A review of the damage caused by invasive wild mammalian herbivores to primary production in New Zealand

References

• Ajzen I, Fishbein M. 1980. Understanding attitudes and predicting social behaviour. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice-Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Ando M, Yokota H, Shibata E. 2004. Why do sika deer, Cervus nippon, debark trees in summer on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan? Mammal Study. 29:73–83.
   Google Scholar
• Apollonio M, Andersen R, Putman RJ, editors. 2010. European ungulates and their management in the 21st century. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Arnold GW, Steven DE, Weeldenburg JR. 1989. The use of surrounding farmland by western gray kangaroos living in a remnant of Wandoo Woodland and their impact on crop production. Australian Wildlife Research. 16:85–93.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barker RD. 1986. An investigation into the accuracy of herbivore diet analysis. Australian Wildlife Research. 13:559–568.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow ND. 1987. Pastures, pests and productivity: simple grazing models with two herbivores. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 10:43–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batcheler CL. 1986. Thirty years of wild animal management. In: Levack H., editor. 1986 forestry handbook. Wellington: New Zealand Institute of Foresters; p. 7–11.
   Google Scholar
• Bell AC, Byrne PM, Watson S. 1998. The effect of rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) grazing damage on the growth and yield of winter cereals. Annals of Applied Biology. 133:431–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengsen AJ, Gentle MN, Mitchell JL, Pearson HE, Saunders GR. 2014. Impacts and management of wild pigs Sus scrofa in Australia. Mammal Review. 44:135–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blay G. 1989. Food preferences of the European hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas) on a fescue grassland. MSc thesis. Christchurch: Zoology Department, University of Canterbury.
   Google Scholar
• Bleier N, Kovács I, Schally G, Szemethy L, Csányi S. 2016. Spatial and temporal characteristics of the damage caused by wild ungulates in maize (Zea mays L.) crops. International Journal of Pest Management. 63:92–100.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bleier N, Lehoczki R, Újváry D, Szemethy L, Csányi S. 2012. Relationships between wild ungulates density and crop damage in Hungary. Acta Theriologica. 57:351–359.
   Google Scholar
• Butcher S. 2000. Impact of possums on primary production. In: Montague TL, editor. The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press; p. 105–110.
   Google Scholar
• Catt DC. 1975. Growth, reproduction and mortality in Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus fruticus) in South Canterbury, New Zealand. MSc thesis. Christchurch: University of Canterbury.
   Google Scholar
• Caughley G. 1983. The deer wars: the story of deer in New Zealand. Auckland: Heinemann.
   Google Scholar
• Caughley G. 1987. Ecological relationships. In: Caughley G, Shepherd N, Short J, editors. Kangaroos: their ecology and management in sheep rangelands of Australia. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press; p. 159–187.
   Google Scholar
• Cheal D. 1986. A park with a kangaroo problem. Oryx . 20:95–99.
   Google Scholar
• Choquenot D. 1998. Testing the relative influence of intrinsic and extrinsic variation in food availability on feral pig populations in Australia’s rangelands. Journal of Animal Ecology. 67:887–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choquenot D, Lukins B, Curran G. 1997. Assessing lamb predation by feral pigs in Australia’s semi-arid rangelands. Journal of Applied Ecology. 34:1445–1454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choquenot D, Parkes J. 2001. Setting thresholds for pest control: how does pest density affect resource viability? Biological Conservation. 99:29–46.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choquenot D, Warburton B. 2006. Modelling the cost-effectiveness of wallaby control in New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 33:77–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton R, Cowan P. 2010. Management of animal and plant pests in New Zealand – patterns of control and monitoring by regional agencies. Wildlife Research. 37:360–371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clout MN. 1977. The ecology of the possum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) in Pinus radiata plantations. PhD thesis. Auckland: University of Auckland.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman JD, Cooke MM. 2001. Mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife in New Zealand. Tuberculosis. 81:191–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman J, Livingstone P. 2000. Fewer possums: less bovine Tb. In: Montague TL, editor. The brushtail possum: biology, impact and management of an introduced marsupial. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press; p. 220–231.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman JD, Pech RP, Warburton B, Forsyth DM. 2006. Review of research into alternatives to the use of 1080 for management of browsing damage by mammals in Tasmania. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0506/144, Lincoln, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Coleman JD, Spurr EB. 2001. Farmer perceptions of bird damage and control in arable crops. New Zealand Plant Protection. 54:184–187.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke BD. 2014. Daily food intake of free-ranging wild rabbits in semiarid South Australia. Wildlife Research. 41:141–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke B, Chudleigh P, Simpson S, Saunders G. 2013. The economic benefits of the biological control of rabbits in Australia, 1950–2011. Australian Economic History Review. 53:91–107.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Côté SD, Rooney TP, Tremblay JP, Dussault C, Waller DM. 2004. Ecological impacts of deer overabundance. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 35:113–147.
   Google Scholar
• Cowan P. 2007. How many possums make a cow? New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 31:261–262.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowan PE. 2005. Brushtail possum. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 55–80.
   Google Scholar
• Crawley MJ. 1983. Herbivory: the dynamics of animal–plant interactions. Oxford, London, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Cummins RP, Miller GR. 1982. Damage by red deer (Cervus elaphus) enclosed in planted woodland. Scottish Forestry. 36:1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson MM. 1979. Movement of marked sika (Cervus nippon) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) in central North Island, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 9:77–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis NE, Bennett A, Forsyth DM, Bowman DMJS, Lefroy EC, Wood SW, Woolnough AP, West P, Hampton JO, Johnson CN. 2016. A systematic review of the impacts and management of deer (family Cervidae) in Australia. Wildlife Research. 43:515–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson TJ, Ellis BA. 1994. Diets of mammalian herbivores in Australian arid shrublands: seasonal effects on overlap between red kangaroos, sheep and rabbits and on dietary niche breadths and electivities. Journal of Arid Environments. 26:257–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dendy J, McKillop G, Fox S, Western G, Langton S. 2004. A field trial to assess the effects of rabbit grazing on spring barley. Annals of Applied Biology. 145:77–80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Preu N. 2006. Vegetation response to control of feral and native herbivores in specific areas of Flinders ranges NP. In: de Preu N, editor. Bounceback progress report. Adelaide, Australia: Department for Environment and Heritage; p. 133–150.
   Google Scholar
• Di Stefano J. 2004. The importance of ecological research for ecosystem management: the case of browsing by swamp wallabies (Wallabia bicolor) in commercially harvested native forests. Ecological Management and Restoration. 5:61–67.
   Google Scholar
• Dodd MB, Power IL, Porcile V, Upsdell M. 2006. A measurable effect of feral grazing on pasture accumulation rate. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 68:339–342.
   Google Scholar
• Douglas MJW. 1970. Movements of hares Lepus europaeus Pallas, in high country New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science. 13:287–305.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbein M, Ajzen I. 1975. Belief, attitude, intention and behaviour: an introduction to theory and research. Reading, Massachusetts, USA: Addison-Wesley.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzgerald AE. 1981. Some effects of the feeding habits of the possum Trichosurus vulpecula. In: Bell BD, editor. Proceedings of the first symposium on marsupials in New Zealand. Wellington: Zoology Publications from the Victoria University of Wellington No. 74; p. 41–49.
   Google Scholar
• Fleming PJS, Croft JD, Nicol HI. 2002. The impact of rabbits on a grazing system in eastern New South Wales. 2. sheep production. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 42:917–923.
   Google Scholar
• Flux JEC. 1967. Hare numbers and diet in an alpine basin in New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 14:27–33.
