Consciousness fluctuation during general anesthesia: a theoretical approach to anesthesia awareness and memory modulation

References

• James W. The Principles of Psychology, New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1890. Vol 1, pp. 403-4.
   Google Scholar
• Forman SA, Chin VA. General anesthetics and molecular mechanisms of unconsciousness. Int Anesthesiol Clin 2008;46:43-53
   Google Scholar
• Perouansky M. The quest for a unified model of anesthetic action: a century in Claude Bernard’s shadow. Anesthesiology 2012;117:465-74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cimenser A, Purdon PL, Pierce ET, et al. Tracking brain states under general anesthesia by using global coherence analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:8832-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutt A. The anesthetic propofol shifts the frequency of maximum spectral power in EEG during general anesthesia: analytical insights from a linear model. Front Comput Neurosci 2013;7:2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutt A, Longtin A. Effects of the anesthetic agent propofol on neural populations. Cogn Neurodyn 2010;4:37-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drexler B, Antkowiak B, Engin E, Rudolph U. Identification and characterization of anesthetic targets by mouse molecular genetics approaches. Can J Anaesth 2011;58:178-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel R, Singh Patel K. Simple and specific method for flow injection analysis determination of cationic surfactants in environmental and commodity samples. Talanta 1999;48:923-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sirois JE, Lei Q, Talley EM, et al. The TASK-1 two-pore domain K + channel is a molecular substrate for neuronal effects of inhalation anesthetics. J Neurosci 2000;20:6347-54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schrage R, De Min A, Hochheiser K, et al. Superagonism at G protein-coupled receptors and beyond. Br J Pharmacol 2015: published online 15 August 2015, doi: 10.1111/bph.13278
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minami K, Uezono Y. Gq protein-coupled receptors as targets for anesthetics. Curr Pharm Des 2006;12:1931-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez LD, Estrin DA. Exploring the molecular basis of neurosteroid binding to the β3 homopentameric GABAA receptor. J Steroid Biochem Mol Bio 2015: published online 26 July 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imas OA, Ropella KM, Ward BD, et al. Volatile anesthetics disrupt frontal–posterior recurrent information transfer at gamma frequencies in rat. Neurosci Lett 2005;28;387:145-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purdon PL, Pierce ET, Mukamel EA, et al. Electroencephalogram signatures of loss and recovery of consciousness from propofol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2013;110:E1142-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill S, Tononi G. Modeling sleep and wakefulness in the thalamocortical system. J Neurophysiol 2005;93:1671-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ching S, Cimenser A, Purdon PL, et al. Thalamocortical model for a propofol-induced alpha-rhythm associated with loss of consciousness. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:22665-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashour GA. Top-down mechanisms of anesthetic-induced unconsciousness. Front Syst Neurosci 2014;8:115
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dehaene S, Changeux JP. Experimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing. Neuron 2011;70:200-27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hudetz AG. Suppressing consciousness: mechanisms of general anesthesia, Semin Anesth Perioperat Med Pain 2006;25:196-204
   Google Scholar
• Mashour GA. Cognitive unbinding: a neuroscientific paradigm of general anesthesia and related states of unconsciousness. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013;37:2751-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theeuwes J. Top-down and bottom-up control of visual selection. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2010;135:77-99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauss K, Pourtois G. What is bottom-up and what is top-down in predictive coding? Fron Psychol 2013;4:276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tononi G. Consciousness as integrated information: a provisional manifesto. Biol Bull 2008;215:216-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tononi G. An information integration theory of consciousness. BMC Neurosci 2004;5:42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Edelman GM, Tononi G. A Universe Of Consciousness: How Matter Becomes Imagination. New York: Basic Books, 2001
   Google Scholar
• Hudetz AG. General anesthesia and human brain connectivity. Brain Connect 2012;2:291-302
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Penrose R. Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994
   Google Scholar
