Pathways of influence: Chinese parents' expectations, parenting styles, and child social competence

References

• Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296–3319. doi: 10.2307/1131780
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43–88. doi: 10.1037/h0024919
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1989). Rearing competent children. In W. Damon (Ed.), Child development today and tomorrow (pp. 349–378). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
   Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1991). The influence of parenting style on adolescent competence and substance use. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11, 56–95. doi: 10.1177/0272431691111004
   Google Scholar
• Baumrind, D. (1996). The discipline controversy revisited. Family Relations, 45, 405–414. doi: 10.2307/585170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry, J. W., Poortinga, Y. H., Segall, M. H., & Dasen, P. R. (2006). Cross-cultural psychology: Research and application. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Broidy, L. M., Nagin, D. S., Tremblay, R. E., Bates, J. E., Brame, B., Dodge, K. A., … Vitaro, F. (2003). Developmental trajectories of childhood disruptive behaviors and adolescent delinquency: A six-site, cross-national study. Developmental Psychology, 39, 222–245.
   Google Scholar
• Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Caldwell, C. B., & Pianta, R. C. (1991). A measure of young children's problem and competence behaviors: The early school behavior scale. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 9, 32–44. doi: 10.1177/073428299100900103
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan, S. M., Bowes, J. J., & Wyver, S. S. (2009). Chinese parenting in Hong Kong: Links among goals, beliefs and styles: Erratum. Early Child Development and Care, 179(8), 849–862. doi: 10.1080/03004430701536525
   Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K. (1994). Beyond parental control and authoritarian parenting style: Understanding Chinese parenting through the cultural notion of training. Child Development, 65(4), 1111–1119. doi: 10.2307/1131308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chao, R. K., & Sue, S. (1996). Chinese parental influence and their children's school success: A paradox in the literature on parenting styles. In S. Lau (Ed.), Growing up the Chinese way: Chinese child and adolescent development (pp. 93–120). Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cheah, C. L., & Rubin, K. H. (2003). European American and mainland Chinese mothers’ socialization beliefs regarding preschoolers’ social skills. Parenting: Science and Practice, 3(1), 1–21. doi: 10.1207/S15327922PAR0301_01
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Dong, Q., & Zhou, H. (1997). Authoritative and authoritarian parenting practices and social and school performance in Chinese children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 855–874. doi: 10.1080/016502597384703
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Liu, M., Li, B., Cen, G., Chen, H., & Wang, L. (2000). Maternal authoritative and authoritarian attitudes and mother-child interactions and relationships in urban China. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 24, 119–126. doi: 10.1080/016502500383557
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darling, N. (1999). Parenting style and its correlate (Report No. EDO-PS-99-3). Washington, DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED427896).
   Google Scholar
• Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (1993). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 487–496. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A. (2006). Social–emotional competence as support for school readiness: What is it and how do we assess it? Early Education & Development, 17(1), 57–89. doi: 10.1207/s15566935eed1701_4
   Google Scholar
• Denham, S. A., & Brown, C. (2010). ‘Plays nice with others’: Social–emotional learning and academic success. Early Education & Development, 21(5), 652–680. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2010.497450
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dix, T. (1992). Parenting on behalf of the child: Empathic goals in the regulation of responsive parenting. In I. E. Sigel, A. V. McGillicuddy-DeLisi, & J. J. Goodnow (Eds.), Parental belief systems: The psychological consequences for children (2nd ed., pp. 319–347). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
   Google Scholar
• Duncan, G. J., Dowsett, C. J., Claessens, A., Magnuson, K., Huston, A. C., Klebanov, P.,  … Japel, C. (2007). School readiness and later achievement. Developmental Psychology, 43, 1428–1446.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. P., Gandini, L., & Giovaninni, D. (1996). The contrasting developmental timetables of parents and preschool teachers in two cultural communities. In S. Harkness & C. M. Super (Eds.), Parents’ cultural belief systems. Their origins, expressions, and consequences (pp. 270–288). New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards, C. P., Ren, L., & Brown, J. (in press). Children in context: Families, siblings, and schools. In L. Jensen (Ed.), Oxford handbook of human development and culture: An interdisciplinary perspective. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948550.013.11
   Google Scholar
• Goodnow, J., Cashmore, J., Cotton, S., & Knight, R. (1984). Mothers’ developmental time tables in two cultural groups. International Journal of Psychology, 19, 193–205. doi: 10.1080/00207598408247526
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harkness, S., & Super, C. M. (Eds.). (1996). Parents’ cultural belief systems: Their origins, expressions, and consequences. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Harkness, S., Super, C. M., Bermúdez, M., Moscardino, U., Rha, J., Mavridis, C., … Zylicz, P. (2010). Parental ethnotheories of children's learning. In D. F. Lancy, J. Bock, & S. Gaskins (Eds.), The anthropology of learning in childhood (pp. 65–81). Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, R. D., Kashiwagi, K., Azuma, H., Price, G. C., & Dickson, W. P. (1980). Maternal expectations for mastery of developmental tasks in Japan and the United States. International Journal of Psychology, 15, 259–271. doi: 10.1080/00207598008246996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holden, G. W. (1997). Parents and the dynamics of child rearing. New York, NY: Perseus.
   Google Scholar
• Holloway, S. D., & Reichhart-Erickson, M. (1989). Child-care quality, family structure, and maternal expectations: Relationship to preschool children's peer relations. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 10, 281–298. doi: 10.1016/0193-3973(89)90031-2
   Google Scholar
• Hsueh, Y., Tobin, J. J., & Karasawa, M. (2004). The Chinese kindergarten in its adolescence. Prospects (00331538), 34(4), 457–469. doi: 10.1007/s11125-005-2737-y
   Google Scholar
• Kohn, M. L. (1969). Class and conformity: A study in values. Oxford: Dorsey.
   Google Scholar
• Lau, S., Lew, W. F., Hau, K., Cheung, P., & Berndt, T. J. (1990). Relations among perceived parental control, warmth, indulgence, and family harmony of Chinese in mainland China. Developmental Psychology, 26(4), 674–677. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.26.4.674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung, K., Lau, S., & Lam, W. (1998). Parenting styles and academic achievement: A cross-cultural study. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly: Journal of Developmental Psychology, 44(2), 157–172.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent–child interaction. In P. H. Mussen & E. M. Hetherington (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Socialization, personality, and social development (4th ed., pp. 1–101). New York, NY: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Olson, S. L., Kashiwagi, K., & Crystal, D. (2001). Concepts of adaptive and maladaptive child behavior: A comparison of U. S. and Japanese mothers of preschool-age children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(1), 43–57. doi: 10.1177/0022022101032001007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, E., & Rao, N. (2003). Socialization goals, parenting practices, and peer competence in Chinese and English preschoolers. Early Child Development and Care, 173(1), 131–146. doi: 10.1080/0300443022000022486
   Google Scholar
• Robinson, C. C., Mandleco, B., Olsen, S. F., & Hart, C. H. (1995). Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive parenting practices: Development of a new measure. Psychological Reports, 77, 819–830. doi: 10.2466/pr0.1995.77.3.819
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheridan, S. M., Knoche, L. L., Edwards, C. P., Bovaird, J. A., & Kupzyk, K. A. (2010). Parent engagement and school readiness: Effects of the getting ready intervention on preschool children's social–emotional competencies. Early Education & Development, 21(1), 125–156. doi: 10.1080/10409280902783517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S. D., Darling, N., Mounts, N. S., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1994). Over-time changes in adjustment and competence among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 65, 754–770. doi: 10.2307/1131416
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart, S., Rao, N., Bond, M. H., McBride-Chang, C., Fielding, R., & Kennard, B. D. (1998). Chinese dimensions of parenting: Broadening Western predictors and outcomes. International Journal of Psychology, 33(5), 345–358. doi: 10.1080/002075998400231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobin, J., Hsueh, Y., & Karasawa, M. (2009). Preschool in three cultures revisited: China, Japan, and the United States. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, B., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., & Pettit, G. S.(1992). Some consequences of early harsh discipline: Child aggression and a maladaptive social information processing style. Child Development, 63, 1321–1335. doi: 10.2307/1131558
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemsen, M. E., & van de Vijver, F. J. R. (1997). Parental ethnotheories across cultures: Developmental expectations of Dutch, Turkish-Dutch, and Zambian Mothers. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21, 837–854. doi: 10.1080/016502597384695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, P., Robinson, C. C., Yang, C., Hart, C. H., Olsen, S. F., Porter, C. L., … Wu, X. (2002). Similarities and differences in mothers’ parenting of preschoolers in China and the United States. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 26, 481–491.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, C. (2007). Direct and indirect effects of parenting style with child temperament, parent–child relationship, and family functioning on child social competence in the Chinese culture: Testing the latent models (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3592/m2/1/high_res_d/dissertation.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Yamamoto, Y., & Holloway, S. D. (2010). Parental expectations and children's academicperformance in sociocultural context. Educational Psychology Review, 22(3), 189–214. doi: 10.1007/s10648-010-9121-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, X. (2011). Parent–child and teacher–child relationships in Chinese preschoolers: The moderating role of preschool experiences and the mediating role of social competence. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 26(2), 192–204. doi: 10.1016/j.ecresq.2010.09.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Wang, Y., & Reiser, M. (2004). Chinese children's effortful control and dispositional anger/frustration: Relations to parenting styles and children's social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 40(3), 352–366. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar