A nomogram for predicting the in-hospital risk of recurrence among patients with minor non-cardiac stroke

References

• Feigin VL, Norrving B, Mensah GA. Global burden of stroke. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):439–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Krishnamurthi RV, Parmar P, GBD 2013 Stroke Panel Experts Group, et al. Update on the global burden of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke in 1990–2013: the GBD 2013 study. Neuroepidemiology. 2015;45(3):161–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamel H, Healey JS. Cardioembolic stroke. Circ Res. 2017;120(3):514–526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spence JD. Cardioembolic stroke: everything has changed. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018;3(2):76–83.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Michel P, Odier C, Rutgers M, et al. The acute stroke registry and analysis of Lausanne (astral): design and baseline analysis of an ischemic stroke registry including acute multimodal imaging. Stroke. 2010;41(11):2491–2498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeves M, Khoury J, Alwell K, et al. Distribution of National Institutes of Health stroke scale in the Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky stroke study. Stroke. 2013;44(11):3211–3213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Li Z, Wang Y, et al. Chinese stroke center alliance: a national effort to improve healthcare quality for acute stroke and transient ischaemic attack: rationale, design and preliminary findings. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2018;3(4):256–262.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnston SC, Easton JD, Farrant M, Clinical Research Collaboration, Neurological Emergencies Treatment Trials Network, and the POINT Investigators, et al. Clopidogrel and aspirin in acute ischemic stroke and high-risk TIA. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(3):215–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhao X, et al. Clopidogrel with aspirin in acute minor stroke or transient ischemic attack. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(1):11–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Liu M, Pu C. 2014 Chinese guidelines for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Int J Stroke. 2017;12(3):302–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Gress DR, Browner WS, et al. Short-term prognosis after emergency department diagnosis of TIA. JAMA. 2000;284(22):2901–2906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett JK, Dennis MS, Sandercock PA, et al. Very early risk of stroke after a first transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2003;34(8):e138–140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arsava EM, Kim GM, Oliveira-Filho J, et al. Prediction of early recurrence after acute ischemic stroke. JAMA Neurol. 2016;73(4):396–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amarenco P, Lavallée PC, Labreuche J, TIAregistry.org Investigators, et al. One-year risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack or minor stroke. N Engl J Med. 2016;374(16):1533–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ay H, Gungor L, Arsava EM, et al. A score to predict early risk of recurrence after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2010;74(2):128–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston SC, Rothwell PM, Nguyen-Huynh MN, et al. Validation and refinement of scores to predict very early stroke risk after transient ischaemic attack. Lancet. 2007;369(9558):283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandratheva A, Geraghty OC, Luengo-Fernandez R, et al. ABCD2 score predicts severity rather than risk of early recurrent events after transient ischemic attack. Stroke. 2010;41(5):851–856.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caprie Steering Committee. A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (Caprie). Lancet. 1996;348:1329–1339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernan WN, Horwitz RI, Brass LM, et al. A prognostic system for transient ischemia or minor stroke. Ann Intern Med. 1991;114(7):552–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erdur H, Scheitz JF, Ebinger M, et al. In-hospital stroke recurrence and stroke after transient ischemic attack: frequency and risk factors. Stroke. 2015;46(4):1031–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu F, Liu X, Yang Q, et al. In-hospital recurrence in a Chinese large cohort with acute ischemic stroke. Sci Rep. 2019;9:14945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hatano S. Experience from a multicentre stroke register: a preliminary report. Bull World Health Org. 1976;54(5):541–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Underestimation of the early risk of recurrent stroke: evidence of the need for a standard definition. Stroke. 2004;35(8):1925–1929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wangqin R, Wang X, Wang Y, et al. Risk factors associated with 90-day recurrent stroke in patients on dual antiplatelet therapy for minor stroke or high-risk TIA: a subgroup analysis of the chance trial. Stroke Vasc Neurol. 2017;2(4):176–183.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bang OY, Lee PH, Heo KG, et al. Specific DWI lesion patterns predict prognosis after acute ischaemic stroke within the MCA territory. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2005;76(9):1222–1228.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing J, Meng X, Zhao X, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy in transient ischemic attack and minor stroke with different infarction patterns: subgroup analysis of the chance randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu L, Wong KS, Leng X, for the CHANCE Investigators, et al. Dual antiplatelet therapy in stroke and ICAS: subgroup analysis of chance. Neurology. 2015;85(13):1154–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylaja PN, Coutts SB, Subramaniam S, VISION Study Group. Acute ischemic lesions of varying ages predict risk of ischemic events in stroke/TIA patients. Neurology. 2007;68(6):415–419.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang G, Jing J, Pan Y, CHANCE Investigators, et al. Does all single infarction have lower risk of stroke recurrence than multiple infarctions in minor stroke? BMC Neurol. 2019;19(1):7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen HM, Lam WW, Rainer T, et al. Multiple acute cerebral infarcts on diffusion-weighted imaging and risk of recurrent stroke. Neurology. 2004;63(7):1317–1319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samuels OB, Joseph GJ, Lynn MJ, et al A standardized method for measuring intracranial arterial stenosis. Am J Neuroradiol. 2000;21:643–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HP Jr., Bendixen BH, Kappelle LJ, et al. Classification of subtype of acute ischemic stroke. Definitions for use in a multicenter clinical trial. TOAST. Trial of org 10172 in acute stroke treatment. Stroke. 1993;24(1):35–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann S, Malzahn U, Harms H, Berlin Stroke Register and the Stroke Register of Northwest Germany, et al. Development of a clinical score (a2ds2) to predict pneumonia in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2617–2623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, et al. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (tripod): the tripod statement. BMJ. 2015;350:g7594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhary D, Abedi V, Li J, et al Clinical risk score for predicting recurrence following a cerebral ischemic event. Front Neurol. 2019;10:1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology. 2004;62(4):569–573.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lange MC, Ribas G, Scavasine V, et al. Stroke recurrence in the different subtypes of ischemic stroke. The importance of the intracranial disease. Arq Neuro-Psiquiatr. 2018;76(10):649–653.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levi M, Schultz M, van der Poll T. Sepsis and thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2013;39(5):559–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeller JA, Lenz A, Eschenfelder CC, et al. Platelet–leukocyte interaction and platelet activation in acute stroke with and without preceding infection. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(7):1519–1523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ovbiagele B, Cruz-Flores S, Lynn MJ, et al. Early stroke risk after transient ischemic attack among individuals with symptomatic intracranial artery stenosis. Arch Neurol. 2008;65(6):733–737.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ssi-Yan-Kai G, Nasr N, Faury A, et al. Intracranial artery stenosis or occlusion predicts ischemic recurrence after transient ischemic attack. Am J Neuroradiol. 2013;34(1):185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonati LH, Lyrer PA, Wetzel SG, et al. Diffusion weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient maps and stroke etiology. J Neurol. 2005;252(11):1387–1393.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferro JM. Patterns of ischaemic cerebral diseases. J Neurol. 2004;251(1):1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang DW, Chalela JA, Ezzeddine MA, et al. Association of ischemic lesion patterns on early diffusion-weighted imaging with TOAST stroke subtypes. Arch Neurol. 2003;60(12):1730–1734.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wessels T, Wessels C, Ellsiepen A, et al. Contribution of diffusion-weighted imaging in determination of stroke etiology. Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27:35–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veltkamp R, Pearce LA, Korompoki E, et al. Characteristics of recurrent ischemic stroke after embolic stroke of undetermined source: secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 2020;77(10):1233–1240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolte CH, Albach FN, Heuschmann PU, et al. Silent new DWI lesions within the first week after stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;33(3):248–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maier IL, Bauerle M, Kermer P, et al. Risk prediction of very early recurrence, death and progression after acute ischaemic stroke. Eur J Neurol. 2013;20(4):599–604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song B, Pei L, Fang H, et al. Validation of the RRE-90 scale to predict stroke risk after transient symptoms with infarction: a prospective cohort study. PLOS One. 2015;10(9):e0137425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar