Relative roles of endothelial cell damage and platelet activation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon (RP) and RP secondary to systemic sclerosis

References

• Kahaleh MB, Matucci Cerinic M. Raynaud's phenomenon and scleroderma. Dysregulated neuroendothelial control of vascular tone. Arthritis Rheum 1995;38:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson JD. Markers of endothelial perturbation and damage. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:651–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grassi W, Core C, Carlin° G, Cervini C. Effects of peripheral cold exposure on microvascular dynamics in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:384–90.
   Google Scholar
• Grassi W, Core P, Cervini C. Increased capillary permeability in systemic sclerosis: help or hindrance? Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:603–6.
   Google Scholar
• LeRoy EC, Medsger TA Jr. Raynaud's phenomenon: a pro-posal for classification. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1992;10:485–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subcommittee for Scleroderma Criteria of the American Rheumatism Association Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee: Preliminary Criteria for the Classification of Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma). Arthritis Rheum 1980; 23:581–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Danielpour D. Improved sandwich enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay for transforming growth factor beta-1. J Immunol Methods 1993; 158:17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan KL, Owen J. Plasma levels of beta-thromboglobulin and platelet factor 4 as indices of platelet activation in vivo. Blood 1981;57:199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maricq HR, Harper FE, Khan MN, Tan EM, LeRoy EC. Microvascular abnormalities as possible predictors of disease subsets in Raynaud phenomenon and early connective tissue disease. Clin Exp Rheumatol 1983;1:195–205.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards CM, Marshall JM, Pugh M. Cardiovascular responses evoked by mild cold stimuli in primary Raynaud's disease: the role of endothelin. Clin Sci 1999; 96: 577–88.
   Google Scholar
• Zamora MR, O'Brien RF, Rutherford RB, Weil JV. Serum endothelin-1 concentrations and cold provocation in primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Lancet 1990;336:1144–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabata H, Yamakage A, Yamazaki S. Cutaneous localization of endothelin-1 in patients with systemic sclerosis: immunoelec-tron-microscopy study. Int .1- Dermatol 1997;36: 272–5.
   Google Scholar
• Yamane K, Kashiwagi H, Suzuki N, Miyauchi T, Yanagisawa M, Goto K, et al. Elevated plasma levels of endothelin-1 in systemic sclerosis. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:243–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamane K, Miyauchi T, Suzuki N, Yuhara T, Akama T, Suzuki H, et al. Significance of plasma endothelin-1 levels in patients with systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 1992;19:1566–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh MB. Endothelin, an endothelial-dependent vasocon-strictor in scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 1991;34:978–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herrick AL, Illingworth K, Blann A, Hay CR, Hollis S, Jayson MI. Von Willebrand factor, thrombomodulin, throm-boxane, p-thromboglobulin and markers of fibrinolysis in primary Raynaud's phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 1996; 55:122–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ames PR, Lupoli S, Alves J, Atsumi T, Edwards C, Iannaccone L, et al. The coagulation/fibrinolysis balance in systemic sclerosis: evidence for haematological stress syndrome. Br J Rheumatol 1997;36:1045–50.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Silveri F, De Angelis R, Argentati F, Brecciaroli D, Muti S, Cervini C. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: endothelium and platelet function. Clin Rheum 1996; 15:435–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfi A, Morita M, Altomare G, Rigatto P, Donati MB, Poggi A. Increased plasma levels of platelet-derived growth factor activity in patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1989;191:1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunbar PR, Harrison A, Corkill MM, Neale TJ. Immunoassay of platelet derived growth factor in the plasma of patients with scleroderma. Br J Rheumatol 1993;32:966–71.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Border WA, Noble NA. Transforming growth factor-13 in tissue fibrosis. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1286–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez SA, Hitraya E, Varga J. Pathogenesis of scleroderma. Collagen. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 1996; 22:647–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gabrielli A, Di Loreto C, Taborro R, Candela M, Sambo P, Nitti C, et al. Immunohistochemical localization of intracellu-lar and extracellular associated TGF13 in the skin of patients with systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) and primary Raynaud's phenomenon. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1993;68:340–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawakami T, Ihn H, Xu W, Smith E, Le Roy C, Trojanowska M. Increased expression of TGF-13 receptors by scleroderma fibroblasts: evidence for contribution of autocrine TGF-13 signaling to scleroderma phenotype. J Invest Dermatol 1998;110:47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snoweden N, Coupes B, Herrick A, Illingworth K, Jaison MIV, Brenchley PEC. Plasma TGF-13 in systemic sclerosis: a cross-sectional study. Ann Rheum Dis 1994; 53:763–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falanga V, Julien JM. Observations on the potential role of transforming growth factor 13 in cutaneous fibrosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1990;593:161–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higley H, Persichitte K, Chu S, Waegell W, Vancheeswaren R, Black C. Immunocytochemical localization and serological detection of TGF-131: association with type 1 procollagen and inflammatory cell markers in diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis, morphoea and Raynaud's phenomenon. Arthritis Rheum 1994;37:278–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaleh MB, Osborn R, Le Roy EC. Elevated levels of circulating platelet aggregates and beta-thromboglobulin in scleroderma. Ann Int Med 1982;96:610–3.
   Google Scholar
• Siebold JR, Harris JN. Plasma beta-thromboglobulin in the differential diagnosis of Raynaud's phenomenon. J Rheumatol 1985;12:99–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau CS, McLaren M, Saniabadi A, Belch JJ. Increased whole blood platelet aggregation in patients with Raynaud's phenom-enon with or without systemic sclerosis. Scand J Rheumatol 1993; 22:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutolo M, Sulli A, Pizzomi C, Accardo S. Nailfold videocapil-laroscopy assessment of microvascular damage in systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2000; 27:155–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar