1,066
Views
44
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Nephrology

Hyperuricemia, the kidneys, and the spectrum of associated diseases: a narrative review

Pages 1863-1869 | Received 22 Apr 2016, Accepted 18 Jul 2016, Published online: 26 Aug 2016

References

  • VanItallie TB. Gout: epitome of painful arthritis. Metabolism 2010;59(Suppl 1):S32-S6
  • Nuki G, Simkin PA. A concise history of gout and hyperuricemia and their treatment. Arthritis Res Ther 2006;8(Suppl 1):S1
  • Puig JG, Martinez MA. Hyperuricemia, gout and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:187-91
  • Beck LH. Requiem for gouty nephropathy. Kidney Int 1986;30:280-7
  • Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Comorbidities of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: NHANES 2007–2008. Am J Med 2012;125:679-87 e1
  • Kutzing MK, Firestein BL. Altered uric acid levels and disease states. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008;324:1-7
  • Jalal DI, Chonchol M, Chen W, Targher G. Uric acid as a target of therapy in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61:134-46
  • Hsu CY, Iribarren C, McCulloch CE, et al. Risk factors for end-stage renal disease: 25-year follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:342-50
  • Liebman SE, Taylor JG, Bushinsky DA. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2007;9:251-7
  • Curhan GC. Epidemiology of stone disease. Urol Clin North Am 2007;34:287-93
  • Fam AG. Gout, diet, and the insulin resistance syndrome. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1350-5
  • Keenan RT, Nowatzky J, Pillinger MH. Etiology and pathogenesis of hyperuricemia and gout. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al., eds. Kelley’s Textbook of Rheumatology Ninth Edition. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier Saunders, 2013:1533-53
  • Ishikawa T, Aw W, Kaneko K. Metabolic interactions of purine derivatives with human ABC transporter ABCG2: genetic testing to assess gout risk. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013;6:1347-60
  • Martillo MA, Nazzal L, Crittenden DB. The crystallization of monosodium urate. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2014;16:400
  • Rieselbach RE, Steele TH. Influence of the kidney upon urate homeostasis in health and disease. Am J Med 1974;56:665-75
  • Roch-Ramel F, Guisan B. Renal transport of urate in humans. News Physiol Sci 1999;14:80-4
  • Lipkowitz MS. Regulation of uric acid excretion by the kidney. Curr Rheumatol Rep 2012;14:179-88
  • Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Purine-rich foods, dairy and protein intake, and the risk of gout in men. N Engl J Med 2004;350:1093-103
  • Dalbeth N, Wong S, Gamble GD, et al. Acute effect of milk on serum urate concentrations: a randomised controlled crossover trial. Ann Rheumatic Dis 2010;69:1677-82
  • Choi HK, Atkinson K, Karlson EW, et al. Alcohol intake and risk of incident gout in men: a prospective study. Lancet 2004;363:1277-81
  • Krishnan E, Lessov-Schlaggar CN, Krasnow RE, Swan GE. Nature versus nurture in gout: a twin study. Am J Med 2012;125:499-504
  • Kottgen A, Albrecht E, Teumer A, et al. Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations. Nat Genet 2013;45:145-54
  • Enomoto A, Kimura H, Chairoungdua A, et al. Molecular identification of a renal urate anion exchanger that regulates blood urate levels. Nature 2002;417:447-52
  • Ichida K, Hosoyamada M, Hisatome I, et al. Clinical and molecular analysis of patients with renal hypouricemia in Japan – influence of URAT1 gene on urinary urate excretion. J Am Soc Nephrol 2004;15:164-73
  • Shin HJ, Takeda M, Enomoto A, et al. Interactions of urate transporter URAT1 in human kidney with uricosuric drugs. Nephrology (Carlton) 2011;16:156-62
  • Hamada T, Ichida K, Hosoyamada M, et al. Uricosuric action of losartan via the inhibition of urate transporter 1 (URAT 1) in hypertensive patients. Am J Hypertens 2008;21:1157-62
  • Shen Z, Rowlings C, Kerr B, et al. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and safety of lesinurad, a selective uric acid reabsorption inhibitor, in healthy adult males. Drug Des Devel Ther 2015;9:3423-34
  • Matsuo H, Chiba T, Nagamori S, et al. Mutations in glucose transporter 9 gene SLC2A9 cause renal hypouricemia. Am J Hum Genet 2008;83:744-51
  • Dinour D, Gray NK, Campbell S, et al. Homozygous SLC2A9 mutations cause severe renal hypouricemia. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;21:64-72
  • Woodward OM, Kottgen A, Coresh J, et al. Identification of a urate transporter, ABCG2, with a common functional polymorphism causing gout. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009;106:10338-42
