Outcomes and healthcare resource utilization associated with medically attended hypoglycemia in older patients with type 2 diabetes initiating basal insulin in a US managed care setting

References

• Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, et al. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003;348:383-93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman RR, Paul SK, Bethel MA, et al. 10-year follow-up of intensive glucose control in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;359:1577-89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998;352:837-53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryer PE. The barrier of hypoglycemia in diabetes. Diabetes 2008;57:3169-76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a patient-centered approach: position statement of the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Diabetes Care 2012;35:1364-79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrot M, Barnett AH, Meneghini LF, Schumm-Draeger PM. Insulin adherence behaviours and barriers in the multinational Global Attitudes of Patients and Physicians in Insulin Therapy study. Diabet Med 2012;29:682-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tschope D, Bramlage P, Binz C, et al. Incidence and predictors of hypoglycaemia in type 2 diabetes – an analysis of the prospective DiaRegis registry. BMC Endocr Disord 2012;12:23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Fisher L, Guzman S, et al. Psychological insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes: the scope of the problem. Diabetes Care 2005;28:2543-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiter LA, Yale J-F, Chiasson J-L, et al. Assessment of the impact of fear of hypoglycemic episodes on glycemic control. Can J Diabetes 2005;29:186-92
   Google Scholar
• Miller ME, Williamson JD, Gerstein HC, et al. Effects of randomization to intensive glucose control on adverse events, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in older versus younger adults in the ACCORD Trial. Diabetes Care 2014;37:634-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2009. Emergency department visit rates for hypoglycemia as first-listed diagnosis per 1,000 diabetic adults aged 18 years or older, by age, United States, 2006–2009. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/statistics/hypoglycemia/fig5.htm [Last accessed November 2015]
   Google Scholar
• Foos V, Varol N, Curtis BH, et al. Economic impact of severe and non-severe hypoglycemia in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the United States. J Med Econ 2015;18:420-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng YJ, Imperatore G, Geiss LS, et al. Secular changes in the age-specific prevalence of diabetes among U.S. adults: 1988–2010. Diabetes Care 2013;36:2690-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quan H, Sundararajan V, Halfon P, et al. Coding algorithms for defining comorbidities in ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 administrative data. Med Care 2005;43:1130-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SS, Conner C, Aagren M, et al. Evidence linking hypoglycemic events to an increased risk of acute cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2011;34:1164-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbagallo M, Dominguez LJ. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer’s disease. World J Diabetes 2014;5:889-93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khunti K, Davies M, Majeed A, et al. Hypoglycemia and risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in insulin-treated people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a cohort study. Diabetes Care 2015;38:316-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zoungas S, Patel A, Chalmers J, et al. Severe hypoglycemia and risks of vascular events and death. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1410-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamant M, Nauck MA, Shaginian R, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist or bolus insulin with optimized basal insulin in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2763-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Digenio A, Karve S, Candrilli SD, Dalal M. Prandial insulin versus glucagon-like peptide-1 added to basal insulin: comparative effectiveness in the community practice setting. Postgrad Med 2014;126:49-59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenstock J, Fonseca VA, Gross JL, et al. Advancing basal insulin replacement in type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with insulin glargine plus oral agents: a comparison of adding albiglutide, a weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, versus thrice-daily prandial insulin lispro. Diabetes Care 2014;37:2317-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogensen UM, Andersson C, Fosbol EL, et al. Sulfonylurea in combination with insulin is associated with increased mortality compared with a combination of insulin and metformin in a retrospective Danish nationwide study. Diabetologia 2015;58:50-8
   Google Scholar
• Shankar RR, Xu L, Golm GT, et al. A comparison of glycaemic effects of sitagliptin and sulfonylureas in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Int J Clin Pract 2015;69:626-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sorli C. New developments in insulin therapy for type 2 diabetes. Am J Med 2014;127:S39-S48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker RH, Dahmen R, Bergmann K, et al. New insulin glargine 300 units.mL−1 provides a more even activity profile and prolonged glycemic control at steady state compared with insulin glargine 100 units.mL−1. Diabetes Care 2014;38:637-43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccah D, Lin J, Wang E, et al. Once-daily prandial lixisenatide versus once-daily rapid-acting insulin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus insufficiently controlled with basal insulin: analysis of data from five randomized, controlled trials. J Diabetes Complications 2014;28:40-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seaquist ER, Anderson J, Childs B, et al. Hypoglycemia and diabetes: a report of a workgroup of the American Diabetes Association and the Endocrine Society. Diabetes Care 2013;36:1384-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chow E, Bernjak A, Williams S, et al. Risk of cardiac arrhythmias during hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk. Diabetes 2014;63:1738-47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanon VP, Sanon S, Kanakia R, et al. Hypoglycemia from a cardiologist’s perspective. Clin Cardiol 2014;37:499-504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar