2,150
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Hematology

Ferric pyrophosphate citrate for parenteral administration of maintenance iron: structure, mechanism of action, clinical efficacy and safety

, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1417-1429 | Received 23 Dec 2021, Accepted 16 Jun 2022, Published online: 07 Jul 2022

References

  • Sargent JA, Acchiardo SR. Iron requirements in hemodialysis. Blood Purif. 2004; 200422(1):112–123.
  • Babitt JL, Lin HY. Mechanisms of anemia in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23(10):1631–1634.
  • KDIGO. KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl. 2012;2(4):279–334.
  • Wang C, Graham DJ, Kane RC, et al. Comparative risk of anaphylactic reactions associated with intravenous iron products. JAMA. 2015;314(19):2062–2068.
  • Rostoker G, Vaziri ND, Fishbane S. Iatrogenic iron overload in dialysis patients at the beginning of the 21st century. Drugs. 2016;76(7):741–757.
  • Rostoker G, Vaziri ND. Impact of iatrogenic iron overload on the course of hepatitis C in the dialysis population: a plea for caution. Hemodial Int. 2017;21 (Suppl 1):S68–S77.
  • Ganz T. Systemic iron homeostasis. Physiol Rev. 2013;93(4):1721–1741.
  • Paganini EP. Overview of anemia associated with chronic renal disease: primary and secondary mechanisms. Semin Nephrol. 1989;9(1 Suppl 1):3–8.
  • Wizemann V, Buddensiek P, de Boor J, et al. Gastrointestinal blood loss in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis. Kidney Int Suppl. 1983;16:S218–S20.
  • Rosenblatt SG, Drake S, Fadem S, et al. Gastrointestinal blood loss in patients with chronic renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1982;1(4):232–236.
  • Noris M, Remuzzi G. Uremic bleeding: closing the circle after 30 years of controversies? Blood. 1999;94(8):2569–2574.
  • Tsukamoto T, Matsubara T, Akashi Y, et al. Annual iron loss associated with hemodialysis. Am J Nephrol. 2016;43(1):32–38.
  • Ganz T. Erythropoietic regulators of iron metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2019;133:69–74.
  • Ganz T, Nemeth E. Iron balance and the role of hepcidin in chronic kidney disease. Semin Nephrol. 2016;36(2):87–93.
  • Brătescu LO, Bârsan L, Gârneaţă L, et al. Effects of additional iron doses on hepcidin-25 level in hemodialysis patients without evident iron deficiency. Int Urol Nephrol. 2014;46(5):1005–1012.
  • Fishbane S, Spinowitz B. Update on anemia in ESRD and earlier stages of CKD: core curriculum 2018. Am J Kidney Dis. 2018;71(3):423–435.
  • Shirazian S, Grant C, Miller I, et al. How can erythropoeitin-stimulating agent use be reduced in chronic dialysis patients? The use of iron supplementation to reduce ESA dosing in hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2013;26(5):534–536.
  • Grutzmacher P, Tsobanelis T, Roth P, et al. Effect of recombinant human erythropoietin on iron balance in maintenance hemodialysis: theoretical considerations, clinical experience and consequences. Clin Nephrol. 1992;38 (Suppl 1):S92–S97.
  • Plastina JCR, Obara VY, Barbosa DS, et al. Functional iron deficiency in patients on hemodialysis: prevalence, nutritional assessment, and biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Braz J Nephrol. 2019;41(4):472–480.
  • Goodnough LT. Iron deficiency syndromes and iron-restricted erythropoiesis (CME). Transfusion. 2012;52(7):1584–1592.
  • Health ARCf. DOPPS practice monitor; 2020. Available from: https://www.dopps.org/DPM/Default.aspx.
  • Rostoker G, Vaziri ND. Iatrogenic iron overload and its potential consequences in patients on hemodialysis. Presse Med. 2017;46(12 Pt 2):e312–e28.
  • Ashby DR, Gale DP, Busbridge M, et al. Plasma hepcidin levels are elevated but responsive to erythropoietin therapy in renal disease. Kidney Int. 2009;75(9):976–981.
  • Robiquet ME. Therapeutic employment of the pyrophosphate of iron. Am J Med Sci. 1857;34:215–217.
  • Chapman EM. The history, preparation and theraeutical uses of the citro-ammoniacal pyrophosphate of iron, named in brief pyrophosphate of iron. Boston Med Surg J. 1862;66(1):9–12.
  • Gupta A, Amin NB, Besarab A, et al. Dialysate iron therapy: infusion of soluble ferric pyrophosphate via the dialysate during hemodialysis. Kidney Int. 1999;55(5):1891–1898.
  • Gupta A, Pratt R, Mishra B. Physicochemical characterization of ferric pyrophosphate citrate. Biometals. 2018;31(6):1091–1099.
  • Gupta A, Crumbliss AL. Treatment of iron deficiency anemia: are monomeric iron compounds suitable for parenteral administration? J Lab Clin Med. 2000;136(5):371–378.
  • Pratt R, Handelman GJ, Edwards TE, et al. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate: interactions with transferrin. Biometals. 2018;31(6):1081–1089.
  • Edwards TE, Pratt R. Crystal structure of human transferrin bound to Triferic FPC iron pyrophosphate; 2018. Available from: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/6CTC.
  • Noinaj N, Steere A, Mason AB, et al. The 2.1 angstrom crystal structure of diferric human transferrin; 2012. Available from: https://www.rcsb.org/structure/3V83.
  • Pratt RD, Swinkels DW, Ikizler TA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ferric pyrophosphate citrate, a novel iron salt, administered intravenously to healthy volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol. 2017;57(3):312–320.
  • Brissot P, Ropert M, Le LC, et al. Non-transferrin bound iron: a key role in iron overload and iron toxicity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1820(3):403–410.
  • Pratt RD, Grimberg S, Zaritsky JJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of ferric pyrophosphate citrate administered via dialysate and intravenously to pediatric patients on chronic hemodialysis. Pediatr Nephrol. 2018;33(11):2151–2159.
  • Fishbane SN, Singh AK, Cournoyer SH, et al. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate (triferic) administration via the dialysate maintains hemoglobin and iron balance in chronic hemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2015;30(12):2019–2026.
  • Gupta A, Lin V, Guss C, et al. Ferric pyrophosphate citrate administered via dialysate reduces erythropoiesis-stimulating agent use and maintains hemoglobin in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int. 2015;88(5):1187–1194.
  • Marbury T, van Heuveln F, van der Horst E, et al. Pharmacokinetics and safety of ferric pyrophosphate citrate intravenous: Equivalence to administration via dialysate. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;62(5):681–688.
  • Pratt RD. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of unfractionated heparin and FErric pyrophosphate citrate co-administration during hemodialysis: no drug-drug interaction. J Bioequivalence Bioavailab. 2021;13(S4):1–7.
  • Hoffman M, Delvalle R, Pratt RD. Retrospective observational analysis of ferric pyrophosphate citrate (Triferic®) administered via dialysate. Experience at a Single Facility over 2 Years Archives of Clinical Nephrology. 2021;7(1):044–049.
  • Shan Wang LD, Dhanani L, Malone B, et al. Institutional usage of ferric pyrophosphate citrate (FPC) delivered via dialysate in reducing erythropoiesis stimulating agents (ESAs) and IV iron cost. Hosp Pharm. 2022;57(3):355–358.
  • Szebeni J, Fishbane S, Hedenus M, et al. Hypersensitivity to intravenous iron: classification, terminology, mechanisms and management. Br J Pharmacol. 2015;172(21):5025–5036.
  • Rampton D, Folkersen J, Fishbane S, et al. Hypersensitivity reactions to intravenous iron: guidance for risk minimization and management. Haematologica. 2014;99(11):1671–1676.
  • Wang C, Wong S, Graham DJ. Risk of anaphylaxis with intravenous iron products. JAMA. 2016;315(20):2232–2233.
  • Dave CV, Brittenham GM, Carson JL, et al. Risks for anaphylaxis with intravenous iron formulations: a retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2022;175(5):656–664.
  • Wang H, Wang HS, Liu ZP. Agents that induce pseudo-allergic reaction. Drug Discov Ther. 2011;5(5):211–219.
  • Moghimi SM. Nanomedicine safety in preclinical and clinical development: focus on idiosyncratic injection/infusion reactions. Drug Discov Today. 2018;23(5):1034–1042.
  • Szebeni J. Complement activation-related pseudoallergy: a stress reaction in blood triggered by nanomedicines and biologicals. Mol Immunol. 2014;61(2):163–173.
  • Macdougall IC, White C, Anker SD, et al. Intravenous iron in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(5):447–458.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.