  • Hosomi A, Nakanishi T, Fujita T, Tamai I. Extra-renal elimination of uric acid via intestinal efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2. PLoS One 2012;7:e30456
  • Ichida K, Matsuo H, Takada T, et al. Decreased extra-renal urate excretion is a common cause of hyperuricemia. Nat Commun 2012;3:764
  • Jiri M, Zhang L, Lan B, et al. Genetic variation in the ABCG2 gene is associated with gout risk in the Chinese Han population. Clin Rheumatol 2016;35:159-63
  • Stiburkova B, Miyata H, Zavada J, et al. Novel dysfunctional variant in ABCG2 as a cause of severe tophaceous gout: biochemical, molecular genetics and functional analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2016;55:191-4
  • Yang Q, Kottgen A, Dehghan A, et al. Multiple genetic loci influence serum urate levels and their relationship with gout and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 2010;3:523-30
  • Chiba T, Matsuo H, Kawamura Y, et al. NPT1/SLC17A1 is a renal urate exporter in humans and its common gain-of-function variant decreases the risk of renal underexcretion gout. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015;67:281-7
  • Jutabha P, Anzai N, Wempe MF, et al. Apical voltage-driven urate efflux transporter NPT4 in renal proximal tubule. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2011;30:1302-11
  • Krishnan E. Reduced glomerular function and prevalence of gout: NHANES 2009–10. PLoS One 2012;7:e50046
  • Krishnan E. Chronic kidney disease and the risk of incident gout among middle-aged men: a seven-year prospective observational study. Arthritis Rheum 2013;65:3271-8
  • Roch-Ramel F, Diezi-Chomety F, De Rougemont D, et al. Renal excretion of uric acid in the rat: a micropuncture and microperfusion study. Am J Physiol 1976;230:768-76
  • Sinha AD, Agarwal R. Thiazide diuretics in chronic kidney disease. Curr Hypertens Rep 2015;17:13
  • Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodriguez LA. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case–control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190
  • Johnson RJ, Nakagawa T, Jalal D, et al. Uric acid and chronic kidney disease: which is chasing which? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:2221-8
  • Berger L, Yu TF. Renal function in gout. IV. An analysis of 524 gouty subjects including long-term follow-up studies. Am J Med 1975;59:605-13
  • Talbott JH, Terplan KL. The kidney in gout. Medicine (Baltimore) 1960;39:405-67
  • Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, et al. A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002;13:2888-97
  • Obermayr RP, Temml C, Gutjahr G, et al. Elevated uric acid increases the risk for kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008;19:2407-13
  • Jalal DI, Rivard CJ, Johnson RJ, et al. Serum uric acid levels predict the development of albuminuria over 6 years in patients with type 1 diabetes: findings from the Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 1 Diabetes study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010;25:1865-9
  • Chonchol M, Shlipak MG, Katz R, et al. Relationship of uric acid with progression of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2007;50:239-47
  • Madero M, Sarnak MJ, Wang X, et al. Uric acid and long-term outcomes in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 2009;53:796-803
  • Liu WC, Hung CC, Chen SC, et al. Association of hyperuricemia with renal outcomes, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2012;7:541-8
  • Akalin E, Ganeshan SV, Winston J, Muntner P. Hyperuricemia is associated with the development of the composite outcomes of new cardiovascular events and chronic allograft nephropathy. Transplantation 2008;86:652-8
  • Meier-Kriesche HU, Schold JD, Vanrenterghem Y, et al. Uric acid levels have no significant effect on renal function in adult renal transplant recipients: evidence from the symphony study. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:1655-60
  • Mazzali M. Uric acid and transplantation. Semin Nephrol 2005;25:50-5
  • Dincer HE, Dincer AP, Levinson DJ. Asymptomatic hyperuricemia: to treat or not to treat. Cleve Clin J Med 2002;69:594, 97, 600-2 passim
  • Gutman AB, Yu TF. Uric acid nephrolithiasis. Am J Med 1968;45:756-79
  • Rule AD, Bergstralh EJ, Melton LJ III, et al. Kidney stones and the risk for chronic kidney disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2009;4:804-11
  • Sautin YY, Johnson RJ. Uric acid: the oxidant–antioxidant paradox. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2008;27:608-19
  • Pacher P, Beckman JS, Liaudet L. Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease. Physiol Rev 2007;87:315-424