• Edelman GM. Bright air, brilliant fire. On the Matter of the Mind. London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1994
   Google Scholar
• Edelman GM. Neural Darwinism. The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection. New York: Basic Books, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Hameroff S, Penrose R. Consciousness in the universe: a review of the ``Orch OR'' theory. Phys Life Rev 2014;11:39-78
   Google Scholar
• Baars B. A cognitive theory of consciousness. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1988
   Google Scholar
• Singer W. Neuronal synchronization: a solution to the binding problem? In: Llinas R, Churchland PS (eds). The Mind–Brain Continuum. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996
   Google Scholar
• Mashour GA. The cognitive binding problem: from Kant to quantum neurodynamics. Neuro Quantology 2004;1:29-38
   Google Scholar
• Thagard P, Stewart TC. Two theories of consciousness: semantic pointer competition vs. information integration. Conscious Cogn 2014;30:73-90
   Google Scholar
• Graziano MSA, Kastner S. Human consciousness and its relationship to social neuroscience: a novel hypothesis. Cog Neurosci 2011;2:98-113
   Google Scholar
• Jerath R, Crawford MW. Neural correlates of visuospatial consciousness in 3D default space: insights from contralateral neglect syndrome. Conscious Cogn 2014;28:81-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Utting JE. Awareness: clinical aspects. In Rosen M, Lunn JN (eds). Consciousness, Awareness, and Pain in General Anesthesia. London: Butterworths, 1987
   Google Scholar
• Drexler B, Antkowiak B, Engin E, Rudolph U. Identification and characterization of anesthetic targets by mouse molecular genetics approaches. Can J Anaesth 2011;58:178-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore JT, Chen J, Han B, et al. Direct activation of sleep-promoting VLPO neurons by volatile anesthetics contributes to anesthetic hypnosis. Curr Biol 2012;22:2008-16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gugino LD, Chabot RJ, Prichep LS, et al. Quantitative EEG changes associated with loss and return of consciousness in healthy adult volunteers anaesthetized with propofol or sevoflurane. Br J Anaesth 2001;87:421-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickinson R, Peterson BK, Banks P, et al. Competitive inhibition at the glycine site of the nmethyl-d-aspartate receptor by the anesthetics xenon and isoflurane. Anesthesiology 2007;107:756-67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perouansky M, Baranov D, Salman M, Yaari Y. Effects of halothane on glutamate receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents. A patch-clamp study in adult mouse hippocampal slices. Anesthesiology 1995;83:109-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kenny JD, Westover MB, Ching S, et al. Propofol and sevoflurane induce distinct burst suppression patterns in rats. Front Syst Neurosci 2014;18;8:237
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pandit JJ, Andrade J, Bogod DG, et al.; Royal College of Anaesthetists; Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland. 5th National Audit Project (NAP5) on accidental awareness during general anaesthesia: summary of main findings and risk factors. Br J Anaesth 2014;113:549-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atkinson RC, Shiffrin RM. The control of short-term memory. Sci Am 1971;225:82-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Tian Y, Li S, et al. Inhibition of propofol anesthesia on functional connectivity between LFPs in PFC during rat working memory task. PLoS One 2013;8:e83653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veselis RA. Memory formation during anaesthesia: plausibility of a neurophysiological basis. Br J Anaesth 2015;115(Suppl 1):i13-19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders RD, Tononi G, Laureys S, Sleigh JW. Unresponsiveness ≠ unconsciousness. Anesthesiology 2012;116:946-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henke K. A model for memory systems based on processing modes rather than consciousness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2012;11:523-32
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald AA, Naci L, MacDonald PA, Owen AM. Anesthesia and neuroimaging: investigating the neural correlates of unconsciousness. Trends Cogn Sci 2015;19:100-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Gaal S, de Lange FP, Cohen MX. The role of consciousness in cognitive control and decision making. Front Hum Neurosci 2012;6:121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tulving E, Schacter DL. Priming and human memory systems. Science 1990;247:301-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mashour GA, Avidan MS. Intraoperative awareness: controversies and non-controversies. Br J Anaesth 2015;115(Suppl 1):i20-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dutton RC, Smith WD, Smith NT. Wakeful response to command indicates memory potential during emergence from general anesthesia. J Clin Monit 1995;11:35-40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Semba K, Adachi N, Arai T. Facilitation of serotoninergic activity and amnesia in rats caused by intravenous anesthetics. Anesthesiology 2005;102:616-23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cascella M. Anesthesia awareness. Can midazolam attenuate or prevent memory consolidation on intraoperative awakening during general anesthesia without increasing the risk of postoperative delirium? Korean J Anesthesiol 2015;68:200-2
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Le Guen M, Liu N, Tounou F, et al. Dexmedetomidine reduces propofol and remifentanil requirements during bispectral index-guided closed-loop anesthesia: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Anesth Analg 2014;118:946-55
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akeju O, Pavone KJ, Westover MB, et al. A comparison of propofol- and dexmedetomidine-induced electroencephalogram dynamics using spectral and coherence analysis. Anesthesiology 2014;121:978-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chattopadhyay U, Mallik S, Ghosh S, et al. Comparison between propofol and dexmedetomidine on depth of anesthesia: a prospective randomized trial. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2014;30:550-4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lequeux PY, Hecquet F, Bredas P. Does anesthetic regimen influence implicit memory during general anesthesia? Anesth Analg 2014;119:1174-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pryor KO, Root JC. Chasing the shadows of implicit memory under anesthesia. Anesth Analg 2014;119:1026-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siddiqi N, Stockdale R, Britton AM, Holmes J. Interventions for preventing delirium in hospitalized patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;18:CD005563
   Google Scholar
• Maldonado JR, Wysong A, van der Starre PJ, et al. Dexmedetomidine and the reduction of postoperative delirium after cardiac surgery. Psychosomatics 2009;50:206-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA, et al. Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med 2008;358:1097-108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Intraoperative Awareness. Practice advisory for intraoperative awareness and brain function monitoring: a report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists task force on intraoperative awareness. Anesthesiology 2006;104:847-64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Jones J, Frampton G, et al. Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of depth of anaesthesia monitoring (E-Entropy, Bispectral Index and Narcotrend): a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 2013;17:1-264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jospin M, Caminal P, Jensen EW, et al. Detrended fluctuation analysis of EEG as a measure of depth of anesthesia. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2007;54:840-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen EW, Valencia JF, López A, et al. Monitoring hypnotic effect and nociception with two EEG-derived indices, qCON and qNOX, during general anaesthesia. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014;58:933-41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider G, Jordan D, Schwarz G; The European Multicenter EEGAEP Anesthesia Monitoring Study Group and Research Group. European Multicenter EEGAEP Anesthesia Monitoring Study Group and Research Group Knowledge-based Signal Processing. Monitoring depth of anesthesia utilizing a combination of electroencephalographic and standard measures. Anesthesiology 2014;120:819-28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shanks AM, Avidan MS, Kheterpal S, et al. Alerting thresholds for the prevention of intraoperative awareness with explicit recall: a secondary analysis of the Michigan Awareness Control Study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2015;32:346-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Kadi MI, Ibne Reaz MB, Mohd Ali MA. Evolution of electroencephalogram signal analysis techniques during anesthesia. Sensors (Basel) 2013;13:6605-35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boly M, Moran R, Murphy M, et al. Connectivity changes underlying spectral EEG changes during propofol-induced loss of consciousness. J Neurosci 2012;16;32:7082-90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weber F, Zimmermann M, Bein T. The impact of acoustic stimulation on the AEP monitor/2 derived composite auditory evoked potential index under awake and anesthetized conditions. Anesth Analg 2005;1:435-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn B, Pilge S, Kochs EF, et al. A combination of electroencephalogram and auditory evoked potentials separates different levels of anesthesia in volunteers. Anesth Analg 2009;108:1512-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishiyama T. Composite auditory evoked potentials index is not a good indicator of depth of anesthesia in propofol-fentanyl anesthesia: randomized comparative study. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2013;29:333-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar