760
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The potential for biological control of stoats (Mustela erminea)

Pages 145-163 | Received 16 Sep 1999, Accepted 20 Jan 2000, Published online: 30 Mar 2010

References

  • Alterio , N. 1998 . Spring home range, spatial organisation and activity of stoats Mustela erminea in a South Island Nothofagus forest, New Zealand . Ecography , 21 : 18 – 24 .
  • Barlow , N. D. 1994 . Predicting the effect of a novel vertebrate biocontrol agent: a model for viral‐vectored immunocontraception of New Zealand possums . Journal of Applied Ecology , 31 : 454 – 462 .
  • Barlow , N. D. , Kean , J. M. and Briggs , C. J. 1997 . Modelling the relative efficacy of culling and sterilisation for controlling populations . Wildlife Research , 24 : 129 – 141 .
  • Barlow , N. D. and Norbury , G. L. A simple model for ferret dynamics and control in semi‐arid New Zealand habitats . Wildlife Research , (submitted)
  • Bartlett , E. 1997 . Jumbo birth control drives bull elephants wild . New Scientist , 2084 : 5
  • Basse , B. , McLennan , J. A. and Wake , G. C. 1999 . Analysis of the impacts of stoats, Mustela erminea, on northern brown kiwi, Apteryx mantelli, in New Zealand . Wildlife Research , 26 : 227 – 237 .
  • Batista , M. C. , Bristow , T. L. , Mathews , J. , Stokes , W. S. , Loriaux , L. and Nieman , L. K. 1991 . Daily administration of the progesterone antagonist RU 486 prevents implantation in the cycling guinea pig . American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology , 165 : 82 – 87 .
  • Bomford , M. 1990 . A role for fertility control in wildlife management? , Bureau of Rural Resources Bulletin No. 7 50 Canberra : Australian Government Publishing Service .
  • Bomford , M. and O'Brien , P. 1997 . “ Potential use of contraception for managing wildlife pests in Australia ” . In Contraception in wildlife management , United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1853 Edited by: Kreeger , T. J. 205 – 214 .
  • Bradley , M. P. , Hinds , L. A. and Bird , P. H. 1997 . A bait‐delivered immunocontraceptive vaccine for the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) by the year 2002? . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 9 : 111 – 116 .
  • Brochier , B. , Thomas , I. , Baudin , B. , Leveau , T. , Pastoret , P. P. , Languet , B. , Chappuis , G. , Desmettre , P. , Blancou , J. and Artois , M. 1990 . Use of the vaccinia‐rabies recombinant virus for the oral vaccination of foxes against rabies . Vaccine , 8 : 101 – 104 .
  • Brooks , J. E. and Bowerman , A. M. 1971 . Estrogenic steroid used to inhibit reproduction in wild Norway rats . Journal of Wildlife Management , 35 : 444 – 449 .
  • Brushman , H. H. , Linhart , S. B. , Balser , D. S. and Sparks , F. 1967 . A technique for producing antifertility tallow baits for predatory animals . Journal of Wildlife Management , 32 : 183 – 184 .
  • Caughley , G. , Pech , R. and Grice , D. 1992 . Effect of fertility control on a population's productivity . Wildlife Research , 19 : 623 – 627 .
  • Chambers , L. K. , Singleton , G. R. and Hinds , L. A. 1999 . Fertility control of wild mouse populations: the effects of hormonal competence and an imposed level of sterility . Wildlife Research , 26 : 579 – 591 .
  • Clout , M. M. and Saunders , A. J. 1995 . Conservation and ecological restoration in New Zealand . Pacific Conservation Biology , 2 : 91 – 98 .
  • Concannon , P. W. and Meyers‐Wallen , V. N. 1991 . Current and proposed methods for contraception and termination of pregnancy in dogs and cats . Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association , 198 : 1214 – 1225 .
  • Concannon , P. W. , Yeager , A. , Frank , D. and Iyampillai , A. 1990 . Termination of pregnancy and induction of premature luteolysis by the antiprogestagen, mifepristone, in dogs . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 88 : 99 – 104 .
  • Cowan , P. E. 1996 . Possum biocontrol: prospects for fertility regulation . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 8 : 655 – 660 .
  • Debrot , S. and Mermod , C. 1981 . “ Cranial helminth parasites of the stoat and other mustelids in Switzerland ” . In Worldwide Furbearer Conference , Edited by: Chapman , J. A. and Pursley , D. 690 – 705 . Frostburg, Maryland, , USA : Worldwide Furbearer Inc. .
  • Dilks , P. J. , O'Donnell , C. F. J. , Elliott , G. P. and Phillipson , S.M. 1996 . The effect of bait type, tunnel design, and trap position on stoat control operations for conservation management . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 23 : 295 – 306 .
  • Djiane , J. and Kelly , P. A. 1993 . “ Prolactin ” . In Reproduction in mammals and man , Edited by: Thibault , C. , Levasseur , M. C. and Hunter , R. H. F. 121 – 133 . Paris : Ellipses .
  • Dowding , J. E. and Murphy , E. C. 1996 . Predation of northern New Zealand dotterels (Charadrius obscurus aquilonius) by stoats . Notornis , 43 : 144 – 146 .
  • Duckworth , J. , Harris , M. , Mate , K. , McCartney , C. , Buist , J. , Scobie , S. , Jones , D. and Jones , S. 1999 . “ Development of brushtail possum immunocontraception: targeting sperm and egg antigens ” . In Advances in the biological control of possums , The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 56 72 – 76 .
  • Dunbar , B. S. 1983 . “ Antibodies to zona pellucida antigens and their role in fertility ” . In Immunology of reproduction , Edited by: Wegmann , T. G. and Gill , T. J. 505 – 534 . Oxford, , UK : Oxford University Press .
  • Eckery , D. C. , Ng Chie , W. , Colbourne , L. E. , Heath , D. A. , Lawrence , S. B. , Lun , S. , Whale , L. , Thompson , E. G. , Mahoney , P. M. , Wen , J. , Juengel , J. L. , Fidler , A. E. , Moore , L. G. , McLeod , B. J. and McNatty , K. P. 1999 . “ Search for regulators of gonadal development and pituitary function and development of delivery systems for fertility control of possums ” . In Advances in the biological control of possums , The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 56 65 – 71 .
  • Elliott , G. P. , Dilks , P. J. and O'Donnell , C. F. J. 1996 . The ecology of yellow‐crowned parakeets (Cyanoramphus auriceps) in Nothofagus forest in Fiordland, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 23 : 249 – 265 .
  • Erlinge , S. 1977 . Agonistic behaviour and dominance in stoats (Mustela erminea L.) . Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie , 44 : 375 – 388 .
  • Gamble , R. L. and Riewe , R. R. 1982 . Infestations of the nematode Skrjabingylus nasicola (Leukart 1842) in Mustela frenata (Lichtenstein) and M. erminea (L.) and some evidence of a paratenic host in the life cycle of this nematode . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 60 : 45 – 52 .
  • Gao , Y. and Short , R. V. 1994a . Fertility control in laboratory rats and mice after feeding with the antigestagen RU486 . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 101 : 477 – 481 .
  • Gao , Y. and Short , R. V. 1994b . Fertility control in wild mice after feeding with RU486 or methyl testosterone . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 101 : 483 – 87 .
  • Gonzalez , A. , Allen , A. F. , Post , K. , Mapletoft , R. J. and Murphy , B. D. 1989 . Immunological approaches to contraception in dogs . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 39 (Supplement) : 189 – 198 .
  • Griffin , P. D. 1994 . Immunization against HCG . Human Reproduction , 9 : 267 – 272 .
  • Hathaway , S. C. and Blackmore , D. K. 1981 . Failure to demonstrate the maintenance of leptospires by free‐living carnivores . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 29 : 115 – 116 .
  • Hinds , L. A. , Jackson , R. J. , Maguire , D. J. , Ramshaw , I. A. , Kerr , P. J. , Holland , M. K. and Robinson , T. J. Progress in the development of fertility control through virally vectored immunocontraception (VVIC) . Proceedings of the 11th Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference . May 3–8 1998 , Bunbury, Western Australia. pp. 191 – 195 .
  • Hone , J. 1992 . Rate of increase and fertility control . Journal of Applied Ecology , 29 : 695 – 698 .
  • Jackson , W. F. 1953 . Management of canine mismating with diethylstilbestrol . California Veterinarian , (Nov/Dec) : 22 – 29 .
  • Jochle , W. 1991 . Pet population control in Europe . Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association , 198 : 1225 – 1230 .
  • Jochle , W. and Jochle , M. 1988 . Interruption of pregnancies in the queen with a prolactin inhibitor, cabergoline . Rivista di Zootecnia e Veterinaria , 16 : 85 – 88 .
  • Jochle , W. and Jochle , M. 1993 . Reproduction in a feral cat population and its control with a prolactin inhibitor, cabergoline . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 47 (Supplement) : 419 – 424 .
  • Jolly , S. E. , Scobie , S. , Spurr , E. B. , McAllum , C. and Cowan , P. E. 1998 . “ Behavioural effects of reproductive inhibition in brushtail possums ” . In Biological control of possums , The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series 45 125 – 127 .
  • Keymer , I. F. and Epps , H. B. G. 1969 . Canine distemper in the family Mustelidae . The Veterinary Record , 85 : 204 – 205 .
  • King , C. M. 1980 . Field experiments on the trapping of stoats (Mustela erminea) . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 7 : 261 – 266 .
  • King , C. M. 1981a . “ The reproductive tactics of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in New Zealand forests ” . In Worldwide Furbearer Conference , Edited by: Chapman , J. A. and Pursley , D. 443 – 468 . Frostburg, Maryland, , USA : Worldwide Furbearer Inc .
  • King , C. M. 1981b . “ Studies on the control of stoats (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand ” . In Worldwide Furbearer Conference , Edited by: Chapman , J. A. and Pursley , D. 1862 – 1874 . Frostburg, Maryland, , USA : Worldwide Furbearer Inc .
  • King , C. M. 1983 . The relationships between beech (Nothofagus sp.) seedfall and populations of mice (Mus musculus), and the demographic and dietary responses of stoats (Mustela erminea), in three New Zealand forests . Journal of Animal Ecology , 52 : 141 – 166 .
  • King , C. M. 1985 . “ Interactions between woodland rodents and their predators ” . In The ecology of woodland rodents: bank voles and wood mice , Edited by: Flowerdew , J. R. , Gurnell , J. and Gipps , J. H. W. 219 – 247 . Oxford : Clarendon Press Zoological Society of London . Symposium 55
  • King , C. M. 1989 . The natural history of weasels and stoats , London : Christopher Helm .
  • King , C. M. 1990 . “ Stoat ” . In The handbook of New Zealand mammals , Edited by: King , C. M. 288 – 312 . Auckland : Oxford University Press .
  • King , C. M. 1991 . Age‐specific prevalence and a possible transmission route for skrjabingylosis in New Zealand stoats, Mustela erminea . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 15 : 23 – 30 .
  • King , C. M. and McMillan , C. D. 1982 . Population structure and dispersal of peak‐year cohorts of stoats (Mustela erminea) in two New Zealand forests, with especial reference to control . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 5 : 59 – 66 .
  • King , C. M. and Moody , J. E. 1982a . The biology of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand IV. Reproduction . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 9 : 103 – 118 .
  • King , C. M. and Moody , J. E. 1982b . The biology of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand VI. Infestation with Skrjabingylus nasicola . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 9 : 131 – 140 .
  • King , CM. and Moody , J. E. 1982c . The biology of the stoat (Mustela erminea) in the National Parks of New Zealand VII. Fleas . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 9 : 141 – 144 .
  • King , C. M. and Moors , P. J. 1979 . The life‐history tactics of mustelids, and their significance for predator control and conservation in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 6 : 619 – 622 .
  • King , C. M. , Flux , M. , Innes , J. G. and Fitzgerald , B. M. 1996a . Population biology of small mammals in Pureora Forest Park: 1. Carnivores (Mustela erminea, M. furo, M. nivalis, and Felis catus) . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 20 : 241 – 251 .
  • King , C. M. , Innes , J. G. , Flux , M. , Kimberley , M. O. , Leathwick , J. R. and Williams , D. S. 1996b . Distribution and abundance of mammals in relation to habitat in Pureora Forest Park . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 20 : 215 – 240 .
  • Kreeger , T. J. 1997 . “ Overview of delivery systems for the administration of contraceptives to wildlife ” . In Contraception in wildlife management , United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1853 Edited by: Kreeger , T. J. 29 – 48 .
  • Linhart , S. B. , Brushman , H. H. and Balser , D. S. 1968 . Field evaluation of an antifertility agent, stilbestrol, for inhibiting coyote reproduction . Transactions North American Wildlife Conference , 33 : 316 – 326 .
  • Linhart , S. B. and Enders , R. K. 1964 . Some effects of diethylstilbestrol on reproduction in captive red foxes . Journal of Wildlife Management , 28 : 358 – 363 .
  • Linhart , S. B. , Kappeler , A. and Windberg , L. A. 1997 . “ A review of baits and bait delivery systems for free‐ranging carnivores and ungulates ” . In Contraception in wildlife management , United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1853 Edited by: Kreeger , T. J. 69 – 132 .
  • Loague , P. 1993 . Pest control and animal welfare . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 20 : 253 – 255 .
  • Marks , C. A. , Nijk , M. , Gigliotti , F. , Busana , F. and Short , R. V. 1996 . Preliminary field assessment of a cabergoline baiting campaign for reproductive control of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) . Wildlife Research , 23 : 161 – 168 .
  • Marsh , R. E. and Howard , W. E. 1969 . Evaluation of mestra‐nol as a reproductive inhibitor of Norway rats in garbage dumps . Journal of Wildlife Management , 33 : 133 – 138 .
  • Martinet , L. , Allais , C. and Allain , D. 1981 . Theroleofprolac‐tin and LH in luteal function and blastocyst growth in mink (Mustela vison) . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility , 29 (Supplement) : 119 – 130 .
  • McDonald , M. 1980 . Population control of feral cats using megestrol acetate , Veterinary Record I06A29
  • McDonald , R. A. and Murphy , E. C. 2000 . “ A comparison of management of stoats and weasels in Great Britain and New Zealand ” . In Mustelids in a modern world: Conservation aspects of small carnivores and human interactions , Edited by: Griffiths , H. Kingston upon Hull : Hull University Press .
  • Mclvor , D. E. and Schmidt , R. H. 1996 . Unpublished annotated bibliography for wildlife contraception: methods, approaches, and policy , 112 Logan : Berryman Institute, Utah State University .
  • McKenna , P. B. , Cooke , M. M. and Harper , P. R. 1996 . Filaroides infections in wild ferrets (Mustela putorius) and stoats (Mustela erminea) . New Zealand Veterinary Journal , 44 : 203
  • McLennan , J. A. , Potter , M. A. , Robertson , H. A. , Wake , G. C. , Colbourne , R. , Dew , L. , Joyce , L. , McCann , A. J. , Miles , J. , Miller , P. J. and Reid , J. 1996 . Role of predation in the decline of kiwi, Apteryx spp., in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 20 : 27 – 35 .
  • Mead , R. A. 1989 . “ The physiology and evolution of delayed implantation in carnivores ” . In Carnivore behaviour, ecology and evolution , Edited by: Gittleman , J. L. 437 – 464 . Cornell University Press .
  • Mead , R. A. 1993 . Embryonic diapause in vertebrates . The Journal of Experimental Zoology , 266 : 629 – 641 .
  • Millar , R. P. , Tobler , C. , King , J. A. and Arimura , A. 1984 . “ Region‐specific antisera in molecular biology of neuropeptides: application in quantitation, structural characterization, and metabolism of lutein‐izing hormone‐releasing hormone ” . In Molecular Biology Approach to the Neurosciences , Edited by: Soreq , J. 221 – 230 . New York, , USA : John Wiley .
  • Miller , L. A. 1997 . “ Delivery of immunocontraceptive vaccines for wildlife management ” . In Contraception in wildlife management , United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1853 Edited by: Kreeger , T. J. 49 – 58 .
  • Murphy , E. and Bradfield , P. 1992 . Change in diet of stoats following poisoning of rats in a New Zealand forest . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 16 : 137 – 140 .
  • Murphy , E. C. and Dowding , J. E. 1994 . Range and diet of stoats (Mustela erminea) in a New Zealand beech forest . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 18 : 11 – 18 .
  • Murphy , E. C. and Dowding , J. E. 1995 . Ecology of the stoat in Nothofagus forest: home range, habitat use and diet at different stages of the beech mast cycle . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 19 : 97 – 109 .
  • Murphy , E. C. , Clapperton , B. K. , Bradfield , P. M. and Speed , H. J. 1998 . Effects of rat‐poisoning operations on abundance and diet of mustelids in New Zealand podocarp forests . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 25 : 315 – 328 .
  • Nettles , V. F. 1997 . Potential consequences and problems with wildlife contraceptives . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 9 : 137 – 144 .
  • Nicolaus , L. K. , Farmer , P. V. , Gustavson , C. R. and Gustavson , J. C. 1989a . The potential of estrogen‐based conditioned aversion in controlling depredation: A step closer towards the “magic bullet.” . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 23 : 1 – 14 .
  • Nicolaus , L. K. , Herrera , J. , Nicolaus , J. C. and Gustavson , C. R. 1989b . Ethinyl estradiol and generalized aversions to eggs among free‐ranging predators . Applied Animal Behaviour Science , 24 : 313 – 324 .
  • Nie , G. , Butt , A. R. , Salamonsen , L. A. and Findlay , J. K. 1997 . Hormonal and non‐hormonal agents at implantation as targets for contraception . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 9 : 65 – 76 .
  • O'Donnell , C. F. J. 1996 . Predators and the decline of New Zealand forest birds: an introduction to the hole‐nesting bird and predator programme . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 23 : 213 – 219 .
  • O'Donnell , C. F. J. , Dilks , P. J. and Elliott , G. P. 1996 . Control of a stoat (Mustela erminea) population irruption to enhance mohua (yellowhead) (Mohua ochrocephala) breeding success in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 23 : 279 – 286 .
  • O'Donnell , C. F. J. and Phillipson , S. M. 1996 . Predicting the incidence of mohua predation from the seedfall, mouse, and predator fluctuations in beech forests . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 23 : 287 – 293 .
  • O'Keefe , J. S. 1995 . Canine distemper and ferrets , AgResearch report Wallaceville (unpublished).
  • Oleyar , C. M. and McGinnes , B. S. 1974 . Field evaluation of diethylstilbestrol for suppressing reproduction in foxes . Journal of Wildlife Management , 38 : 101 – 106 .
  • Olson , P. N. and Johnston , S. D. 1993 . New developments in small animal population control . Journal of the American Veterinary Medicine Association , 202 : 904 – 909 .
  • Papke , R. L. , Concannon , P. W. , Travis , H. F. and Hansel , W. 1980 . Control of luteal function and implantation in the mink by prolactin . Journal of Animal Science , 50 : 1102 – 1107 .
  • Peuser , U. 1996 . Endoparasitenfauna des Hermelins (Mustela erminea L.) und Mauswiesels (Mustela nivalis L.) in Hessen , GiefJen, , Germany : Justus‐Leibig‐Universitat, Fachbereich Veterinarmedizin . Unpublished PhD thesis
  • Powell , R. A. and King , C. M. 1997 . Variation in body size, sexual dimorphism and age‐specific survival in stoats, Mustela erminea (Mammalia: Carnivora), with fluctuating food supplies . Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 62 : 165 – 194 .
  • Ramsay , A. J. and Ramshaw , A. I. 1997 . Cytokine enhancement of immune responses important for immunocontraception . Reproduction, Fertility & Developments , : 91 – 97 .
  • Ramsey , D. 1999 . The effects of fertility control on the population dynamics and behaviour of possums . The Royal Society of New Zealand Miscellaneous Series , 56 : 80 – 84 .
  • Remfry , J. 1978 . Control of feral cat populations by long‐term administration of megestrol acetate . Veterinary Record , 103 : 403 – 04 .
  • Robinson , A. J. , Jackson , R. J. , Merchant , J. C. , Kerr , P. J. , Holland , M. K. , Lawson , M. A. and Shellam , G. R. 1999 . “ Biocontrol of pest mammals in Australia ‐ Progress towards virally vectored immunocontraception for the mouse and rabbit ” . In Recent advances in microbiology , Edited by: Asche , V. Volume 7 , 63 – 98 . Melbourne, , Australia : the Australian Society for microbiology . Chapter 2
  • Rowe , F. P. and Lazarus , A. B. 1974a . The effects of an estrogenic steroid on the reproduction of wild rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berk.) . Agro‐ecosystems , 1 : 57 – 68 .
  • Rowe , R. P. and Lazarus , A. B. 1974b . Reproductive activity in a wild rat, Rattus norvegicus (Berk.) population treated with an oestrogenic steroid . Argro‐ecosystems , 1 : 227 – 235 .
  • Sandell , M. 1986 . Movement patterns of male stoats Mustela erminea during the mating season: differences in relation to social status . Oikos , 47 : 63 – 70 .
  • Saunders , G. and Choquenot , D. The effects of fertility control on fox population dynamics: Rate of decline and potential compensatory responses . Proceedings of the 10th Australian Vertebrate Pest Conference . May 29 1995 , Hobart, Tasmania. pp. 366 – 370 . ‐ 2 June
  • Shelden , R. M. 1972 . The fate of short‐tailed weasel, Mustela erminea, blastocysts following ovariec‐tomy during diapause . Journal of Reproduction Fertility , 31 : 347 – 352 .
  • Sleeman , D. P. 1989 . Ectoparasites of the Irish stoat . Medical and Veterinary Entomology , 3 : 213 – 218 .
  • Smith , G. L. , Walmsley , A. and Polkinghorne , I. 1997 . Plant‐derived immunocontraceptive vaccines . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 9 : 85 – 89 .
  • Spurr , E. B. 1998 . The development of a long‐life toxic bait and lures for mustelids , Landcare Research Contract Report LC9899/26 Unpublished
  • Stenseth , N. C. 1981 . How to control pest species: Application of models from the theory of island bioge‐ography in formulating pest control strategies . Journal of Applied Ecology , 18 : 773 – 794 .
  • Stevens , V. C. 1986 . Current status of antifertility vaccines using gonadotropin immunogens . Immunology Today , 7 : 369 – 374 .
  • Storm , G. L. and Sanderson , G. C. 1969 . Effect of medroxy‐progesterone acetate (Provera) on productivity in captive foxes . Journal of Mammalogy , 50 : 147 – 149 .
  • Sutherland , O. R. W. , Cowan , P. E. and Orwin , J. 1996 . Biological control of possums, Trichosurus vulpecula, and rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus, in New Zealand . Wildlife Biology , 2 : 165 – 170 .
  • Szostak , M. P. , Hensel , A. , Eko , F. O. , Klei , R. , Auer , T. , Mader , H. , Haslberger , A. , Bunka , S. , Wanner , G. and Lubitz , W. 1996 . Bacterial ghosts: non‐living candidate vaccines . Journal of Biotechnology , 44 : 161 – 170 .
  • Travis , H. F. and Schaible , P. J. 1962 . Effects of diethylstilbestrol fed periodically during gestation of female mink upon reproductive and kit performance . American Journal of Veterinary Research , 23 : 359 – 361 .
  • Tuyttens , F. A. M. and Macdonald , D. W. 1998 . Fertility control — an option for non‐lethal control of wild carnivores . Animal Welfare , 7 : 339 – 364 .
  • Tyndale‐Biscoe , C. H. 1994 . Virus‐vectored immunocontraception of feral mammals . Reproduction, Fertility and Development , 6 : 281 – 287 .
  • Tyndale‐Biscoe , C. H. , Wright , J. D. and Hinds , L. A. Effects of bromocriptine on grey kangaroo reproduction . Australian Mammal Society 36th scientific meeting . (abstract)
  • Vickery , B. H. , McRae , G. I. , Goodpasture , J. C. and Sanders , L. M. 1989 . Use of potent LHRH analogues for chronic contraception and pregnancy termination in dogs . Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, Supplement , 39 : 175 – 187 .
  • Wandeler , A. 1991 . “ Oral immunization of wildlife ” . In The natural history of rabies. , 2nd ed. , Edited by: Baer , G. M. 485 – 503 . Boca Raton : CRC Press .
  • Williams , E. S. , Thome , E. T. , Appel , M. J. G. and Belitsky , D. W. 1988 . Canine distemper in black‐footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes) from Wyoming . Journal of Wildlife Diseases , 24 : 385 – 398 .
  • Williams , C. K. and Twigg , L. E. 1996 . “ Responses of wild rabbit populations to imposed sterility ” . In Frontiers of population ecology , Edited by: Floyd , R. B. , Sheppard , A. W. and De Barro , P. J. 547 – 560 . Melbourne : CSIRO Publishing .
  • Wilson , P. R. , Karl , B. J. , Toft , R. J. , Beggs , J. R. and Taylor , R. H. 1998 . The role of introduced predators and competitors in the decline of kaka (Nestor meridionalis) populations in New Zealand . Biological Conservation , 83 : 175 – 185 .
  • Wichtel , J. J. , Whitacre , M. D. , Yates , D. J. and Van Camp , S. D. 1990 . Comparison of the effects of PGF2% and bromocryptine in pregnant beagle bitches . Theriogenology , 33 : 829 – 836 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.