A review of Kohlberg’s theory and its applicability in the South African context through the lens of early childhood development and violence

References

• Al-Rumaidhi, K. M. (2008). Moral reasoning among Kuwaiti adolescents. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 36(1), 115–122.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aron, I. E. (1977). Moral philosophy and moral education: A critique of Kohlberg’s theory. The School Review, 85(2), 197–217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baek, H. J. (2002). A comparative study of moral development of Korean and British children. Journal of Moral Education, 31(4), 373–391.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergman, R. (2006). Gibbs on Kohlberg on Dewey: An essay review of John C. Gibbs’s moral development and reality. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 3, 300–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, A., Sutton, A., & Papaioannou, D. (2016). Systematic approaches to a successful literature review. Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Boyes, M. C., & Walker, L. J. (1988). Implications of cultural diversity for the universality claims of Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning. Human Development, 31, 44–59.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell, P. B. (1989). The hidden discriminator: Sex and race Bias in educational research. Women’s Educational Equity Act Program.
   Google Scholar
• Conroy, A. R., & Burton, J. K. (1980). The trouble with kohlberg: A critique. The Educational Forum, 45(1), 43–55.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, A., & Killen, M. (2018). A developmental perspective on the origins of morality in infancy and early childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(1736), 1–6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Angulo, J. M., & Losada, L. S. (2016). The emerging health paradigm in the 21st century: The formative first 1000 days of life. Christian in the 21st century: The formative first 1000 days of life. Christian Journal for Global Health, 3(2), 113–128.
   Google Scholar
• Dewey, J. (1916). Democracy and education. New York: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Doory, M. (2020). Lawrence kohlberg. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lawrence-Kohlberg
   Google Scholar
• Ferns, I., & Thorn, D. (2001). Moral development of black and white South African adolescents: Evidence against cultural universality in Kohlberg's theory. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(4), 38–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara, P., Franceschini, G., Villani, A., & Corsello, G. (2019). Physical, psychological and social impact of school violence on children. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 45, 76. doi:10.1186/s13052-019-0669-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming, J. S. (2005). Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, and others on moral development. Psychological Perspectives on Human Development, 7, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., & Jurist, E. L. (2018). Affect regulation, mentalization and the development of the self. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Garz, D. (2009). Lawrence Kohlberg – An introduction. Opladen: Barbara Budrich Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Giammarco, E. A. (2016). The measurement of individual differences in morality. Personality and Individual Differences, 88, 26–34.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. (1977). Kohlberg's stages of moral judgment: A constructive critique. Harvard Educational Review, 47(1), 43–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. C. (2014). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. C. (2019). Moral development and reality: Beyond the theories of Kohlberg, Hoffman, and Haidt. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, J. C., Basinger, K. S., Grime, R. L., & Snarey, J. R. (2007). Moral judgment development across cultures: Revisiting Kohlberg’s universality claims. Developmental Review, 27(4), 443–500.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. (1982). New maps of development: New visions of maturity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(2), 199–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan, C. (2009). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women’s development. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Govender, D., & Muthukrishna, N. (2011). Moral reasoning in the early years: Age and gender patterns amongst young children in South Africa. Gender and Behaviour, 9(1), 3624–3641.
   Google Scholar
• Hamlin, J. K. (2014). The origins of human morality: Complex socio-moral evaluations by preverbal infants. In J. Decety & Y. Christen (Eds.), New frontiers in social neuroscience (Vol. 21, pp. 165–188). Cham: Springer International.
   Google Scholar
• Hamlin, J. K., & Tan, E. (2020). The emergence of moral responses and sensitivity. The Oxford handbook of moral development: An interdisciplinary perspective.
   Google Scholar
• Hansen, D. T. (2012). John Dewey and our educational prospect: A critical engagement with Dewey’s democracy and education. New York: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Haste, H., & Abrahams, S. (2008). Morality, culture and the dialogic self: Taking cultural pluralism seriously. Journal of Moral Education, 37(3), 377–394.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, S. E. (2001). What happens when we use Kohlberg? His troubling functionalism and the potential of pragmatism in moral education. Educational Theory, 51(3), 259–276.
   Google Scholar
• Hsiao, C., Fry, D., Ward, C. L., Ganz, G., Casey, T., Zheng, X., & Fang, X. (2018). Violence against children in South Africa: The cost of inaction to society and the economy. BMJ Global Health, 3(1), 1–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, C. (2012). Moral development and student motivation in moral education: A Singapore study. Australian Journal of Education, 56(1), 83–101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1963). Moral development and identification. In H. W. Stevenson, N. B. Henry, & H. G. Richey (Eds.), Child psychology: The sixty-second yearbook of the National society for the study of education, part 1 (pp. 277–332). National Society for the Study of Education; University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1967). Moral and religious education and the public schools: A developmental view. Religion and Public Education, 164-183. In T. Sizer (Ed.), Religion and public education (pp. 164–184). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1968). Early education: A cognitive-developmental view. Child Development, 39(4), 1013–1062.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1974). The claim to moral adequacy of a highest stage of moral judgment. The Journal of Philosophy, 70(18), 630–646.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 56(10), 670–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. A. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), The handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. A. (1976). Moral stages and moralization: The cognitive-developmental approach. In T. Lickona (Ed.), Moral development and moral behavior: Theory, research, and social issues (pp. 29–53). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. A. (1981). The philosophy of moral development: Moral stages and the idea of justice. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Kohlberg, L. A. (1982). The psychology of moral development. The nature and validity of moral stages. San Francisco: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Krebs, D. L., & Denton, K. (2005). Toward a more pragmatic approach to morality: A critical evaluation of Kohlberg's model. Psychological Review, 112(3), 629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtines, W. M., & Greif, E. B. (1974). The development of moral thought: Review and evaluation of Kohlberg’s approach. Psychological Bulletin, 81(8), 453–470.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langa, M., & Eagle, G. (2008). The intractability of militarised masculinity: A case study of former self-defence unit members in the Kathorus area, South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 38(1), 152–175.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanius, V., Vermetten, E., & Pain, C. (2010). The impact of early life trauma on health and disease: The hidden epidemic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Linn, R. (2001). The heart has its reason and the reason has its heart: The insight of Kohlberg and Gilligan in moral development and counseling. Social Behavior and Personality, 29(6), 593–600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malti, T. (2020). Children and violence: Nurturing social-emotional development to promote mental health. Social Policy Report, 33(2), 1–27.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mathes, E. W. (2019). An evolutionary perspective on Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Current Psychology. doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00348-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metz, T., & Gaie, J. M. (2010). The African ethic of Ubuntu/ Botho: Implications for research on morality. Journal of Moral Education, 39(3), 273–290.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mignolo, W. D. (2009). Epistemic disobedience, independent thought and decolonial freedom. Theory, Culture & Society, 26(7-8), 159–181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minnameier, G. (2011). Lawrence Kohlberg: an introduction. Journal of Moral Education, 40(4), 539–541. doi:10.1080/03057240.2011.619338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moosa, F., Moonsamy, G., & Fridjhon, P. (1997). Identification patterns among black students at a predominantly white university. South African Journal of Psychology, 27(4), 256–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narvaez, D. (2015). The neurobiology of moral sensitivity: Evolution, epigenetics and early experience. The art of morality: Developing moral sensitivity across the curriculum (pp. 19–42).
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trub.
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1952). The origins of intelligence in children. New York: W. Norton & Co.
   Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1962). The stages of the intellectual development of the child. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 26(3), 120–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1964). Cognitive development in children. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, 2(2), 176–186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piaget, J. (1972). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. Human Development, 15(1), 1–12.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinnock, D. (2016). Gang town. Cape Town: Tafelberg.
   Google Scholar
• Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2007). Key issues in criminal career research: New analyses of the Cambridge study in delinquent development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pring, R. (2014). John Dewey: A philosopher of education for our time? London: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Reed T.M. (1987) Developmental moral theory. Ethics, 97, 441–456.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rest, J., Power, C., & Brabeck, M. (1988). Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987). American Psychologist, 43(5), 399–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaver, P. R., & Mikulincer, M. (2012). An attachment perspective on morality: Strengthening authentic forms of moral decision making. The social psychology of morality: Exploring the causes of good and evil (pp. 257–274).
   Google Scholar
• Simpson, E. L. (1974). Moral development research: A case study of so scientific cultural bias. Human Development, 17, 81–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smetana, J. (2018). Becoming moral: Introduction to the special issue on early moral development. Human Development, 61, 209–213. doi:10.00492799
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, K., & Parekh, A. (1996). A cross-sectional study of moral development in the South African context. Psychological Reports, 78, 851–859.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snarey, J., & Green, A. (2011). Kohlberg, Lawrence. In: Goldstein S., Naglieri J.A. (Eds.) Encyclopedia of child behavior and development. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79061-9_1594
   Google Scholar
• Snarey, J., & Samuelson, P. (2008). Moral education in the cognitive developmental tradition: Lawrence Kohlberg’s revolutionary ideas. Handbook of Moral and Character Education (pp. 53–79).
   Google Scholar
• Snarey, J. R. (1985). Cross-cultural universality of social-moral development: A critical review of Kohlbergian research. Psychological Bulletin, 97(2), 202–232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snarey, J. R. (2012). Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral biography, moral psychology, and moral pedagogy. In W. E. Pickren, D. A. Dewsbury, M. Wertheimer, W. E. Pickren, D. A. Dewsbury, & M. Wertheimer (Red.), Portraits of pioneers in developmental psychology (p. 277–296). New York: Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sullivan, E. V. (1977). Kohlberg’s structuralism: A critical appraisal. Toronto: Institute for Studies in Education.
   Google Scholar
• Swartz, S. (2009). The moral ecology of South Africa’s township youth. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Szekely, R. D., & Miu, A. C. (2015). Incidental emotions in moral dilemmas: The influence of emotion regulation. Cognition and Emotion, 29(1), 64–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turiel, E. (2008). The development of children’s orientations toward moral, social, and personal orders: More than a sequence in development. Human development, 51(1), 21–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ugazio, G., Lamm, C., & Singer, T. (2012). The role of emotions for moral judgments depends on the type of emotion and moral scenario. Emotion, 12(3), 579–590.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn, M. G., Salas- Wright, C. P., DeLisi, M., & Maynard, B. R. (2014). Violence and externalizing behaviour among youth in the United States: Is there a severe 5%? Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 12(1), 3–21. doi:10.10.1177/1541204013478973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef, H., & Michel, C. (1997). Studying morality within the African context: A model of moral analysis and construction. Journal of Moral Education, 26(4), 389–407.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, C. (2000). The life and legacy of Lawrence Kohlberg. Society, 37(2), 36–41.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, M. K. (2017). John Dewey in the 21st century. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 9(1), 91–102.
   Google Scholar