  • Kuzkaya N, Weissmann N, Harrison DG, Dikalov S. Interactions of peroxynitrite with uric acid in the presence of ascorbate and thiols: implications for uncoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Biochem Pharmacol 2005;70:343-54
  • Sautin YY, Nakagawa T, Zharikov S, Johnson RJ. Adverse effects of the classic antioxidant uric acid in adipocytes: NADPH oxidase-mediated oxidative/nitrosative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007;293:C584-96
  • Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, et al. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin–angiotensin system. J Hypertens 2008;26:269-75
  • Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2002;282:F991-7
  • Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, et al. Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int 2005;67:1739-42
  • Zoccali C, Maio R, Mallamaci F, et al. Uric acid and endothelial dysfunction in essential hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;17:1466-71
  • Netea MG, Kullberg BJ, Blok WL, et al. The role of hyperuricemia in the increased cytokine production after lipopolysaccharide challenge in neutropenic mice. Blood 1997;89:577-82
  • Watanabe S, Kang DH, Feng L, et al. Uric acid, hominoid evolution, and the pathogenesis of salt-sensitivity. Hypertension 2002;40:355-60
  • Feig DI. The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the young. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2012;14:346-52
  • Sanchez-Lozada LG, Tapia E, Santamaria J, et al. Mild hyperuricemia induces vasoconstriction and maintains glomerular hypertension in normal and remnant kidney rats. Kidney Int 2005;67:237-47
  • Nakagawa T, Mazzali M, Kang DH, et al. Hyperuricemia causes glomerular hypertrophy in the rat. Am J Nephrol 2003;23:2-7
  • Koka RM, Huang E, Lieske JC. Adhesion of uric acid crystals to the surface of renal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2000;278:F989-98
  • Umekawa T, Chegini N, Khan SR. Increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by renal epithelial cells in culture on exposure to calcium oxalate, phosphate and uric acid crystals. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2003;18:664-9
  • Spencer HW, Yarger WE, Robinson RR. Alterations of renal function during dietary-induced hyperuricemia in the rat. Kidney Int 1976;9:489-500
  • Kanellis J, Watanabe S, Li JH, et al. Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2. Hypertension 2003;41:1287-93
  • Kohagura K, Kochi M, Miyagi T, et al. An association between uric acid levels and renal arteriolopathy in chronic kidney disease: a biopsy-based study. Hypertens Res 2013;36:43-9
  • Mehta TH, Goldfarb DS. Uric acid stones and hyperuricosuria. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2012;19:413-18
  • Coe FL. Uric acid and calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int 1983;24:392-403
  • Seegmiller JE. Xanthine stone formation. Am J Med 1968;45:780-3
  • Grover PK, Marshall VR, Ryall RL. Dissolved urate salts out calcium oxalate in undiluted human urine in vitro: implications for calcium oxalate stone genesis. Chem Biol 2003;10:271-8
  • Ettinger B, Tang A, Citron JT, et al. Randomized trial of allopurinol in the prevention of calcium oxalate calculi. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1386-9
  • Goldfarb DS, MacDonald PA, Gunawardhana L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of febuxostat versus allopurinol or placebo in individuals with higher urinary uric acid excretion and calcium stones. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2013;8:1960-7
  • Fleeman N, Pilkington G, Dundar Y, et al. Allopurinol for the treatment of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. Health Technol Assess 2014;18:1-77, v-vi
  • Shibagaki Y, Ohno I, Hosoya T, Kimura K. Safety, efficacy and renal effect of febuxostat in patients with moderate-to-severe kidney dysfunction. Hypertens Res 2014;37:919-25
  • The CKD-FIX Trial: controlled trial of slowing of kidney disease progression from the inhibition of xanthine oxidase. 2016. Available at: https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id =343216&isReview=true. [Last accessed 22 August 2016]
  • AstraZeneca. Zurampic Package Insert. Wilmington, DE, USA: AstraZeneca, 2015
  • Khanna D, Fitzgerald JD, Khanna PP, et al. 2012 American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 1: systematic nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic therapeutic approaches to hyperuricemia. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2012;64:1431-46

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.