References
- World Health Organization. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: http://www.emro.who.int/health-topics/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd/index.html.
- Ford ES , Murphy LB , Khavjou O , et al. Total and state-specific medical and absenteeism costs of COPD among adults aged ≥ 18 years in the United States for 2010 and projections through 2020. Chest. 2015;147(1):31–45.
- Global Strategy for Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 2020 . [cited 2020 Apr 7]. Available from: https://goldcopd.org/.
- Anzueto A , Miravitlles M. The role of fixed-dose dual bronchodilator therapy in treating COPD. Am J Med. 2018;131(6):608–622.
- Singh D , D'Urzo AD , Donohue JF , et al. An evaluation of single and dual long-acting bronchodilator therapy as effective interventions in maintenance therapy-naïve patients with COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2019;14:2835–2848.
- Kaplan AG. Inhaled corticosteroid treatment in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): boon or bane? J Am Board Fam Med. 2020;33(2):289–302.
- Chong J , Leung B , Poole P. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;9:CD002309.
- Miravitlles M , Anzueto A. Antibiotic prophylaxis in COPD: why, when, and for whom? Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;32:119–123.
- Makris D , Moschandreas J , Damianaki A , et al. Exacerbations and lung function decline in COPD: new insights in current and ex-smokers. Respir Med. 2007;101(6):1305–1312.
- Dransfield MT , Kunisaki KM , Strand MJ , COPDGene Investigators, et al. Acute exacerbations and lung function loss in smokers with and without chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195(3):324–330.
- Rubinsztajn R , Przybyłowski T , Maskey-Warzechowska M , et al. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and quality of life of patients. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;884:69–74.
- Suissa S , Dell'Aniello S , Ernst P. Long-term natural history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: severe exacerbations and mortality. Thorax. 2012;67(11):957–963.
- Wilke S , Jones PW , Müllerova H , et al. One-year change in health status and subsequent outcomes in COPD. Thorax. 2015;70(5):420–425.
- Mittmann N , Kuramoto L , Seung SJ , et al. The cost of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations to the Canadian healthcare system. Respir Med. 2008;102(3):413–421.
- Pasquale MK , Sun SX , Song F , et al. Impact of exacerbations on health care cost and resource utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients with chronic bronchitis from a predominantly Medicare population. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:757–764.
- Bhat TA , Panzica L , Kalathil SG , et al. Immune dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2015;12 (Suppl 2):S169–S175.
- SPIRIVA® HANDIHALER® (tiotropium bromide) inhalation powder, for oral inhalation use. Highlights of prescribing information. February 2018. Boehringer Ingelheim. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Spiriva/Spiriva.pdf.
- SPIRIVA® RESPIMAT® (tiotropium bromide) inhalation spray, for oral inhalation use. Highlights of prescribing information. March 2019. Boehringer Ingelheim. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: https://docs.boehringer-ingelheim.com/Prescribing%20Information/PIs/Spiriva%20Respimat/spirivarespimat.pdf.
- Tashkin DP , Celli B , Senn S , et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1543–1554.
- Karner C , Chong J , Poole P. Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;(7):CD009285.
- Bateman E , Singh D , Smith D , et al. Efficacy and safety of tiotropium Respimat SMI in COPD in two 1-year randomized studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2010;5:197–208.
- Halpin DM , Vogelmeier C , Pieper MP , et al. Effect of tiotropium on COPD exacerbations: a systematic review. Respir Med. 2016;114:1–8.
- Vogelmeier C , Hederer B , Glaab T , et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(12):1093–1103.
- Bateman ED , Tashkin D , Siafakas N , et al. A one-year trial of tiotropium Respimat plus usual therapy in COPD patients. Respir Med. 2010;104(10):1460–1472.
- Casaburi R , Mahler DA , Jones PW , et al. A long-term evaluation of once-daily inhaled tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J. 2002;19(2):217–224.
- Brusasco V , Hodder R , Miravitlles M , et al. Health outcomes following treatment for six months with once daily tiotropium compared with twice daily salmeterol in patients with COPD. Thorax. 2003;58(5):399–404.
- Dusser D , Bravo ML , Iacono P. The effect of tiotropium on exacerbations and airflow in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(3):547–555.
- Tonnel AB , Perez T , Grosbois JM , et al. Effect of tiotropium on health-related quality of life as a primary efficacy endpoint in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2008;3(2):301–310.
- Halpin D , Menjoge S , Viel K. Patient-level pooled analysis of the effect of tiotropium on COPD exacerbations and related hospitalisations. Prim Care Respir J. 2009;18(2):106–113.
- Incorvaia C , Montagni M , Makri E , et al. Striving for optimal bronchodilation: focus on olodaterol. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:439–444.
- Casarosa P , Kollak I , Kiechle T , et al. Functional and biochemical rationales for the 24-hour-long duration of action of olodaterol. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2011;337(3):600–609.
- van Noord JA , Smeets JJ , Drenth BM , et al. 24-hour bronchodilation following a single dose of the novel beta(2)-agonist olodaterol in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2011;24(6):666–672.
- Ferguson GT , Feldman GJ , Hofbauer P , et al. Efficacy and safety of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat® in patients with GOLD 2-4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:629–645.
- Koch A , Pizzichini E , Hamilton A , et al. Lung function efficacy and symptomatic benefit of olodaterol once daily delivered via Respimat® versus placebo and formoterol twice daily in patients with GOLD 2-4 COPD: results from two replicate 48-week studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:697–714.
- Maleki-Yazdi MR , Beck E , Hamilton AL , et al. A randomised, placebo-controlled, Phase II, dose-ranging trial of once-daily treatment with olodaterol, a novel long-acting beta2-agonist, for 4 weeks in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med. 2015;109(5):596–605.
- Roskell NS , Anzueto A , Hamilton A , et al. Once-daily long-acting beta-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an indirect comparison of olodaterol and indacaterol. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:813–824.
- Maltais F , Kirsten AM , Hamilton A , et al. Evaluation of the effects of olodaterol on exercise endurance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from two 6-week crossover studies. Respir Res. 2016;17(1):77.
- Kerstjens HA , Deslée G , Dahl R , et al. The impact of treatment with indacaterol in patients with COPD: a post-hoc analysis according to GOLD 2011 categories A to D. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;32:101–108.
- Mahler DA , Kerstjens HA , Donohue JF , et al. Indacaterol vs tiotropium in COPD patients classified as GOLD A and B. Respir Med. 2015;109(8):1031–1039.
- Rodrigo GJ , Neffen H. Comparison of indacaterol with tiotropium or twice-daily long-acting β-agonists for stable COPD: a systematic review. Chest. 2012;142(5):1104–1110.
- Chong J , Karner C , Poole P. Tiotropium versus long-acting beta-agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD009157.
- Decramer ML , Chapman KR , Dahl R , et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med. 2013;1(7):524–533.
- Maia IS , Pincelli MP , Leite VF , et al. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists vs. long-acting β2 agonists in COPD exacerbations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Pneumol. 2017;43(4):302–312.
- Cazzola M , Molimard M. The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2010;23(4):257–267.
- Rodrigo GJ , Price D , Anzueto A , et al. LABA/LAMA combinations versus LAMA monotherapy or LABA/ICS in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:907–922.
- Aziz MIA , Tan LE , Wu DB , et al. Comparative efficacy of inhaled medications (ICS/LABA, LAMA, LAMA/LABA and SAMA) for COPD: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:3203–3231.
- Hohlfeld JM , Vogel-Claussen J , Biller H , et al. Effect of lung deflation with indacaterol plus glycopyrronium on ventricular filling in patients with hyperinflation and COPD (CLAIM): a double-blind, randomised, crossover, placebo-controlled, single-centre trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(5):368–378.
- Kato M , Komamura K , Kitakaze M. Tiotropium, a novel muscarinic M3 receptor antagonist, improved symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease complicated by chronic heart failure. Circ J. 2006;70(12):1658–1660.
- Trevethick M , Clarke N , Strawbridge M , et al. Inhaled muscarinic antagonists for COPD-does an anti-inflammatory mechanism really play a role? Curr Opin Pharmacol. 2009;9(3):250–255.
- Spiolto Respimat in COPD. Boehringer Ingelheim. [cited 2020 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.boehringer-ingelheim.com/copd/copd/information-tovito-clinical-trial-program.
- ZuWallack R , Allen L , Hernandez G , et al. Efficacy and safety of combining olodaterol Respimat(®) and tiotropium HandiHaler(®) in patients with COPD: results of two randomized, double-blind, active-controlled studies. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2014;9:1133–1144.
- Buhl R , Maltais F , Abrahams R , et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination versus mono-components in COPD (GOLD 2-4). Eur Respir J. 2015;45(4):969–979.
- Singh D , Ferguson GT , Bolitschek J , et al. Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life. Respir Med. 2015;109(10):1312–1319.
- Ferguson GT , Karpel J , Bennett N , et al. Effect of tiotropium and olodaterol on symptoms and patient-reported outcomes in patients with COPD: results from four randomised, double-blind studies. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2017;27(1):7.
- Beeh KM , Derom E , Echave-Sustaeta J , et al. The lung function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol via Respimat(®) is superior to that of twice-daily salmeterol and fluticasone propionate via Accuhaler(®) (ENERGITO(®) study). Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2016;11:193–205.
- Garcia-Aymerich J , Lange P , Benet M , et al. Regular physical activity modifies smoking-related lung function decline and reduces risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a population-based cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(5):458–463.
- Garcia-Aymerich J , Farrero E , Félez MA , et al. Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax. 2003;58(2):100–105.
- Esteban C , Quintana JM , Aburto M , et al. Impact of changes in physical activity on health-related quality of life among patients with COPD. Eur Respir J. 2010;36(2):292–300.
- Maltais F , O'Donnell D , Gáldiz Iturri JB , et al. Effect of 12 weeks of once-daily tiotropium/olodaterol on exercise endurance during constant work-rate cycling and endurance shuttle walking in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ther Adv Respir Dis. 2018;12:1753465818755091.
- Troosters T , Maltais F , Leidy N , et al. Effect of bronchodilation and exercise training with behavior modification on exercise tolerance and downstream effects on symptoms and physical activity in COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;198(8):1021–1032.
- Miravitlles M , Urrutia G , Mathioudakis AG , et al. Efficacy and safety of tiotropium and olodaterol in COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):196.
- Ferguson GT , Buhl R , Bothner U , et al. Safety of tiotropium/olodaterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pooled analysis of three large, 52-week, randomized clinical trials. Respir Med. 2018;143:67–73.
- Calverley PMA , Anzueto AR , Carter K , et al. Tiotropium and olodaterol in the prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (DYNAGITO): a double-blind, randomised, parallel-group, active-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2018;6(5):337–344.
- Ichinose M , Nishimura M , Akimoto M , et al. Tiotropium/olodaterol versus tiotropium in Japanese patients with COPD: results from the DYNAGITO study. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2018;13:2147–2156.
- Burge PS , Calverley PM , Jones PW , et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ. 2000;320(7245):1297–1303.
- Calverley PM , Anderson JA , Celli B , et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2007;356(8):775–789.
- Price D , Yawn B , Brusselle G , et al. Risk-to-benefit ratio of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD. Prim Care Respir J. 2013;22(1):92–100.
- Nishi SPE , Maslonka M , Zhang W , et al. Pattern and adherence to maintenance medication use in medicare beneficiaries with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: 2008-2013. Chronic Obstr Pulm Dis. 2018;5(1):16–26.
- Vogelmeier CF , Gaga M , Aalamian-Mattheis M , CRYSTAL study investigators, et al. Efficacy and safety of direct switch to indacaterol/glycopyrronium in patients with moderate COPD: the CRYSTAL open-label randomised trial. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):140.
- Miravitlles M , Cosío BG , Arnedillo A , et al. A proposal for the withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in the clinical practice of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Res. 2017;18(1):198.
- Watz H , Tetzlaff K , Wouters EF , et al. Blood eosinophil count and exacerbations in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids: a post-hoc analysis of the WISDOM trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4(5):390–398.
- Fletcher C , Peto R. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction. Br Med J. 1977;1(6077):1645–1648.
- Decramer M , Cooper CB. Treatment of COPD: the sooner the better? Thorax. 2010;65(9):837–841.
- Tantucci C , Modina D. Lung function decline in COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2012;7:95–99.
- Decramer M , Celli B , Kesten S , et al. Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9696):1171–1178.
- O’Donnell DE , Casaburi R , Frith P , et al. Effects of combined tiotropium/olodaterol on inspiratory capacity and exercise endurance in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2017;49(4)pii:1601348.
- Beeh KM , Westerman J , Kirsten AM , et al. The 24-h lung-function profile of once-daily tiotropium and olodaterol fixed-dose combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther. 2015;32:53–59.