Persistence with rapid-acting insulin and its association with A1C level and severe hypoglycemia among elderly patients with type 2 diabetes

References

• Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centered approach: update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015;38:140-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raccah D. Options for the intensification of insulin therapy when basal insulin is not enough in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Obes Metab 2008;10(Suppl2):76-82
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monnier L, Colette C. Addition of rapid-acting insulin to basal insulin therapy in type 2 diabetes: indications and modalities. Diabetes Metab 2006;32:7-13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazda C, Hülstrunk H, Helsberg K, et al. Prandial insulin substitution with insulin lispro or insulin lispro mid mixture vs. basal therapy with insulin glargine: a randomized controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes beginning insulin therapy. J Diabetes Complications 2006;20:145-52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddle M, Pencek R, Charenkavanich S, et al. Randomized comparison of pramlintide or mealtime insulin added to basal insulin treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2009;32:1577-82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iglay K, Cartier SE, Rosen VM, et al. Meta-analysis of studies examining medication adherence, persistence, and discontinuation of oral antihyperglycemic agents in type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2015;31:1283-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hertz RP, Unger AN, Lustik MB. Adherence with pharmacotherapy for type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study of adults with employer-sponsored health insurance. Clin Ther 2005;27:1064-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown JB, Nichols GA, Glauber HS, Bakst A. Ten-year follow-up of antidiabetic drug use, nonadherence, and mortality in a defined population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Clin Ther 1999;21:1045-57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei W, Pan C, Xie L, Baser O. Real-world insulin treatment persistence among patients with type 2 diabetes. Endocr Pract 2014;20:52-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buysman E, Conner C, Aagren M, et al. Adherence and persistence to a regimen of basal insulin in a pre-filled pen compared to vial/syringe in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2011;27:1709-17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonafede MM, Kalsekar A, Pawaskar M, et al. Insulin use and persistence in patients with type 2 diabetes adding mealtime insulin to a basal regimen: a retrospective database analysis. BMC Endocr Disord 2011;11:3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown AF, Mangione CM, Saliba D, et al. Guidelines for improving the care of the older person with diabetes mellitus. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003;51(5SupplGuidelines):S265-S80
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ginde AA, Blanc PG, Lieberman RM, Camargo CA Jr. Validation of ICD-9-CM coding algorithm for improved identification of hypoglycemia visits. BMC Endocr Disord 2008;8:4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang HY, Weiner JP, Richards TM, et al. Validating the adapted Diabetes Complications Severity Index in claims data. Am J Manag Care 2012;18:721-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg JF, Brooks JO 3rd, Kurita K, et al. Depressive illness burden associated with complex polypharmacy in patients with bipolar disorder: findings from the STEP-BD. J Clin Psychiatry 2009;70:155-62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta S, Chen H, Johnson ML, Aparasu RR. Risk of falls and fractures in older adults using antipsychotic agents. Drugs Aging 2010;27:815-29
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tinetti ME, Gordon C, Sogolow E, et al. Fall-risk evaluation and management: challenges in adopting geriatric care practices. Gerontologist 2006;46:717-25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anger JT, Saigal CS, Madison R, et al. Increasing costs of urinary incontinence among female Medicare beneficiaries. J Urol 2006;176:247-51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies MJ, Gagliardino JJ, Gray LJ, et al. Real-world factors affecting adherence to insulin therapy in patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Diabet Med 2013;30:512-24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janes R, Titchener J, Pere J, et al. Understanding barriers to glycaemic control from the patient’s perspective. J Prim Health Care 2013;5:114-22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nam S, Chesla C, Stotts NA, et al. Barriers to diabetes management: patient and provider factors. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2011;93:1-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sambamoorthi U, Deb A, Zhou S, et al. Rapid acting insulin use and persistence among elderly type 2 diabetes patients adding rai to oral antidiabetes drug regimens. J Diabetes Res 2016;2016:5374931
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egede LE, Gebregziabher M, Dismuke CE, et al. Medication nonadherence in diabetes: longitudinal effects on costs and potential cost savings from improvement. Diabetes Care 2012;35:2533-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egede LE, Lynch CP, Gebregziabher M, et al. Differential impact of longitudinal medication non-adherence on mortality by race/ethnicity among veterans with diabetes. J Gen Intern Med 2013;28:208-15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egede LE, Gebregziabher M, Echols C, Lynch CP. Longitudinal effects of medication nonadherence on glycemic control. Ann Pharmacother 2014;48:562-70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson TB, Song X, Alemayehu B, et al. Cost sharing, adherence, and health outcomes in patients with diabetes. Am J Manag Care 2010;16:589-600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jha AK, Aubert RE, Yao J, et al. Greater adherence to diabetes drugs is linked to less hospital use and could save nearly $5 billion annually. Health Aff (Millwood) 2012;31:1836-46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAdam-Marx C, Bellows BK, Unni S, et al. Impact of adherence and weight loss on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: cohort analyses of integrated medical record, pharmacy claims, and patient-reported data. J Manag Care Spec Pharm 2014;20:691-700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papa G, Fedele V, Chiavetta A, et al. Therapeutic options for elderly diabetic subjects: open label, randomized clinical trial of insulin glargine added to oral antidiabetic drugs versus increased dosage of oral antidiabetic drugs. Acta Diabetol 2008;45:53-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen HS, Wu TE, Jap TS, et al. Beneficial effects of insulin on glycemic control and beta-cell function in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes with severe hyperglycemia after short-term intensive insulin therapy. Diabetes Care 2008;31:1927-32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lingvay I, Legendre JL, Kaloyanova PF, et al. Insulin-based versus triple oral therapy for newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: which is better? Diabetes Care 2009;32:1789-95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polonsky WH, Jackson RA. What’s so tough about taking insulin? Addressing the problem of psychological insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. Clin Diabetes 2004;22:147-50
   Google Scholar
• Nam S, Chesla C, Stotts NA, et al. Factors associated with psychological insulin resistance in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2010;33:1747-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korytkowski M. When oral agents fail: practical barriers to starting insulin. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26(Suppl3):S18-S24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khunti K, Nikolajsen A, Thorsted BL, et al. Clinical inertia in intensifying therapy among people with type 2 diabetes treated with basal insulin. Diabetes Obes Metab 2016;18:401-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin CB, Shewale A. Validity of electronic prescription claims records: a comparison of commercial insurance claims with pharmacy provider derived records. Inov Pharm 2014;5:184
   Google Scholar
• Schneeweiss S, Avorn J. A review of uses of health care utilization databases for epidemiologic research on therapeutics. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:323-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar