Diet and diet preferences of introduced ungulates (Order: Artiodactyla) in New Zealand

References

• Alison , K. W. and Child , J. 1975 . The liverworts of New Zealand , 300 Dunedin : University of Otago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Allan , H. H. 1961 . Flora of New Zealand. Vol. I , 1085 Wellington : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Allen , R. B. , Payton , I. J. and Knowlton , J. E. 1984 . Effects of ungulates on structure and species composition in the Urewera forests as shown by exclosures . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 7 : 119 – 130 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asher , G. W. 1979 . Phenotypic variation and ecology of feral goat (Capra aegagrus hircus Couturier) populations in New Zealand , Wellington, , New Zealand : Victoria University . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Augustine , D. J. and McNaughton , S. J. 1998 . Ungulate effects on the functional species composition of plant communities: herbivore selectivity and plant tolerance . Journal of Wildlife Management , 62 : 1165 – 1183 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beever , J. , Allison , K. W. and Child , J. 1992 . The mosses of New Zealand. 2nd ed , 214 Dunedin : University of Otago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bowen , L. and Van Vuren , D. 1997 . Insular endemic plants lack defenses against herbivores . Conservation Biology , 11 : 1249 – 1254 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownsey , P. J. and Smith‐Dodsworth , J. C. 2000 . New Zealand ferns and allied plants , 168 Auckland : David Bateman .
   Google Scholar
• Bryant , J. P. and Kuropat , P. J. 1980 . Selection of winter forage by subarctic browsing vertebrates: the role of plant chemistry . Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , 11 : 261 – 285 .
   Google Scholar
• Caughley , G. 1970 . Eruption of ungulate populations, with emphasis on Himalayan thar in New Zealand . Ecology , 51 : 53 – 72 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caughley , G. 1989 . New Zealand plant‐herbivore systems past and present . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 12 : 3 – 10 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Challies , C. N. 1990 . “ Red deer ” . In The handbook of New Zealand mammals , Edited by: King , C. M. 436 – 458 . Auckland : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane , C. H. 1994 . Vegetation assessment and its implications for feral goat management in Isolated Hill Scenic Reserve, Southern Marlborough , Christchurch, , New Zealand : University of Canterbury . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Connor , H. E. and Edgar , E. 1987 . Name changes in the indigenous New Zealand Flora, 1960–1986 and Nomina Nova IV, 1983–1986 . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 25 : 115 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coomes , D. A. , Allen , R. B. , Forsyth , D. M. and Lee , W. G. “ Factors preventing the recovery of New Zealand forests following control of invasive deer ” . In Conservation Biology in press
   Google Scholar
• Crawley , M. J. 1993 . GLIM for ecologists , Oxford : Blackwell Scientific Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Department of Conservation . 2001 . Department of Conservation's policy statement on deer control , Wellington, , New Zealand : Department of Conservation .
   Google Scholar
• Duncan , A. J. , Hartley , S. E. and Iason , G. R. 1994 . The effect of monoterpene concentrations in Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) on the browsing behaviour of red deer (Cervus elaphus) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 72 : 1715 – 1720 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgar , E. and Connor , H. E. 1999 . Flora of New Zealand. V , 650 Lincoln : Manaaki Whenua Press .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , P. J. 1989 . “ Insect herbivory and plant defense theory ” . In Towards a more exact ecology , Edited by: Grubb , P. J. and Whittaker , J. B. 275 – 297 . Oxford : Thirtieth symposium of the British Ecological Society . Blackwell Scientific Publications
   Google Scholar
• Elton , C. S. 1958 . The ecology of invasions by animals and plants , 181 London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Feeny , P. 1976 . Plant apparency and chemical defense . Recent Advances in Phytochemistry , 10 : 1 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Forsyth , D. M. , Coomes , D. A. and Nugent , G. “ Framework for assessing the susceptibility of management areas to deer impacts ” . In Science for conservation , Wellington : Department of Conservation . in press
   Google Scholar
• Fraser , K. W. , Cone , J. M. and Whitford , E. J. 2000 . A revision of the established ranges and new populations of 11 introduced ungulate species in New Zealand . Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand , 30 : 419 – 437 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser , W. 1991 . “ Comparison of sika and red deer diets in the central North Island ” . In New Zealand Wildlife 1991 (Spring) 39 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Galloway , D. J. 1985 . Flora of New Zealand: lichens , 662 Wellington : DSIR .
   Google Scholar
• Golding , C. 2000 . Diet, distribution, and density of fallow deer (Dama dama) in the Caples Valley, Otago, New Zealand: implications for future management , Dunedin, , New Zealand : University of Otago . Unpublished MSc thesis
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood , R. M. and Atkinson , I. A. E. 1977 . Evolution of divaricating plants in New Zealand in relation to moa browsing . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society . 1977 . Vol. 24 , pp. 21 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Hanley , T. 1997 . A nutritional view of understanding and complexity in the problem of diet selection by deer (Cervidae) . Oikos , 79 : 209 – 218 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heenan , P. B. 1996 . A taxonomic revision of Carmichaelia (Fabaceae B Galegeae) in New Zealand (part II) . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 34 : 157 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heenan , P. B. 1998 . The status of Raukaua edgerleyi var. serratus and R. × parvus comb. nov . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 36 : 307 – 310 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelton , S. D. and Skipworth , J. P. 1987 . Food of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in a Manawatu (New Zealand) flax swamp . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 10 : 149 – 152 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , C. M. 1984 . Immigrant killers , 224 Auckland : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Large , M. F. , Braggins , J. E. and Green , P. S. 1992 . A new combination for Polypodium pustulatum Forster f. (Polypodiaceae) . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 30 : 207 – 208 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lavers , R. B. 1978 . “ The diet of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Murchison Mountains : a preliminary report ” . In Seminar on the takahe and its habitat 1978 , 187 – 198 . Invercargill, Fiordland National Park Board .
   Google Scholar
• Lechowicz , M. J. 1982 . The sampling characteristics of electivity indices . Oecologia , 52 : 22 – 30 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGlone , M. S. , Duncan , R. P. and Heenan , P. B. 2001 . Endemism, species selection and the origin and distribution of the vascular plant flora of New Zealand . Journal of Biogeography , 28 : 199 – 216 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manly , B. F. J. , McDonald , L. L. and Thomas , D. L. 1993 . Resource selection by animals , 177 London : Chapman & Hall .
   Google Scholar
• Mark , A. F. and Baylis , G. T. S. 1975 . Impact of deer on Secretary Island, Fiordland, New Zealand . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society . 1975 . Vol. 22 , pp. 19 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , R. 1951 . Deer and the vegetation (b) deer stomach contents. In: Poole, A. L. Preliminary reports of the New Zealand American Fiordland expedition. Investigations in Fiordland, New Zealand, in 1949 . New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin , 103 : 29 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell , A. D. , Frodin , D. G. and Meads , M. J. 1997 . Reinstatement of Raukaua, a genus of the Araliaceae centred in New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Botany , 35 : 309 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , R. J. , Fordham , R. A. and John , A. 1987 . The annual diet of feral goats (Capra hircus L.) in lowland rimu‐rata‐kamahi forest on eastern Mount Taranaki (Mt Egmont) . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 14 : 179 – 192 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moen , R. , Pastor , J. and Cohen , Y. 1997 . A spatially explicit model of moose foraging and energetics . Ecology , 78 : 505 – 521 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore , L. B. and Edgar , E. 1970 . Flora of New Zealand , Vol II , 354 Wellington : Government Printer .
   Google Scholar
• Norbury , G. L. and Sanson , G. D. 1992 . Problems with measuring diet selection of terrestrial, mammalian herbivores . Australian Journal of Ecology , 17 : 1 – 7 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent , G. 1983 . Deer diet estimation by rumen or faecal analysis: an evaluation of available techniques . Forest Research Institute Bulletin , 24 : 1 – 17 .
   Google Scholar
• Nugent , G. 1990 . Forage availability and the diet of fallow deer (Dama dama) in the Blue Mountains, Otago . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 13 : 83 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent , G. 1993 . What do rusa deer eat? . New Zealand Hunting and Wildlife , 14 (101) : 11 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Nugent , G. and Challies , C. N. 1988 . Diet and food preferences of white‐tailed deer in north‐eastern Stewart Island . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 11 : 61 – 71 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent , G. , Fraser , W. and Sweetapple , P. 2001 . Top down or bottom up? Comparing the impact of introduced arboreal possums and ‘terrestrial’ ruminants on native forests in New Zealand . Biological Conservation , 99 : 65 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes , J. P. 1993 . Feral goats: designing solutions for a designer pest . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 17 : 71 – 83 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor , J. , Naiman , R. J. , Dewey , B. and McInnes , P. 1988 . Moose, microbes and the boreal forest . BioScience , 38 : 770 – 777 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastor , J. , Dewey , B. , Naiman , R. J. , McInnes , P. F. and Cohen , Y. 1993 . Moose browsing and soil fertility of Isle Royale National Park . Ecology , 74 : 467 – 480 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pole , M. S. 1994 . The New Zealand flora—entirely longdistance dispersal? . Journal of Bio geography , 21 : 625 – 635 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raven , P. H. and Raven , T. E. 1976 . The genus Epilobium (Onagraceae) in Australasia: a systematic and evolutionary study . New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin , 216 : 1 – 321 .
   Google Scholar
• Robbins , C. T. , Hanley , T. A. , Hagerman , A. E. , Hjeljord , O. , Baker , D. L. , Schwartz , C. C. and Mautz , W. W. 1987 . Role of tannins in defending plants against ruminants: reduction in protein availability . Ecology , 68 : 98 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semiadi , G. , Barry , T. N. and Muir , P. D. 1995 . Dietary preferences of sambar (Cervus unicolor) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) offered browse, legumes, and grass species . Journal of Agricultural Science (Cambridge) , 125 : 99 – 107 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shipley , L. A. , Illius , A. W. , Danell , K. , Hobbs , N. T. and Spalinger , D. E. 1999 . Predicting bite size selection of mammalian herbivores: a test of a general model of diet optimisation . Oikos , 84 : 55 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simberloff , D. 1995 . Why do introduced species appear to devastate islands more than mainland areas? . Pacific Science , 49 : 87 – 97 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , K. 1998 . Return of the deer menace . Forest and Bird , 289 : 36 – 39 .
   Google Scholar
• Stafford , K. J. 1997 . The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 24 : 267 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson , G. 1994 . New Zealand fungi: an illustrated guide , 122 Christchurch : Canterbury University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Tixier , H. , Duncan , P. , Scehovic , J. , Yani , A. , Gleizes , M. and Lila , M. 1997 . Food selection by European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): effects of plant chemistry, and consequences for the nutritional value of their diets . Journal of Zoology, London , 242 : 229 – 245 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tustin , K. G. 1990 . “ Himalayan tahr ” . In The handbook of New Zealand mammals , Edited by: King , C. M. 392 – 406 . Auckland : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Veblen , T. T. and Stewart , G. H. 1982 . The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 72 : 372 – 397 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , H. 1979 . Vegetation of the earth and ecological systems of the geo‐biosphere , 2nd , 318 Berlin : Springer‐Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , D. A. , Bonner , K. I. and Barker , G. M. “ Linkages between plant litter decomposition, litter quality, and vegetation responses to herbivores ” . In Functional Ecology in press
   Google Scholar
• Wardle , D. A. , Barker , G. M. , Yeates , G. W. , Bonner , K. I. and Ghani , A. 2001 . Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences . Ecological Monographs , 71 : 587 – 614 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle , J. A. 1984 . The New Zealand beeches: ecology, utilisation and management , 447 Wellington : New Zealand Forest Service .
   Google Scholar
• Webb , C. J. , Sykes , W. R. and Garnock‐Jones , P. J. 1988 . Flora of New Zealand. IV , 1365 Christchurch : Botany Division, DSIR .
   Google Scholar
• Yockney , I. J. and Hickling , G. J. 2000 . Distribution and diet of chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) in Westland forests, South Island, New Zealand . New Zealand Journal of Ecology , 24 : 31 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar