Effects of statins on all-cause mortality at different low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels in Asian patients with type 2 diabetes

References

• Baigent C, Keech A, Kearney PM, et al. Efficacy and safety of cholesterol-lowering treatment: prospective meta-analysis of data from 90,056 participants in 14 randomised trials of statins. Lancet 2005;366:1267-78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins R, Reith C, Emberson J, et al. Interpretation of the evidence for the efficacy and safety of statin therapy. Lancet 2016;388:2532-61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opie LH, Dalby AJ. Cardiovascular prevention: lifestyle and statins—competitors or companions? S Afr Med J 2014;104:168-73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jarcho JA, Keaney JF Jr. Proof that lower is better—LDL cholesterol and IMPROVE-IT. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2448-50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackam DG, Mamdani M, Li P, et al. Statins and sepsis in patients with cardiovascular disease: a population-based cohort analysis. Lancet 2006;367:413-18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qin X, Dong H, Fang K, et al. The effect of statins on renal outcomes in patients with diabetic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2017;33:e2901
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kishimoto I, Makino H, Ohata Y, et al. Intensity of statin therapy and new hospitalizations for heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2015;3:e000137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray KK, Seshasai SR, Erqou S, et al. Statins and all-cause mortality in high-risk primary prevention: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 65,229 participants. Arch Intern Med 2010;170:1024-31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW, et al. Joint distribution of lipoprotein cholesterol classes. The Framingham study. Arteriosclerosis 1983;3:260-72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gobal FA, Mehta JL. Management of dyslipidemia in the elderly population. Ther Adv Cardiovasc Dis 2010;4:375-83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Colhoun HM, Betteridge DJ, Durrington PN, et al. Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with atorvastatin in type 2 diabetes in the Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2004;364:685-96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knopp RH, d’Emden M, Smilde JG, et al. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 2006;29:1478-85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han BH, Sutin D, Williamson JD, et al. Effect of statin treatment vs usual care on primary cardiovascular prevention among older adults: The ALLHAT-LLT randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:955-65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd J, Barter P, Carmena R, et al. Effect of lowering LDL cholesterol substantially below currently recommended levels in patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes: the Treating to New Targets (TNT) study. Diabetes Care 2006;29:1220-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiang HH, Tseng FY, Wang CY, et al. All-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes in association with achieved hemoglobin A(1c), systolic blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. PLoS One 2014;9:e109501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Available online at: https://www.mohw.gov.tw/dl-38393-4e4c1a43-6bf5-42de-a8d8-20238da45062.html
   Google Scholar
• Scirica BM, Bhatt DL, Braunwald E, et al. Saxagliptin and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2013;369:1317-26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravnskov U, Diamond DM, Hama R, et al. Lack of an association or an inverse association between low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and mortality in the elderly: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2016;6:e010401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronmal RA, Cain KC, Ye Z, et al. Total serum cholesterol levels and mortality risk as a function of age. A report based on the Framingham data. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:1065-73
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schatz IJ, Masaki K, Yano K, et al. Cholesterol and all-cause mortality in elderly people from the Honolulu Heart Program: a cohort study. Lancet 2001;358:351-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lv YB, Yin ZX, Chei CL, et al. Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely associated with 3-year all-cause mortality among Chinese oldest old: data from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Atherosclerosis 2015;239:137-42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takata Y, Ansai T, Soh I, et al. Serum total cholesterol concentration and 10-year mortality in an 85-year-old population. Clin Interv Aging 2014;9:293-300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berry SD, Ngo L, Samelson EJ, et al. Competing risk of death: an important consideration in studies of older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2010;58:783-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guirgis FW, Donnelly JP, Dodani S, et al. Cholesterol levels and long-term rates of community-acquired sepsis. Crit Care 2016;20:408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shor R, Wainstein J, Oz D, et al. Low serum LDL cholesterol levels and the risk of fever, sepsis, and malignancy. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2007;37:343-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radisauskas R, Kuzmickiene I, Milinaviciene E, et al. Hypertension, serum lipids and cancer risk: a review of epidemiological evidence. Medicina (Kaunas) 2016;52:89-98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang X, So W, Ko GT, et al. Independent associations between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cancer among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. CMAJ 2008;179:427-37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saito N, Sairenchi T, Irie F, et al. Low serum LDL cholesterol levels are associated with elevated mortality from liver cancer in Japan: the Ibaraki Prefectural health study. Tohoku J Exp Med 2013;229:203-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrostek L, Supronowicz L, Panasiuk A, et al. The effect of the severity of liver cirrhosis on the level of lipids and lipoproteins. Clin Exp Med 2014;14:417-21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadir MR, Riahin AA, Havaspour A, et al. The relationship between lipid profile and severity of liver damage in cirrhotic patients. Hepat Mon 2010;10:285-8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabatine MS, Giugliano RP, Keech AC, et al. Evolocumab and clinical outcomes in patients with cardiovascular disease. N Engl J Med 2017;376:1713-22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon CP, Blazing MA, Giugliano RP, et al. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2015;372:2387-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavalipati N, Shah J, Ramakrishan A, et al. Pleiotropic effects of statins. Indian J Endocrinol Metab 2015;19:554-62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Satoh M, Takahashi Y, Tabuchi T, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of statins: an update on pleiotropic effects. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015;129:93-105
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macedo AF, Taylor FC, Casas JP, et al. Unintended effects of statins from observational studies in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med 2014;12:51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fung CSC, Wan EYF, Chan AKC, et al. Statin use reduces cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality amongst Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 5-year cohort study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2017;17:166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YC, Lee CT, Lin BJ, et al. Impact of pay-for-performance on mortality in diabetes patients in Taiwan: a population-based study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e4197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregg EW, Cheng YJ, Saydah S, et al. Trends in death rates among U.S. adults with and without diabetes between 1997 and 2006: findings from the National Health Interview Survey. Diabetes Care 2012;35:1252-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin L, Teng M, Zhao YJ, et al. Long-term cost-effectiveness of statin treatment for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in the elderly. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015;29:187-97
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar