan, F. Msilu, A. Gill, and C. S. York. 2018. “Effects of Success v Failure Cases on Learner-Learner Interaction.” Computers & Education 118: 120–132. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.11.013.
  • TEDMEM. 2020. COVID-19 sürecinde eğitim: Uzaktan öğrenme, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri (TEDMEM Analiz Dizisi 7). Ankara. https://tedmem.org/yayin/covid-19-surecinde-egitim-uzaktan-ogrenme-sorunlar-cozum-onerileri.
  • UNESCO. 2020. Distance Learning Strategies in Response to COVID-19 School Closures. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373305.
  • Wagner, N., K. Hassanein, and M. Head. 2008. “Who is Responsible for E-Learning Success in Higher Education? A Stakeholders’ Analysis.” Educational Technology & Society 11 (3): 26–36. https://drive.google.com/open?id=1F4qjoeNxVXFfZiMQs5RbrQqYL1gpOPp7.
  • Wang, Z., H. Pang, J. Zhou, Y. Ma, and Z. Wang. 2021. “What if … it Never Ends?”: Examining Challenges in Primary Teachers’ Experience During the Wholly Online Teaching.” The Journal of Educational Research 114 (1): 89–103. doi:10.1080/00220671.2021.1884823.
  • Wisniewska, J., and J. Lukasiewicz-Wieleba. 2021. “Building and Strengthening Relationships in Distance Education by Teachers of Younger Grades of Primary Schools.” E-Mentor 1: 37–46.
  • Xie, J., A. Gulinna, and M. F. Rice. 2021. “Instructional Designers’ Roles in Emergency Remote Teaching During COVID-19.” Distance Education 42 (1): 70–87. doi:10.1080/01587919.2020.1869526.
  • Yacci, M. 2020. “Interactivity Demystified: A Structural Definition for Distance Education and Intelligent Computer-Based Instruction.” Educational Technology 40 (4): 5–16. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44428619.
  • Yueh, P.-H., and S. Hsu. 2008. “Designing a Learning Management System to Support Instruction.” Communication of the ACM 51 (4): 59–63. doi:10.1145/1330311.1330324.
  • Zheng, X., D. Zhang, E. N. S. Lau, Z. Xu, Z. Zhang, P. K. H. Mo, X. Yang, E. Chui, W. Mak, and S. Y. Wong. 2022. “Primary School Students’ Online Learning During Coronavirus Disease 2019: Factors Associated with Satisfaction, Perceived Effectiveness, and Preference.” Frontiers in Psychology 13. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.784826.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.