1,800
Views
47
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Diabetes

Understanding prediabetes: definition, prevalence, burden and treatment options for an emerging disease

&
Pages 1529-1534 | Received 08 Feb 2019, Accepted 27 Mar 2019, Published online: 15 Apr 2019

References

  • Cefalu WT. Prediabetes: are there problems with this label? No, we need heightened awareness of this condition! Diabetes Care. 2016;39:1472–1477.
  • Danaei G, Finucane MM, Lu Y, et al. National, regional, and global trends in fasting plasma glucose and diabetes prevalence since 1980: systematic analysis of health examination surveys and epidemiological studies with 370 country-years and 2·7 million participants. Lancet. 2011;378:31–40.
  • International Diabetes Federation. Chapter 3 – global picture: diabetes as a growing problem. In: IDF Diabetes Atlas. 8th ed. 2017.
  • American Diabetes Association. Chapter 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S13–S27.
  • International Diabetes Federation. Chapter 1 – what is diabetes? In: IDF Diabetes Atlas. 8th ed. 2017.
  • World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. 2016.
  • Karve A, Hayward RA. Prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance in nondiabetic U.S. adults. Diabetes Care. 2010;33:2355–2359.
  • Yip WCY, Sequeira IR, Plank LD, et al. Prevalence of pre-diabetes across ethnicities: a review of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) for classification of dysglycaemia. Nutrients. 2017;9.
  • Mainous AG 3rd, Tanner RJ, Baker R, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes in England from 2003 to 2011: population-based, cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2014;4:e005002.
  • Tabak AG, Herder C, Rathmann W, et al. Prediabetes: a high-risk state for diabetes development. Lancet. 2012;379:2279–2290.
  • ICD-10-CM. 2019.
  • Fowler MJ. Microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Clin Diabetes. 2008;26:77–82.
  • Stino AM, Smith AG. Peripheral neuropathy in prediabetes and the metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Investig. 2017;8:646–655.
  • Acar B, Ozeke O, Karakurt M, et al. Association of prediabetes with higher coronary atherosclerotic burden among patients with first diagnosed acute coronary syndrome. Angiology. 2018;3319718772420.
  • Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Levels of Evidence (March 2009) [Internet]. 2009 [cited 2019 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.cebm.net/2009/06/oxford-centre-evidence-based-medicine-levels-evidence-march-2009/
  • Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR-INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endo. 2017;5:585–596.
  • Bahijri SM, Jambi HA, Al Raddadi RM, et al. The prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in the adult population of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia – a community-based survey. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0152559.
  • Basit A, Fawwad A, Qureshi H, et al. Prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors: second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016–2017. BMJ Open. 2018;8:e020961.
  • Bigna JJ, Nansseu JR, Katte JC, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes and diabetes mellitus among adults residing in Cameroon: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2018;137:109–118.
  • Blum J, Aeschbacher S, Schoen T, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes according to hemoglobin A1c versus fasting plasma glucose criteria in healthy adults. Acta Diabetol. 2015;52:631–632.
  • Buckley CM, Madden J, Balanda K, et al. Pre-diabetes in adults 45 years and over in Ireland: the Survey of Lifestyle, Attitudes and Nutrition in Ireland 2007. Diabet Med. 2013;30:1198–1203.
  • Cho EH, Shin D, Cho KH, et al. Prevalences and management of diabetes and pre-diabetes among Korean teenagers and young adults: results from the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2005–2014. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32:1984–1990.
  • Fu N, Jiang Y, Sun W. Prediabetes prevalence in China. JAMA. 2017;318:1611–1613.
  • Hilawe EH, Chiang C, Yatsuya H, et al. Prevalence and predictors of prediabetes and diabetes among adults in Palau: population-based national STEPS survey. Nagoya J Med Sci. 2016;78:475–483.
  • Jeon JY, Ko SH, Kwon HS, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes according to fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c. Diabetes Metab J. 2013;37:349–357.
  • Madhu SV, Sandeep G, Mishra BK, et al. High prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes and obesity among residents of East Delhi – the Delhi urban diabetes survey (DUDS). Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2018.
  • Mota M, Popa SG, Mota E, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and prediabetes in the adult Romanian population: PREDATORR study. J Diabetes. 2016;8:336–344.
  • Najafipour H, Sanjari M, Shokoohi M, et al. Epidemiology of diabetes mellitus, pre-diabetes, undiagnosed and uncontrolled diabetes and its predictors in general population aged 15 to 75 years: a community-based study (KERCADRS) in southeastern Iran. J Diabetes. 2015;7:613–621.
  • Urena-Bogarin EL, Martinez-Ramirez HR, Torres-Sanchez JR, et al. Prevalence of pre-diabetes in young Mexican adults in primary health care. Fam Pract. 2015;32:159–164.
  • Rosella LC, Lebenbaum M, Fitzpatrick T, et al. Prevalence of prediabetes and undiagnosed diabetes in Canada (2007–2011) according to fasting plasma glucose and hba1c screening criteria. Diabetes Care. 2015;38:1299–1305.
  • Fonville S, Zandbergen AA, Koudstaal PJ, et al. Prediabetes in patients with stroke or transient ischemic attack: prevalence, risk and clinical management. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2014;37:393–400.
  • Wallander M, Malmberg K, Norhammar A, et al. Oral glucose tolerance test: a reliable tool for early detection of glucose abnormalities in patients with acute myocardial infarction in clinical practice: a report on repeated oral glucose tolerance tests from the GAMI study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:36–38.
  • Lindstrom J, Tuomilehto J. The diabetes risk score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:725–731.
  • Lamparter J, Raum P, Pfeiffer N, et al. Prevalence and associations of diabetic retinopathy in a large cohort of prediabetic subjects: the Gutenberg Health Study. J Diabetes Complications. 2014;28:482–487.
  • National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Division of Diabetes Translation. Prevalence of prediabetes [Internet]. 2018 [cited 2019 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/prevalence.html
  • Tabak AG, Jokela M, Akbaraly TN, et al. Trajectories of glycaemia, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion before diagnosis of type 2 diabetes: an analysis from the Whitehall II study. Lancet. 2009;373:2215–2221.
  • Fonseca VA. Defining and characterizing the progression of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32(Suppl 2):S151–15S156.
  • Brannick B, Dagogo-Jack S. Prediabetes and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology and interventions for prevention and risk reduction. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2018;47:33–50.
  • Maestre GE. Reduction of cognitive decline in patients with or at high risk for diabetes. Curr Geriatr Rep. 2017;6:188–195.
  • Buysschaert M, Medina JL, Bergman M, et al. Prediabetes and associated disorders. Endocrine. 2015;48:371–393.
  • Boeri L, Capogrosso P, Ventimiglia E, et al. Undiagnosed prediabetes is highly prevalent in primary infertile men – results from a cross-sectional study. BJU Int. 2018.
  • Lazaridou S, Dinas K, Tziomalos K. Prevalence, pathogenesis and management of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Hormones. 2017;16:373–380.
  • Forbes JM, Cooper ME. Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev. 2013;93:137–188.
  • The prevalence of retinopathy in impaired glucose tolerance and recent-onset diabetes in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabet Med. 2007;24:137–144.
  • Wong TY, Klein R, Couper DJ, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and incident stroke: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Lancet. 2001;358:1134–1140.
  • Plantinga LC, Crews DC, Coresh J, et al. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:673–682.
  • Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Narayan KM, Weisman D, et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med. 2016;33:1615–1624.
  • Huang Y, Cai X, Mai W, et al. Association between prediabetes and risk of cardiovascular disease and all cause mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2016;355:i5953.
  • American Diabetes Association. Chapter 5. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes – 2018. Diabetes Care. 2018;41(Suppl 1):S51–S54.
  • Ryden L, Grant PJ, Anker SD, et al. ESC Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases developed in collaboration with the EASD: the Task Force on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and developed in collaboration with the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD). Eur Heart J. 2013;34:3035–3087.
  • Glucophage SR-smpc [Internet]. 2017 [cited 2019 Feb 6]. Available from: https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/6298/smpc
  • Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:393–403.
  • Herman WH, Hoerger TJ, Brandle M, et al. The cost-effectiveness of lifestyle modification or metformin in preventing type 2 diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:323–332.
  • Glechner A, Keuchel L, Affengruber L, et al. Effects of lifestyle changes on adults with prediabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prim Care Diabetes. 2018;12:393–408.
  • Hostalek U, Gwilt M, Hildemann S. Therapeutic use of metformin in prediabetes and diabetes prevention. Drugs. 2015;75:1071–1094.
  • Aziz Z, Absetz P, Oldroyd J, et al. A systematic review of real-world diabetes prevention programs: learnings from the last 15 years. Implement Sci. 2015;10:172.
  • Carlsson LM, Peltonen M, Ahlin S, et al. Bariatric surgery and prevention of type 2 diabetes in Swedish obese subjects. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:695–704.
  • Kernan WN, Viscoli CM, Furie KL, et al. Pioglitazone after ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1321–1331.
  • Armato JP, DeFronzo RA, Abdul-Ghani M, et al. Successful treatment of prediabetes in clinical practice using physiological assessment (STOP DIABETES). Lancet Diabetes Endo. 2018;6:781–789.
  • Holman RR, Coleman RL, Chan JCN, et al. Effects of acarbose on cardiovascular and diabetes outcomes in patients with coronary heart disease and impaired glucose tolerance (ACE): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes Endo. 2017;5:877–886.
  • Knowler WC, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, et al. 10-year follow-up of diabetes incidence and weight loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Lancet. 2009;374:1677–1686.
  • Ramachandran A, Snehalatha C, Mary S, et al. The Indian Diabetes Prevention Programme shows that lifestyle modification and metformin prevent type 2 diabetes in Asian Indian subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IDPP-1). Diabetologia. 2006;49:289–297.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.