   Google Scholar
• Flux JEC. 2001. Evidence of self-limitation in wild vertebrate populations. Oikos. 92:555–557.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth DM, Parkes JP, Hickling GJ. 2000. A case for multi-species management of sympatric herbivore pest impacts in the central Southern Alps, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 24:97–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth DM, Scroggie MP, Arthur AD, Lindeman M, Ramsey DSL, McPhee SR, Bloomfield T, Stuart IG. 2015. Density-dependent effects of a widespread invasive herbivore on tree survival and biomass during reforestation. Ecosphere. 6:71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth DM, Wilmshurst JM, Allen RB, Coomes DA. 2010. Impacts of introduced deer and extinct moa on New Zealand ecosystems. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 34:48–65.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser KW, Cone JM, Whitford EJ. 2000. A revision of the established ranges and new populations of 11 introduced ungulate species in New Zealand. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 30:419–437.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentle M, Speed J, Marshall J. 2015. Consumption of crops by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a fragmented agricultural landscape. Australian Mammalogy. 37:194–200.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibb JA, Ward CP, Ward GD. 1978. Natural control of a population of rabbits, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), for ten years in the Kourarau enclosure. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin. 223.
   Google Scholar
• Gill RMA. 1992a. A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 2. Small Mammals. Forestry. 65:281–308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gill RMA. 1992b. A review of damage by mammals in north temperate forests: 3. Impact on Trees and Forests. Forestry. 65:363–388.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilmore DP. 1965. Food of the opossum Trichosurus vulpecula in pastoral areas of banks Peninsula, Canterbury. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 12:10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Glimp HA. 1988. Multi-species grazing and marketing. Rangelands. 10:275–278.
   Google Scholar
• Gong W, Sinden J, Braysher M, Jones R. 2009. The economic impacts of vertebrate pests in Australia. Canberra, Australia: Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre.
   Google Scholar
• Gooding CD. 1955. Rabbit damage to pastures. Journal of Agriculture Western Australia. 4:753–755.
   Google Scholar
• Green W, Rohan M. 2012. Opposition to aerial 1080 poisoning for control of invasive mammals in New Zealand: risk perceptions and agency responses. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 42:185–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hackwell K, Bertram K. 1999. Pests and weeds. Wellington: New Zealand Conservation Authority.
   Google Scholar
• Harrington GN. 1982. The feral goat. In: Holst PJ, editor. Goats for meat and fibre in Australia. Standing Committee on agriculture technical report series No. 11. Canberra, Australia: CSIRO; p. 3–73.
   Google Scholar
• Harvie A. 1973. Diet of the opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr) on farmland northeast of Waverley, New Zealand. Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society. 20:48–52.
   Google Scholar
• Hawke MF. 1991. Pasture production and animal performance under pine agroforestry in New Zealand. Forest Ecology and Management. 45:109–118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henzell RP. 1989. Proclaimed animal research in South Australia – cost benefits, future directions and related issues. Adelaide, Australia: Animal and Plant Control Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Hill GJE, Barnes A, Wilson GR. 1988. The use of wheat crops by grey kangaroos, Macropus giganteus, in southern Queensland. Australian Wildlife Research. 15:111–117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holloway CW. 1967. The effect of red deer and other animals on naturally regenerated Scots pine. PhD thesis. Aberdeen, UK: University of Aberdeen.
   Google Scholar
• Hone J. 2007. Wildlife damage control. Collingwood, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Hudson RJ, White RG. 1985. Bionergetics of wild herbivores. Boca Raton, Florida, USA: CRC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hunt LP, McIvor JG, Grice AC, Bray SG. 2014. Principles and guidelines for managing cattle grazing in the grazing lands of northern Australia: stocking rates, pasture resting, prescribed fire, paddock size and water points – a review. The Rangeland Journal. 36:105–119.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacometti MAA, Frampton C, Hickling GJ. 1997. Brushtail possum damage and abundance in a New Zealand Pinus radiata plantation. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science. 27:313–323.
   Google Scholar
• Jarvis P, Kelly J, Beckingsale B. 1993. Rabbit and land management programme: economic monitoring. Christchurch, New Zealand: Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Jennings S, Dawson J. 1998. Fencing eucalypt coupes for blackwood regeneration. Tasforests. 10:103–113.
   Google Scholar
• Kerr IGC, Costello EJ, Leathers KL. 1983. The economics of rabbit control in Central Otago: a preliminary analysis. Unpublished discussion paper, Centre for Resource Management, University of Canterbury and Lincoln College, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• King CM, editor. 2005. The handbook of New Zealand mammals, 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Knowles RL. 1991. New Zealand experience with silvopastoral systems: a review. Forest Ecology and Management. 45:251–267.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowlton JE, Panapa N. 1982. Dama wallaby survey, Okataina Scenic Reserve. Rotorua: New Zealand Forest Service.
   Google Scholar
• Kraus P. 1987. The use of vegetation by red deer as an indicator of their population density. Zeitschrift fur Jagdwissenschaft. 33:42–59.
   Google Scholar
• Landsberg J, Stol J. 1996. Spatial distribution of sheep, feral goats and kangaroos in woody rangeland paddocks. Australian Rangeland Journal. 18:270–291.
   Google Scholar
• Lanier L. 1976. Observations on feeding preferences of rabbits and damage caused to forest plantations. Revue Forestière Française. 28:177–184.
   Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Cradock-Henry N, Nugent G, Warburton B, Byrom A. 2012. Wild ungulate impacts and management in lowland sites in Southland Region. Landcare Research Contract Report LC1086, Lincoln, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Latham MC, Nugent G, Smith J, Warburton B. 2016. Refining operational practice for controlling introduced European rabbits on agricultural lands in New Zealand. PLoS ONE. 11(6):e0158078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Latham MC, Warburton B. 2019. Current and predicted future distributions of Bennett’s and dama wallabies in mainland New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 46:31–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Nugent G. 2017a. Flying beneath the radar: New Zealand’s ‘minor’ wild ungulates. Kararehe Kino Vertebrate Pest Research 30. www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/newsletters/kararehe-kino/kararehe-kino-issue-30.
   Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Nugent G. 2017b. Introduction, impacts, and management of non-native deer and other hunted ungulates in New Zealand. Journal of Japan Deer Studies. 8:41–57.
   Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Nugent G, Warburton B. 2012. Evaluation of camera traps for monitoring European rabbits before and after control operations in Otago, New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 39:621–628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latham ADM, Warburton B, Byrom AE, Pech RP. 2017. The ecology and management of mammal invasions in forests. Biological Invasions. 19:3121–3139.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh JH, Wood DH, Holgate MD, Slee AV, Stanger MG. 1989. Effects of rabbit and kangaroo grazing on two semi-arid grassland communities in central western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Botany. 37:375–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln College. 1972. Farm budget manual 1972. Lincoln, New Zealand: Lincoln College Department of Land Management and Rural Valuation.
   Google Scholar
• Lindeman MJ, Forsyth DM. 2008. Agricultural impacts of wild deer in Victoria. Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Technical Report Series No. 182. Heidelberg, Victoria: Department of Sustainability and Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Littin KE, Mellor DJ, Warburton B, Eason CT. 2004. Animal welfare and ethical issues relevant to the humane control of vertebrate pests. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 52:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lough RS. 2009. The current state of rabbit management in New Zealand: issues, options and recommendations for the future. Unpublished contract report. Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Biosecurity.
   Google Scholar
• Lush L, Ward AI, Wheeler P. 2017. Dietary niche partitioning between sympatric brown hares and rabbits. Journal of Zoology. 303:36–45.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macleod ND, Macintyre S. 1997. Stocking rate impacts on the production and economic performance of steers grazing black speargrass pastures. The Rangeland Journal. 19:174–189.
   Google Scholar
• Maeji I, Yokoyama S, Shibata E. 1999. Population density and range use of sika deer, Cervus nippon, on Mt. Ohdaigahara, central Japan. Journal of Forest Research. 4:235–239.
   Google Scholar
• Matthews PNP, Hodgson J, White JGH. 1999. Livestock farming systems in New Zealand. In: White J, Hodgson J, editors. New Zealand pasture and crop science. Auckland: Oxford University Press; p. 133–151.
   Google Scholar
• Mayer JJ, Nelson EA, Wike LD. 2000. Selective depredation of planted hardwood seedlings by wild pigs in a wetland restoration area. Ecological Engineering. 15(S1):S79–S85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlroy JC. 1989. Aspects of the ecology of feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in the Murchison area, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 12:11–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McIlroy JC. 2005. Feral pig. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 334–345.
   Google Scholar
• McNally J. 1955. Damage to Victorian exotic pine plantations by native animals. Australian Forestry. 19:87–99.
   Google Scholar
• Meat and Wool New Zealand. 2008. Goat monitoring project. Newsletter no. 1. http://max.nzfsa.govt.nz/sff/about-projects/search/04-059/why-consider-farming-goats.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Meijaard E, d’Huart JP, Oliver WLR. 2011. Family Suidae (pigs). In: Wilson DE, Mittermeier RA, editors. Handbook of the mammals of the world, Vol 2. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions; p. 248–291.
   Google Scholar
• Morris ST. 2013. Sheep and cattle production systems. In: Dymond JR, editor. Ecosystem services in New Zealand – conditions and trends. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press; p. 79–84.
   Google Scholar
• Mutze GJ. 1991. Long-term effects of warren ripping for rabbit control in semi-arid South Australia. Australian Rangelands Journal. 13:96–106.
   Google Scholar
• Mutze GJ. 2006. The effect of rabbit grazing on vegetation in the Moodlatana Valley of Flinders ranges national Park and Gum Creek Station. In: de Preu N, editor. Bounceback progress report 2006. Adelaide, Australia: Department for Environment and Heritage; p. 151–155.
   Google Scholar
• Mutze G, Cooke B, Jennings S. 2016. Density-dependent grazing impacts of introduced European rabbits and sympatric kangaroos on Australian native pastures. Biological Invasions. 18:2365–2376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mysterud A, Meisingset EL, Veiberg V, Langvatn R, Solberg EJ, Loe LE, Stenseth NC. 2007. Monitoring population size of red deer Cervus elaphus: an evaluation of two types of census data from Norway. Wildlife Biology. 13:285–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy KA. 1987. Field metabolic rate and food requirement scaling in mammals and birds. Ecological Monographs. 57:111–128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagy KA, Sanson GD, Jacobsen NK. 1990. Comparative field energetics of two macropod marsupials and a ruminant. Australian Wildlife Research. 17:591–599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbury G. 2001. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: lagomorphs. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 31:83–97.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbury G, Flux JEC. 2005. Brown hare. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 151–158.
   Google Scholar
• Norbury G, Heyward R, Parkes J. 2002. Short-term ecological effects of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in the short-tussock grasslands of the South Island, New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 29:599–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbury DC, Norbury GL. 1996. Short-term effects of rabbit grazing on a degraded short-tussock grassland in Central Otago. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 20:285–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbury GL, Norbury DC, Hacker RB. 1993. Impact of red kangaroos on the pasture layer in the western Australian arid zone. The Rangeland Journal. 15:12–23.
   Google Scholar
• Norbury GL, Pech RP, Byrom AE, Innes J. 2015. Density–impact functions for terrestrial vertebrate pests and indigenous biota: guidelines for conservation managers. Biological Conservation. 191:409–420.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norbury GL, Reddiex B. 2005. European rabbit. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 131–150.
   Google Scholar
• NPCA. 2012. Pest rabbits: monitoring and control good practice guidelines. Wellington: National Pest Control Agencies. www.npca.org.nz/images/stories/NPCA/PDF/a5%20rabbits%202012-11.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• NPCA. 2015. Pest hares: monitoring and control. Wellington: National Pest Control Agencies. http://www.npca.org.nz/images/stories/NPCA/PDF/a7_pest%20hares_2015-nov_lr.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Nugent G. 2005. Red deer. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 401–420.
   Google Scholar
• Nugent G, Fraser KW. 1993. Pests or valued resources? Conflicts in management of deer. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 20:361–366.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent G, Gortazar C, Knowles G. 2015. The epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in wild deer and feral pigs and their roles in the establishment and spread of bovine tuberculosis in New Zealand wildlife. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 63(Suppl. 1):54–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nugent G, Twigg LE, Warburton B, McGlinchy A, Fisher P, Gormley AM, Parkes JP. 2012. Why 0.02%? A review of the basis for current practice in aerial 1080 baiting for rabbits in New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 39:89–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker WJ. 1998. Standardisation between livestock classes: the use and misuse of the stock unit system. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 60:243–248.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP. 1995. Rabbits as pests in New Zealand: a summary of the issues and critical information. Landcare Research Contract Report LC9495/141. Lincoln, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP. 2001. Methods to monitor the density and impact of hares (Lepus europaeus) in grasslands in New Zealand. DOC Science Internal series 8. Wellington: Department of Conservation.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP. 2005. Feral goat. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 374–392.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP, Glentworth B, Sullivan G. 2008. Changes in immunity to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus, and in abundance and rates of increase of wild rabbits in Mackenzie Basin, New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 35:775–779.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkes J, Henzell R, Pickles G. 1996. Managing vertebrate pests: feral goats. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Services.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP, Latham ADM, Forsyth DM, Stamation K, Latham MC, Cowan P, Fahey B. 2017. Framework for managing introduced large herbivores on Parks Victoria estate. Unpublished Contract Report, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Heidelberg, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Parkes JP, Norbury GL, Sullivan G, Heyward RP. 2002. Epidemiology of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) in the South Island, New Zealand, 1997–2001. Wildlife Research. 29:543–555.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parminter TG, Wilson JA. 2003. Strategies to encourage adoption: a case study of New Zealand farmers and their possum control practices. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 63:66–68.
   Google Scholar
• Pavlov PM, Hone J. 1982. The behaviour of feral pigs, Sus scrofa, in flocks of lambing ewes. Australian Wildlife Research. 9:101–109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perham AN. 1922. Deer in New Zealand. Report on the damage done by deer in the forests and plantations of New Zealand. Appendix to Journals, New Zealand House of Representatives, C-3A, Wellington, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Perry ME, Robertson AW. 2012. Cleared and uncleared pellet plots as indices of brown hare density. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 36:157–163.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettorelli N, Côté SD, Ginras A, Potvin F, Huot J. 2007. Aerial surveys vs hunting statistics to monitor deer density: the example of Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada. Wildlife Biology. 13:321–327.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimental D, Zuniga R, Morrison D. 2005. Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecological Economics. 52:273–288.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins HHT. 1992. The pastoral road to extinction – competition between wildlife and traditional pastoralism in East Africa. Environmental Conservation. 19:117–123.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prins HHT. 2000. Competition between wildlife and livestock in Africa. In: Prins HHT, Grootenhuis JG, Dolan TT, editors. Wildlife conservation by sustainable use. Boston, USA: Kluwer Academic Publishers; p. 5–80.
   Google Scholar
• Putman RJ, Edwards PJ, Mann JEE, Howe RC, Hill SD. 1989. Vegetational and faunal change in an area of heavily grazed woodland following relief from grazing. Biological Conservation. 47:13–32.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putman RJ, Kjellander P. 2003. Deer damage to cereals: economic significance and predisposing factors. In: Tattersall F, Manly W, editors. Conservation and conflict – mammals and farming in Britain. London, UK: Linnean Society Occasional Publications; p. 186–197.
   Google Scholar
• Putman R, Langbein J, Green P, Watson P. 2011. Identifying threshold densities for wild deer in the UK above which negative impacts may occur. Mammal Review. 41:175–196.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putman RJ, Moore NP. 1998. Impact of deer in lowland Britain on agriculture, forestry and conservation habitats. Mammal Review. 28:141–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quinn J. 1968. Opossums deplete Wanganui pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agriculture. 117:17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Ramirez JI, Jansen PA, Poorter L. 2018. Effects of wild ungulates on the regeneration, structure and functioning of temperate forests: a semi-quantitative review. Forest Ecology and Management. 424:406–419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner E. 2010. The functional responses of European rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on improved and semi-improved pastures in the semi-arid grasslands of central Otago, New Zealand. MSc thesis. Dunedin, New Zealand: University of Otago.
   Google Scholar
• Rodríguez-Estévez V, García A, Peña F, Gómez AG. 2008. Foraging of Iberian fattening pigs grazing natural pasture in the dehesa. Livestock Science. 120:135–143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers GM, Leathwick JE. 1997. Factors predisposing forest to canopy collapse in the southern Ruahine range, New Zealand. Biological Conservation. 80:325–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowley I. 1963a. Bait materials for poisoning rabbits. I. studies on the acceptance of bait materials by caged rabbits. CSIRO Wildlife Research. 8:56–61.
   Google Scholar
• Rowley I. 1963b. Bait materials for poisoning rabbits. II. A field study on the acceptance of carrots and oats by wild populations of rabbits. CSIRO Wildlife Research. 8:62–77.
   Google Scholar
• Rutter SM, Langbein J. 2005. Quantifying the damage wild deer cause to agricultural crops and pastures. unpublished contract report VC0327 for the Department of environment. London, UK: Food and Rural Affairs.
   Google Scholar
• Sadleir RMF, Warburton B. 2001. Advances in New Zealand mammalogy 1990–2000: wallabies. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 31:7–14.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scroggie MP, Parkes JP, Norbury G, Reddiex B, Heyward R. 2012. Lagomorph and sheep effects on vegetation growth on dry and mesic grasslands in Otago, New Zealand. Wildlife Research. 39:721–730.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seward NW, VerCauteren KC, Witmer GW, Engeman RM. 2004. Feral swine impacts on agriculture and the environment. Sheep and Goat Research Journal. 19:34–40.
   Google Scholar
• Short J. 1985. The functional response of kangaroos, sheep and rabbits in an arid grazing system. Journal of Applied Ecology. 22:435–447.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simberloff D, Relva MA, Nuñez M. 2003. Introduced species and management of a Nothofagus/austrocedrus forest. Environmental Management. 31:263–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith RW, Statham M, Norton TW, Rawnsley RP, Statham HL, Gracie AJ, Donaghy DJ. 2012. Effects of wildlife grazing on the production, ground cover and plant species composition of an established perennial pasture in the Midlands region, Tasmania. Wildlife Research. 39:123–136.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Springthorpe GD, Myhill NE, editors. 1985. Forestry rangers handbook. Edinburgh, UK, Forestry Commission, Handbook 10.
   Google Scholar
• Spurr EB, Coleman JD. 2005. Review of Canada goose population trends, damage, and control in New Zealand. Landcare research Science series No. 30. Lincoln, New Zealand: Manaaki Whenua Press.
   Google Scholar
• Spurr EB, Jolly JN. 1981. Damage by possums Trichosurus vulpecula to farm crops and pasture. In: Bell BD ed. Proceedings of the first symposium on marsupials in New Zealand. Zoology Publications from the Victoria University of Wellington No. 74. pp. 197–203.
   Google Scholar
• Stafford KJ. 1997. The diet and trace element status of sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) in Manawatu district, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 24:267–271.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham M. 1994. Electric fencing for the control of wallaby movement. Wildlife Research. 21:697–707.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statham M. 2000. Demonstration of the economic benefits to grazing from effective wallaby control. Unpublished Contract Report. Launceston, Australia: Tasmanian Institute of Agricultural Research.
   Google Scholar
• Stehle K. 1986. Silviculture and roe deer: a successful synthesis on a private estate. Allgemeine Forstzeitschrift. 49:1224–1227.
   Google Scholar
• Stenseth NC, Leirs H, Skonhoft A, Davis SA, Pech RP, Andreassen HP, Singleton GR, Lima M, Machang’u RS, Makundi RH, et al. 2003. Mice, rats, and people: the bio-economics of agricultural rodent pests. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 1:367–375.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trdan S, Vidrih M. 2008. Quantifying the damage of red deer (Cervus elaphus) grazing on grassland production in southeastern Slovenia. European Journal of Wildlife Research. 54:138–141.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tremblay J-P, Hester A, Huot J. 2004. Choice and development of decision support tools for the sustainable management of deer–forest systems. Forest Ecology and Management. 191:1–16.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veblen TT, Stewart GH. 1982. The effects of introduced wild animals on New Zealand forests. Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 72:372–397.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voeten MM, Prins HHT. 1999. Resource partitioning between sympatric wild and domestic herbivores in the Tarangire region of Tanzania. Oecologia. 120:287–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton B. 1978. Foods of the Australian brush-tailed opossum (Trichosurus vulpecula) in an exotic forest. New Zealand Journal of Ecology. 1:126–131.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton B. 1986. Wallabies in New Zealand: history, current status, research, and management needs. Christchurch, New Zealand: Forest Research Institute Bulletin 114.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton B. 2005a. Bennett’s wallaby. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 39–45.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton B. 2005b. Dama wallaby. In: King CM, editor. The handbook of New Zealand mammals. 2nd ed. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press; p. 32–39.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton B, Frampton C. 1991. Bennett’s wallaby control in South Canterbury. Unpublished Forest Research Institute Contract Report FWE 91/59. Christchurch, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Warburton B, Livingstone P. 2015. Managing and eradicating wildlife tuberculosis in New Zealand. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 63(Suppl. 1):77–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warburton B, Norton BG. 2009. Towards a knowledge-based ethic for lethal control of nuisance wildlife. Journal of Wildlife Management. 73:158–164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward AI, White PCL, Walker NJ, Critchley CH. 2008. Conifer leader browsing by roe deer in English upland forests: effects of deer density and understorey vegetation. Forest Ecology and Management. 256:1333–1338.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardle DA, Barker GM, Yeates GW, Bonner KI, Ghani A. 2001. Introduced browsing mammals in New Zealand natural forests: aboveground and belowground consequences. Ecological Monographs. 71:587–614.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheeler SH, Nicholas DA. 1987. Quantitative effects of rabbits on crop and pasture and the economics of control. In: Working Papers of the 8th Australian Vertebrate Pest Control Conference, Coolangatta, Australia. pp. 28–32.
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson GR, Neilsen WA. 1995. Implications of early browsing damage on the long term productivity of eucalypt forests. Forest Ecology and Management. 74:117–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wodzicki K. 1950. Introduced mammals of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin. 98:255.
   Google Scholar
• Wong V, Hickling GJ. 1999. Assessment and management of hare impact on high-altitude vegetation. Science for Conservation. 116:1–40.
   Google Scholar
• Wood GW, Brenneman RE. 1977. Research and management of wild hogs on Hobcaw Barony. In: Wood GW ed. Research and management of wild hog populations. Georgetown, South Carolina, USA, Belle W. Baruch Forest Science Institute of Clemson University. pp. 23–36.
   Google Scholar
• Wright S. 2017. The impact of dama wallaby (Macropus eugenii) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) on forest understorey in the Lake Okataina Scenic Reserve – 2017 update. Wellington, New Zealand: Department of Conservation Report DOC-3223478.
   Google Scholar
• Young TP, Palmer TM, Gadd ME. 2005. Competition and compensation among cattle, zebras, and elephants in a semi-arid savanna in Laikipia, Kenya. Biological Conservation. 122:351–359.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar