Evidence of widespread, synchronous, disturbance‐initiated forest establishment in Westland, New Zealand.

References

• Adams , J . 1980 . Paleoseismicity of the Alpine fault seismic gap, New Zealand . Geology , 8 : 72 – 76 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen , R B and Rose , A B . 1983 . Regeneration of southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) and kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) in areas of dieback . Pacific science , 37 : 433 – 442 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter , W A and Norton , D A . 1989 . Forest recovery after logging in lowland dense rimu forest, Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of botany , 27 : 391 – 399 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beveridge , A E . 1973 . Regeneration of podocarps in a central North Island forest . New Zealand journal of forestry , 18 : 23 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Bray , J. R. 1989 . The use of historical vegetation dynamics in interpreting prehistorical vegetation change . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 2 : 151 – 160 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull , W. B. 1996 . Prehistorical earthquakes on the Alpine Fault, New Zealand . Journal of geophysical research , 101 ( B3 ) : 6037 – 6050 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cockayne , L. 1928 . The vegetation of New Zealand. , 2nd edition , 456 Leipzig : Engelmann .
   Google Scholar
• Cooper , A. F. and Norris , R. J. 1990 . Estimates for the timing of the last coseismic displacement on the Alpine Fault, northern Fiordland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of geology and geophysics , 33 : 303 – 307 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cornere , B. M. 1992 . Podocarp dynamics of a lowland terrace rimu forest, south Westland, New Zealand , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . M. For. Sci. Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , R. P. 1989 . An evaluation of errors in tree age estimates based on increment cores in kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) . New Zealand natural sciences , 16 : 31 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , R. P. 1991 . Disturbance, succession and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, south Westland, New Zealand , Christchurch : University of Canterbury . Ph.D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , R. P. 1993 . Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, south Westland, New Zealand . Journal of ecology , 81 : 403 – 416 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan , R. P. and Stewart , G. H. 1991 . The temporal and spatial analysis of tree age distributions . Canadian journal of forest research , 21 : 1705 – 1710 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster , D. R. 1988 . Disturbance history, community organisation and vegetation dynamics of the old‐growth Pisgah forest, south‐west New Hampshire . Journal of ecology , 76 : 105 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , P. J. 1963 . Forests and recent climatic history of the Huiarau Range, Urewera region, North Island . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand (botany) , 2 : 143 – 171 .
   Google Scholar
• Grant , P. J. 1985 . Major periods of erosion and alluvial sedimentation in New Zealand during the Late Holocene . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 15 : 67 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant , P. J. 1989 . Effects on New Zealand vegetation of late Holocene erosion and alluvial sedimentation . New Zealand journal of ecology , 9 : 25 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Haase , P. 1986 . A study of a Libocedrus bidwillii population at Pegleg Flat, Arthur's Pass, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of ecology , 9 : 153 – 156 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haase , P. 1991 . Population studies of isolated Nothofagus fusca stands in the lower Otira Valley, South Island, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of ecology , 15 : 79 – 86 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinselman , M. L. 1973 . Fire in the virgin forests of the Boundary Waters Canoe area, Minnesota . Quaternary research , 3 : 329 – 382 .
   Google Scholar
• Hemstrom , M. A. and Franklin , J. F. 1982 . Fire and other disturbances of the forests in Mount Rainier National Park . Quaternary research , 18 : 32 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway , J. T. 1954 . Forests and climate in the South Island of New Zealand . Transactions of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 2 : 329 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Holloway , J. T. 1957 . Charles Douglas‐observer extraordinary . New Zealand journal of forestry , 4 : 35 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Hull , A. G. and Berryman , K. R. 1986 . Holocene tectonism in the region of the Alpine Fault at Lake McKerrow, Fiordland, New Zealand . Royal Society of New Zealand bulletin , 24 : 317 – 331 .
   Google Scholar
• Hutchinson , F. E. 1932 . A hypothesis in regard to the Westland rimu bush . Te kura ngahere , 2 (3) : 3 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• June , S. R. 1982 . Ecological studies on the indigenous forests of north Westland , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Ph. D. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Lorimer , C. G. 1985 . Methodological considerations in the analysis of forest disturbance history . Canadian journal of forest research , 15 : 200 – 213 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark , A. F. and Dickinson , K. J. M. 1989 . Forest succession on landslides in the Fiord Ecological Region, southwestern New Zealand . New Zealand journal of botany , 27 : 369 – 390 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mark , A. F. and Lee , W. G. 1985 . Ecology of hard beech (Nothofagus truncata) in southern outlier stands in the Haast Ecological District, south Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of ecology , 8 : 97 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKelvey , P. J. 1953 . Forest colonisation after recent volcanicity at west Taupo . New Zealand journal of forestry , 6 : 435 – 448 .
   Google Scholar
• McSaveney , M. J. , Chinn , T. J. , Horrell , G. A. and Longson , C. K. The measured distribution of precipitation across the Southern Alps . Paper presented at New Zealand Hydrological Society Conference . Christchurch, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• McSweeney , G. D. 1982 . Matai/totara flood plain forest in south Westland . New Zealand journal of ecology , 5 : 121 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Melick , D. R. and Ashton , D. H. 1991 . The effects of natural disturbances on warm temperate rainforests in South‐eastern Australia . Australian journal of botany , 39 : 1 – 30 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mew , G and Palmer , R W P . 1989 . Comparison of soil groups in north and south Westland, and the implications for land use . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 19 : 405 – 417 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller‐Dombois , D . 1983 . Canopy dieback and successional processes in Pacific forests . Forest science , 37 : 317 – 325 .
   Google Scholar
• Nicholls , J L . 1956 . The historical ecology of the indigenous forest of the Taranaki upland . New Zealand journal of forestry , 7 : 17 – 34 .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , D A . 1983 . Population dynamics of subalpine Libocedrus bidwillu forests in the Cropp River Valley, Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of botany , 21 : 127 – 134 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , D A and Ogden , J . 1990 . “ Problems with the use of tree rings in the study of forest population dynamics ” . In Methods of dendrochronology applications in the environmental sciences , Edited by: Cook , E R and Kainukstis , L A . 284 – 288 . Netherlands : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Norton , D A , Palmer , J G and Ogden , J . 1987 . Dendroecological studies in New Zealand 1 An evaluation of tree age estimates based on increment cores . New Zealand journal of botany , 25 : 373 – 383 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton , D A , Herbert , J W and Beveridge , A E . 1988 . The ecology of Dacrydium cupressinum a review . New Zealand journal of botany , 26 : 37 – 62 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden , J . 1985 . An introduction to plant demography with special reference to New Zealand trees . New Zealand journal of botany , 23 : 751 – 772 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogden , J and Stewart , G H . 1995 . “ Community dynamics of the New Zealand gymnosperms ” . In Evolution and ecology of the Southern Hemisphere Conifers , Edited by: Enright , N and Hill , R . Melbourne University Press and Australian Systematic Botany Society .
   Google Scholar
• Rogers , H . 1995 . Variation in the effects of disturbance along a drainage gradient for a lowland temperate rainforest, south Westland, New Zealand , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Ph D Thesis
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , G H and Rose , A B . 1989 . Conifer regeneration failure in New Zealand dynamics of montane Libocedrus bidwillu stands . Vegetatio , 79 : 41 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , G H and Veblen , T T . 1982 . Regeneration patterns in southern rata (Metrosideros umbellata) ‐ kamahi (Weinmannia racemosa) forest in central Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of botany , 20 : 55 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , G H and White , J C . 1995 . Tree ring analysis in rimu (Dacrydium cuppressinum) implications for studies of forest dynamics and sustained yield management . New Zealand forestry , 40 (2) : 27 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Veblen , T T and Stewart , G H . 1982 . On the conifer regeneration gap in New Zealand the dynamics of Libocedrus bidwillii stands on South Island . Journal of ecology , 70 : 413 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veblen , T T , Kitzberger , T and Lara , A . 1992 . Disturbance and forest dynamics along a transect from Andean rain forest to Patagonian shrubland . Journal of vegetation science , 3 : 507 – 520 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veblen , T T , Hadley , K S , Nel , E M , Kitzberger , T , Reid , M and Villalba , R . 1994 . Disturbance regime and disturbance interactions in a Rocky Mountain subalpine forest . Journal of ecology , 82 : 125 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle , P . 1963 . The regeneration gap of New Zealand gymnosperms . New Zealand journal of botany , 1 : 301 – 315 .
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , P . 1974 . The kahikatea (Dacrycarpus dacrydioides) forest of south Westland . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society , 23 : 62 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , P . 1978 . Regeneration status of some New Zealand conifers, with particular reference to Libocedrus bidwillii in Westland National Park . New Zealand journal of botany , 16 : 471 – 477 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle , P . 1980 . Primary succession in Westland National Park and its vicinity, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of botany , 18 : 221 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle , P . 1980b . Ecology and distribution of silver beech (Nothofagus menziesu) in the Paringa District, south Westland, New Zealand . New Zealand journal of ecology , 3 : 23 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , J A . 1984 . The New Zealand beeches ecology utilisation and management , Wellington : New Zealand Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Whitehouse , I E . 1988 . Geomorphology of the central Southern Alps, New Zealand the interaction of plate collision and atmospheric circulation . Z Geomorph N F Suppl Bd , 69 : 105 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Plant Science Department, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar