Molecular alterations associated with bladder cancer initiation and progression

References

• Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Genetic instabilities in human cancers. Nature. 1998; 396: 643–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Cancer genes and the pathways they control. Nat Med. 2004; 10: 789–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff EM, Liang G, Jones PA. Mechanisms of Disease: genetic and epigenetic alterations that drive bladder cancer. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2005; 2: 502–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aveyard JS, Skilleter A, Habuchi T, et al. Somatic mutation of PTEN in bladder carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 1999; 80: 904–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cairns P, Evron E, Okami K, et al. Point mutation and homozygous deletion of PTEN/MMAC1 in primary bladder cancers. Oncogene. 1998; 16: 3215–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalbagni G, Presti J, Reuter V, et al. Genetic alterations in bladder cancer. Lancet. 1993; 342: 469–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon–Cardo C, Reuter VE. Alterations of tumor suppressor genes in bladder cancer. Semin Diagn Pathol. 1997; 14: 123–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billerey C, Chopin D, Aubriot-Lorton MH, et al. Frequent FGFR3 mutations in papillary non-invasive bladder (pTa) tumors. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 1955–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jemal A, Siegel R, Ward E, et al. Cancer statistics, 2008. CA Cancer J Clin 2008; 58: 71–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riley GF, Potosky AL, Lubitz JD, Kessler LG. Medicare payments from diagnosis to death for elderly cancer patients by stage at diagnosis. Med Care. 1995; 33: 828–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra N, Indurkhya A. A propensity score approach to estimating the cost-effectiveness of medical therapies from observational data. Health Econ. 2005; 14: 805–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sebaie M, Zaghloul MS, Howard G, et al. Squamous cell carcinoma of the bilharzial and non-bilharzial urinary bladder: a review of etiological features, natural history, and management. Int J Clin Oncol. 2005; 10: 20–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reuter VE. Bladder. Risk and prognostic factors—a pathologist's perspective. Urol Clin North Am. 1999; 26: 481–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palou J, Sanchez-Martin FM, Rosales A, et al. Intravesical bacille Calmette-Guerin in the treatment of carcinoma in situ or high-grade superficial bladder carcinoma after radiotherapy for bladder carcinoma. BJU Int. 1999; 83: 429–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajorin DF, Dodd PM, Mazumdar M, et al. Long-term survival in metastatic transitional-cell carcinoma and prognostic factors predicting outcome of therapy. J Clin Oncol. 1999; 17: 3173–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotan Y, Roehrborn CG. Sensitivity and specificity of commonly available bladder tumor markers versus cytology: results of a comprehensive literature review and meta-analyses. Urology. 2003; 61: 109–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride OW, Swan DC, Santos E, et al. Localization of the normal allele of T24 human bladder carcinoma oncogene to chromosome 11. Nature. 1982; 300: 773–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czerniak B, Cohen GL, Etkind P, et al. Concurrent mutations of coding and regulatory sequences of the Ha-ras gene in urinary bladder carcinomas. Hum Pathol. 1992; 23: 1199–204
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez-Roman JJ, Saenz P, Molina M, et al. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 is overexpressed in urinary tract carcinomas and modulates the neoplastic cell growth. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 459–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornigold N, Devlin J, Davies AM, Aveyard JS, Habuchi T, Knowles MA. Mutation of the 9q34 gene TSC1 in sporadic bladder cancer. Oncogene 1999; 18: 2657–2661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGarvey TW, Maruta Y, Tomaszewski JE, Linnenbach AJ, Malkowicz SB. PTCH gene mutations in invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. Oncogene 1998; 17: 1167–1172
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Habuchi T, Luscombe M, Elder PA, Knowles MA. Structure and methylation-based silencing of a gene (DBCCR1) within a candidate bladder cancer tumor suppressor region at 9q32-q33. Genomics 1998; 48: 277–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louhelainen JP, Hurst CD, Pitt E, et al. DBCl re-expression alters the expression of multiple components of the plasminogen pathway. Oncogene. 2006; 25: 2409–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orlow I, LaRue H, Osman I, Lacombe L, Moore L, Rabbani F, Meyer F, Fradet Y, Cordon-Cardo C. Deletions of the INK4A gene in superficial bladder tumors. Association with recurrence. Am J Pathol 1999; 155: 105–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C, Wartinger D, Petrylak D, Dalbagni G, Fair WR, Fuks Z, Reuter VE. Altered expression of the retinoblastoma gene product as predictor of outcome in bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992; 84: 1251–1256
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C, Zhang ZF, Dalbagni G, Drobnjak M, Charytonowicz E, Hu SX, Xu HJ, Reuter VE, Benedict WF. Cooperative effects of p53 and pRB alterations in primary superficial bladder tumors. Cancer Res 1997; 57: 1217–1221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chatterjee SJ, George B, Goebell PJ, Alavi-Tafreshil M, Shi S-R, Fung YK, Jones PA, Cordon-Cardo C, Datar RH, Cote RJ. Hyperphosphorylation of pRb: a mechanism for RB tumor suppressor pathway inactivation in bladder cancer. J Pathol 2004; 203: 762–770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbani F, Koppie TM, Charytonowicz E, Lu ML, Drobnjak M, Bochner BH, Cordon-Cardo C. Prognostic Significance of p27Kipl Expression in Bladder Cancer. Br J Urol Internatl 2007; 100: 259–263
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feber A, Clark J, Goodwin G, et al. Amplification and overexpression of E2F3 in human bladder cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23: 1627–1630
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabbani F, Richon VM, Orlow I, Lu ML, Drobnjak M, Dudas M, Charytonowicz E, Dalbagni G, Reuter VE, Zhang ZF, Cordon-Cardo C. Prognostic significance of the transcription factor E2F1 in bladder cancer: Genotypic and phenotypic characterization. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91: 874–881
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernando E, Nahle Z, Juan G, Alaminos M, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Hemann M, Michel L, Mittal V, Gerald W, Benezra R, Lowe SW, Cordon-Cardo C. Genomic instability produced by aberrant Mad2 expression arising from Rb pathway defects. Nature 2004; 430: 797–802
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sotillo R, Hernando E, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Teruya-Feldstein J, Cordon-Cardo C, Lowe SW, Benezra R. Mad2 overexpression promotes aneuploidy and tumorigenesis in mice. Cancer Cell 2007; 11: 9–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C, Dalbagni D., Saez G., Oliva M., Zhang Z-F, Rosai J., Reuter V.E., Pellicer A. TP53 mutations in human bladder cancer: genotypic versus phenotypic patterns. Int J Cancer 1994; 56: 347–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarkis A., Dalbagni G., Cordon-Cardo C, Sheinfeld J., Herr H., Zhang Z-F, Fair W.R., Reuter V.E. Detection of p53 mutations in superficial (Tl) bladder carcinomas as a marker of disease progression. J. Natl. Cancer Inst 1993; 85: 53–59
   Google Scholar
• Lipponen P.K. Over-expression of p53 nuclear oncoprotein in transitional-cell bladder cancer and its prognostic value. Int. J. Cancer 1993; 53: 365–370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esrig D., Elmajian D., Groshen S., Freeman J.A., Stein J.P., Chen S-C, Nichols P.W., Skinner D.G., Jones P.A., Cote R.J. Accumulation of nuclear p53 and tumor progression in bladder cancer. New Engl. J. Med. 1994; 331: 1259–1264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• George B, Datar RH, Wu L, Cai J, Patten N, Beil SJ, Groshen S, Stein J, Skinner D, Jones PA, Cote RJ. p53 gene and protein status: the role of p53 alterations in predicting outcome in patients with bladder cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25: 5352–5358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Richstone L, Corton M, Behrendt N, Wulkfuhle J, Bochner B, Petricoin E, Cordon-Cardo C. Genomic and proteomic profiles reveal the association of gelsolin to TP53 status and bladder cancer progression. Am J Path 2007; 171: 1650–1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang ZT, Pak J, Shapiro E, et al. Urothelium-specific expression of an oncogene in transgenic mice induced the formation of carcinoma in situ and invasive transitional cell carcinoma. Cancer Res. 1999; 59: 3512–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lianes P, Orlow I, Zhang ZZ, Oliva MR, Sarkis AS, Reuter VE, Cordon-Cardo C. Altered patterns of MDM2 and TP53 expression in human bladder cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86: 1325–1330
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maluf FC, Cordon-Cardo C, Verbel DA, Satagopan JM, Boyle MG, Herr H, Bajorin DF. Assessing interactions between mdm-2, p53, and bcl-2 as prognostic variables in muscle-invasive bladder cancer treated with neo-adjuvant chemotherapy followed by locoregional surgical treatment. Ann Oncol 2006; 17: 1677–1686
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Kirchhoff T, Erill N, Offit K, Cordon-Cardo C. A polymorphism in HDM2 (SNP309) associates with early onset in superficial tumors, TP53 mutations, and poor outcome in invasive bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13: 3215–3220
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puzio-Kuter SA, Castillo-Martin M, Shen TH, Kinkade KW, Matos T, Sun Y, Shen M, Cordon-Cardo C, Abate-Shen C, Synergism of p53 and Pten loss-of-function in invasive bladder cancer, and contribution of ARF by senescence bypass. Submitted for Publication, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Carbayo M, Capodieci P, Cordon- Cardo C. Tumor suppressor role of KiSS-1 in bladder cancer: Loss of KiSS-1 expression is associated with bladder cancer progression and clinical outcome. Am J Pathol 2003; 162: 609–618
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyrskjot L, Thykjaer T, Kruhoffer M, et al. Identifying distinct classes of bladder carcinoma using microarrays. Nat Gen 2003; 33: 90–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theodorescu D, Sapinoso LM, Conaway MR, et al. Reduced expression of metastasis suppressor RhoGDI2 is associated with decreased survival for patients with bladder cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 3800–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholson BE, Frierson HF, Conaway MR, et al. Profiling the evolution of human metastatic bladder cancer. Cancer Res. 2004; 64: 7813–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaveri E, Simko JP, Korkola JE, et al. Bladder cancer outcome and subtype classification by gene expression. Clin Cancer Res. 2005; 11: 4044–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaboe M, Birkenkamp-Demtroder K, Wiuf C, et al. SOX4 expression in bladder carcinoma: clinical aspects and in vitro functional characterization. Cancer Res. 2006; 66: 3434–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koed K, Wiuf C, Christensen LL, et al. High-density single nucleotide polymorphism array defines novel stage and location-dependent allelic imbalances in human bladder tumors. Cancer Res. 2005; 65: 34–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter J, Wagner U, Kononen J, et al. High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of cyclin E gene amplification and overexpression in urinary bladder cancer. Am J Pathol 2000; 157: 787–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visapaa H, Seligson D, Eeva M, et al. 8q24 amplification in transitional cell carcinoma of bladder. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol. 2003; 11: 33–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wild PJ, Kunz-Schughart LA, Stoehr R, et al. High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of COX2 expression in urinary bladder cancer. Int J Oncol. 2005; 27: 385–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger S, Mahnken A, Kausch I, Feller AC. pi6 immunoreactivity is an independent predictor of tumor progression in minimally invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Eur Urol. 2005 Apr;47((4)):463–7. Epub 2005 Jan 8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruger S, Mahnken A, Kausch I, et al. Value of clusterin immunoreactivity as a predictive factor in muscle-invasive urothelial bladder carcinoma. Urology 2006; 67: 105–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Charytonowicz E, et al. Molecular profiling of bladder cancer using cDNA microarrays: defining histogenesis and biological phenotypes. Cancer Res 2002; 62: 6973–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Tuziak T, Hu L, et al. Alterations in transcription clusters underlie development of bladder cancer along papillary and nonpapillary pathways. Lab Invest. 2005; 85: 532–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Carbayo M, Socci ND, Lozano J, et al. Defining molecular profiles of poor outcome in patients with invasive bladder cancer using oligonucleotide microarrays. J Clin Oncol. 2006; 24: 778–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aaboe M, Marcussen N, Jensen KM, et al. Gene expression profiling of noninvasive primary urothelial tumours using microarrays. Br J Cancer. 2005; 93: 1182–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray AW, Hunt T. The Cell Cycle, An Introduction. Freeman, New York 1993
   Google Scholar
• Nurse P. Universal control mechanism in regulating onset of M-phase. Nature 1990; 344: 503–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr CJ. The Pezcoller lecture: Cancer cell cycles revisited. Cancer Res 2000; 60: 3689–3695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masui Y, Markert CL. Cytoplasmic control of nuclear behavior during meiotic maturation of frog oocytes. JExpZool 1971; 177: 129–145
   Google Scholar
• Lohka ML, Hayes MK, Mailer J. Purification of maturation-promoting factor, an intracellular regulator of early mitotic events. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1988; 85: 3009–3013
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Draetta G, Beach D. Activation of cdc2 protein kinase during mitosis in human cells: cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation and subunit rearrangement. Cell 1988; 54: 17–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gould K.L, Nurse P. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the fission yeast cdc2+ protein kinase regulates entry into mitosis. Nature 1989; 342: 39–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunphy WG, Brizuela L, Beach D, Newport J. The Xenopus cdc-2 protein is a component of MPF, a cytoplasmic regulator of mitosis. Cell 1988; 54: 423–431
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans T, Rosenthal ET, Youngblom J, Distel D, Hunt T. Cyclin: A protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs that is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell 1983; 33: 389–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbe JC, Capony JP, Caput D, et al. MPF from starfish oocytes at first meiotic metaphase is a heterodimer containing one molecule of cdc2 and one molecule of cyclin B. EMBO J 1989; 8: 3053–3058
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewin B. Driving the cell cycle: M phase kinase, its partners, and substrates. Cell 1990; 61: 743–752
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherr CJ. Gl phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 1994; 79: 551–555
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordon-Cardo C. Mutations of cell cycle regulators. Biological and clinical implications for human neoplasia. Am J Pathol 1995; 147: 545–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King RW, Jackson PK, Kirschner MW. Mitosis in transition. Cell 1994; 79: 563–571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nurse P. Ordering S phase and M phase in the cell cycle. Cell 1994; 79: 547–550
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pavletich NP. Mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase regulation: structures of Cdks, their cyclin activators, and Cip and INK4 inhibitors. J Mol Biol 1999; 287: 821–828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo AA, Jeffrey PD, Patten AK, Massague J, Pavletich NP. Crystal structure of the p27Kipl cyclin-dependent-kinase inhibitor bound to the cyclin A-Cdk2 complex. Nature 1996; 382: 325–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Russo AA, Tong L, Lee JO, Jeffrey PD, Pavletich NP. Structural basis for inhibition of the cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk6 by the tumour suppressor pl6INK4a. Nature 1998; 395: 237–243
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine AJ. p53, the cellular gatekeeper for growth and division. Cell 1997; 88: 323–331
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ko L, Prives C. p53: Puzzle and paradigm. Genes & Dev 1996; 10: 1054–1072
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giaccia AJ, Kastan M. The complexity of p53 modulation: emerging patterns from divergent signals. Genes & Dev 1998; 12: 2973–2983
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt CA, Lowe SW. Apoptosis and therapy. J Pathol 1999; 187: 127–137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Murray AW. Feedback control of mitosis in budding yeast. Cell 1991; 66: 519–531
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyt MA, Totis L, Roberts BT. S. cerevisiae genes required for cell cycle arrest in response to loss of microtubule function. Cell 1991; 66: 507–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Benezra R. Identification of a Human Mitotic Checkpoint Gene: hsMAD2. Science 1996; 274: 246–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouyang B, Lan Z, Meadows J, Pan H, Fukasawa K, Li W, Dai W. Human Bub 1: A Putative Spindle Checkpoint Kinase Closely Linked to Cell Proliferation. Cell Growth & Diff 1998; 9: 877–885
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor SS, Ha E, McKeon F. The human homologue of Bub3 is required for kinetochore localization of Bubl and a Mad3/Bubl-related protein kinase. J Cell Biol 1998; 42: 1–11
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts JM. Evolving Ideas about Cyclins. Cell 1999; 98: 129–132
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glotzer M, Murray AW, Kirschner MW. Cyclin is degraded by the ubiquitin pathway. Nature 1991; 349: 132–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visintin R, Prinz S, Amon A. CDC20 and CDHl: a family of substrate-specific activators of APC-dependent proteolysis. Science 1997; 278: 460–463
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallio M, Weinstein J, Daum JR., Burke DJ, Gorbsky GJ. Mammalian p55CDC Mediates Association of the Spindle Checkpoint Protein Mad 2 with the Cyclosome/Anaphase-promoting Complex, and is Involved in Regulating Anaphase Onset and Late Mitotic Events. J Cell Biol 1998; 141: 13931406
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elledge SJ. Mitotic arrest: Mad2 prevents sleepy from waking up the APC. Science 1998; 279: 999–1000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fang G, Yu H, Kirschner MW. The checkpoint protein MAD2 and the mitotic regulator CDC20 form a ternary complex with the anaphase-promoting complex to control anaphase initiation. Genes & Develop :–1883 1871; 12: 1998
   Google Scholar
• Cahill DP, Lengauer C, Yu J, Riggins GJ, Willson JKV, Markowitz SD, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Mutations of mitotic checkpoint genes in human cancers. Nature 1998; 392: 300–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cahill DP, da Costa LT, Carson-Walter EB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Lengauer C. Characterization of MAD2B and other mitotic spindle checkpoint genes. Genomics 1999; 58: 181–187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobles M, Liberal V, Scott ML, Benezra R, Sorger PK. Chromosome missegregation and apoptosis in mice lacking the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad2. Cell 2000; 101: 635–645
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hernando E, Orlow I, Liberal V, Nohales G, Benezra R, Cordon-Cardo C. Molecular and functional analyses of the mitotic checkpoint component Mad2 in primary tumors. Int J Cancer 2001; 95: 223–227
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartkova J, Guldberg P, Granbask K, Koed K, Primdahl H, M0ller K, Lukas J, 0rntoft TF, Bartek J. Aberrations of the Chk2 tumour suppressor in advanced urinary bladder cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23: 8545–8551
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Cristofano A, Pandolfi PP. The multiple roles of PTEN in tumor suppression. Cell 2000; 100: 387–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmena L, Carracedo A, Pandolfi PP. Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression. Cell 2008; 133: 403–414
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cully M, You H, Levine AJ, Mak TW. Beyond PTEN mutations: the PI3K pathway as an integrator of multiple inputs during tumorigenesis. Nat Rev Cancer 2006; 6: 184–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar