Inclusion evolution after calcium addition in Ti-bearing Al-kill steel

References

• H. Y. Liu, H. L. Wang, L. Li, J. Q. Zheng, Y. H. Li and X. Y. Zeng: ‘Investigation of Ti inclusions in wire cord steel’, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2011, 38, (1), 53–58. doi: 10.1179/030192310X12706364542588
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Liu, L. Chen, H. Bi and X. Che: ‘Effect of Mo on high-temperature fatigue behavior of 15CrNbTi ferritic stainless steel’, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2014, 27, (3), 452–456. doi: 10.1007/s40195-014-0064-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. Zhang, Y. Cao, G. Jiang and H. Di: ‘Effect of annealing temperature on the precipitation behavior and texture evolution in a warm-rolled P-containing interstitial-free high strength steel’, Acta Metall. Sin. (Engl. Lett.), 2014, 27, (3), 395–400. doi: 10.1007/s40195-014-0072-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. S. Kim, C.-H. Chang and H.-G. Lee: ‘Evolution of inclusions and resultant microstructural change with Mg addition in Mn/Si/Ti deoxidized steels’, Scr. Mater., 2005, 53, (11), 1253–1258. doi: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2005.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, R. Misra, M. Shi, P. Zhang, Z. Wang, F. Zhu and G. Wang: ‘Transformation behavior of a Ti–Zr deoxidized steel: Microstructure and toughness of simulated coarse grain heat affected zone’, Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2014, 594, 218–228. doi: 10.1016/j.msea.2013.11.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nakai, A. Yudate, S. Kobayashi, M. Hamada and Y. Komizo: ‘Effects of Ti-based oxide inclusions on formation of intragranular ferrite in steel’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 2004, 90, (3), 141–145. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.90.3_141
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kiviö, L. Holappa and T. Iung: ‘Addition of dispersoid titanium oxide inclusions in steel and their influence on grain refinement’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, 41, (6), 1194–1204. doi: 10.1007/s11663-010-9416-y
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kiviö and L. Holappa: ‘Addition of titanium oxide inclusions into liquid steel to control nonmetallic inclusions’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2012, 43, (2), 233–240. doi: 10.1007/s11663-011-9603-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, N. Verma, Y. Kwon, W. Tiekink, N. Kikuchi and S. Sridhar: ‘A study on the transient inclusion evolution during reoxidation of a Fe-Al-Ti-O melt’, ISIJ Int., 2011, 51, (3), 375–381. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.375
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, N. T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: ‘Transient behavior of inclusion chemistry, shape, and structure in Fe-Al-Ti-O melts: Effect of titanium/aluminum ratio’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2009, 40, (5), 1022–1034. doi: 10.1007/s11663-009-9290-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, N. T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: ‘Transient behavior of inclusion chemistry, shape, and structure in Fe-Al-Ti-O melts: Effect of titanium source and laboratory deoxidation simulation’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2009, 40, (5), 1005–1021. doi: 10.1007/s11663-009-9267-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.-A. Van Ende, M. Guo, R. Dekkers, M. Burty, J. Van dyck, P. Jones, B. Blanpain and P. Wollants: ‘Formation and evolution of Al-Ti oxide inclusions during secondary steel refining’, ISIJ Int., 2009, 49, (8), 1133–1140. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.49.1133
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Zhang, C. Liu and M. Jiang: ‘Effect of Mg on behavior and particle size of inclusions in Al-Ti deoxidized molten’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2016, 47, (4), 2253–2262. doi: 10.1007/s11663-016-0706-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Ruby-Meyer, J. Lehmann and H. Gaye: ‘Thermodynamic analysis of inclusions in Ti-deoxidised steels’, Scand. J. Metall., 2000, 29, (5), 206–212. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0692.2000.d01-24.x
   Google Scholar
• I. H. Jung, G. Eriksson, P. Wu and A. Pelton: ‘Thermodynamic modeling of the Al2O3-Ti2O3-TiO2 system and its applications to the Fe-Al-Ti-O inclusion diagram’, ISIJ Int., 2009, 49, (9), 1290–1297. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.49.1290
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Matsuura, C. Wang, G. Wen and S. Sridhar: ‘The transient stages of inclusion evolution during Al and/or Ti additions to molten iron’, ISIJ Int., 2007, 47, (9), 1265–1274. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.47.1265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Zinngrebe, C. Van Hoek, H. Visser, A. Westendorp and I.-H. Jung: ‘Inclusion population evolution in Ti-alloyed Al-killed steel during secondary steelmaking process’, ISIJ Int., 2012, 52, (1), 52–61. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.52.52
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M.-D. Seo, J.-W. Cho, K.-C. Kim and S.-H. Kim: ‘Evolution of non-metallic inclusions in ultra low carbon steel after aluminum deoxidization’, ISIJ Int., 2014, 54, (3), 475–481. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Wu, W. Zheng, G. Li, H. Matsuura and F. Tsukihashi: ‘Effect of inclusions' behavior on the microstructure in Al-Ti deoxidized and magnesium-treated steel with different aluminum contents’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2015, 46, (6), 1226–1241. doi: 10.1007/s11663-015-0311-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Wang, N. T. Nuhfer and S. Sridhar: ‘Transient behavior of inclusion chemistry, shape, and structure in Fe-Al-Ti-O melts: Effect of gradual increase in Ti’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, 41, (10), 1084–1094. doi: 10.1007/s11663-010-9397-x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Wang, M. Jiang, H. Matsuura and F. Tsukihashi: ‘Dynamic evolution of inclusions in Ti-bearing Al-deoxidized molten irons at 1873 K’, Steel Res. Int., 2014, 85, (1), 16–25. doi: 10.1002/srin.201300013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Itoh and M. Hino: ‘Assessment of Al deoxidation equilibrium in liquid iron’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1997, 83, (12), 773–778. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.83.12_773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Zhang and B. G. Thomas: ‘State of the art in evaluation and control of steel cleanliness’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, (3), 271–291. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.271
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. H. Park and H. Todoroki: ‘Control of MgO Al2O3 Spinel Inclusions in stainless steels’, ISIJ Int., 2010, 50, (10), 1333–1346. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.50.1333
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• I. H. Jung: ‘Overview of the applications of thermodynamic databases to steelmaking processes’, Calphad, 2010, 34, (3), 332–362. doi: 10.1016/j.calphad.2010.06.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Taguchi, H. Ono-nakazato, T. Usui, K. Marukawa, K. Katogi and H. Kpsaka: ‘Complex deoxidation equilibria of molten iron by aluminum and calcium’, ISIJ Int., 2005, 45, (11), 1572–1576. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.45.1572
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Kurayasu, T. Takayama, S. Hinotani and Y. Shirota: ‘Phase analysis of Ca-containing inclusions in Ca-treated steels’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1996, 82, (12), 1017–1022. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.82.12_1017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Herrera, F. Castro, M. Castro, M. Méndez, H. Solís, A. Castellá and M. Barbaro: ‘Modification of Al2O3 inclusions in medium carbon aluminium killed steels by AlCaFe additions’, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2006, 33, (1), 45–51. doi: 10.1179/174328106X80000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. Blah, G. L’ Espérance, H. LeHuy and C. Forget: ‘Development of an integrated method for fully characterizing multiphase inclusions and its application to calcium-treated steels’, Mater. Charact., 1997, 38, (1), 25–37. doi: 10.1016/S1044-5803(96)00153-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. Holappa, M. Hämäläinen, M. Liukkonen and M. Lind: ‘Thermodynamic examination of inclusion modification and precipitation from calcium treatment to solidified steel’, Ironmak. Steelmak., 2003, 30, (2), 111–115. doi: 10.1179/030192303225001748
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Lind and L. Holappa: ‘Transformation of alumina inclusions by calcium treatment’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, 41, (4), 359–366. doi: 10.1007/s11663-009-9337-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Zhang, Y. Min, C. Liu and M. Jiang: ‘Effect of Mg addition on the evolution of inclusions in Al–Ca deoxidized melts’, ISIJ Int., 2015, 55, (8), 1541–1548. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.ISIJINT-2014-691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C.-W. Seo, S.-H. Kim, S.-K. Jo, M.-O. Suk and S.-M. Byun: ‘Modification and minimization of spinel (Al2O3·xMgO) inclusions formed in Ti-added steel melts’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2010, 41, (8), 790–797. doi: 10.1007/s11663-010-9377-1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Zheng, Z. Wu, G. Li, Z. Zhang and C. Zhu: ‘Effect of Al content on the characteristics of inclusions in Al–Ti complex deoxidized steel with calcium treatment’, ISIJ Int., 2014, 54, (8), 1755–1764. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.54.1755
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Mizoguchi and Y. Ueshima: ‘Determination of the Ti2O3-CaO-Al2O3 phase diagram at steelmaking Temperature’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 2005, 91, (4), 376–382. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.91.4_376
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K.-H. Kim, K.-H. Do, W.-J. Choi, S.-B. Lee, D.-S. Kim and J.-J. Pak: ‘Inclusion modification by Al deoxidation and Ca treatment in Ti containing 18%Cr stainless steel melts’, Korean J. Met. Mater., 2013, 51, (2), 113–118. doi: 10.3365/KJMM.2013.51.2.113
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Zheng and W. Chen: ‘Formation of CaO·TiO2-MgO·Al2O3 dual phase inclusion in Ti stabilized stainless steel’, J. Univ. Sci. Technol. B, 2006, 13, (1), 16–20. doi: 10.1016/S1005-8850(06)60006-6
   Google Scholar
• J.-J. Pak, J.-O. Jo, S.-I. Kim, W.-Y. Kim, T.-I. Chung, S.-M. Seo, J.-H. Park and D.-S. Kim: ‘Thermodynamics of titanium and oxygen dissolved in liquid iron equilibrated with titanium oxides’, ISIJ Int., 2007, 47, (1), 16–24. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.47.16
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W.-Y. Cha, T. Miki, Y. Sasaki and M. Hino: ‘Identification of titanium oxide phases equilibrated with liquid Fe-Ti alloy based on EBSD analysis’, ISIJ Int., 2006, 46, (7), 987–995. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.46.987
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W.-Y. Cha, T. Nagasaka, T. Miki, Y. Sasaki and M. Hino: ‘Equilibrium between titanium and oxygen in liquid Fe-Ti alloy coexisted with titanium oxides at 1873 K’, ISIJ Int., 2006, 46, (7), 996–1005. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.46.996
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-H. Seok, T. Miki and M. Hino: ‘Equilibrium between Ti and O in Molten Fe-Ni, Fe-Cr and Fe-Cr-Ni Alloys Equilibrated with ‘Ti3O5’ Solid Solution’, ISIJ Int., 2011, 51, (4), 566–572. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.51.566
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Itoh, M. Hino and S. Ban-ya: ‘Deoxidation equilibrium of calcium in liquid iron’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1997, 83, (11), 695–700. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.83.11_695
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• T. Hong and T. Debroy: ‘Time-temperature-transformation diagrams for the growth and dissolution of inclusions in liquid steels’, Scr. Mater., 2001, 44, (5), 847–852. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(00)00675-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W.-Y. Cha, T. Miki, Y. Sasaki and M. Hino: ‘Temperature dependence of Ti deoxidation equilibria of liquid iron in coexistence with ‘Ti3O5’ and Ti2O3’, ISIJ Int., 2008, 48, (6), 729–738. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.48.729
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Nagata, J. Tanabe and K. S. Goto: ‘Standard free energies of formation of CaO-Al2O3 intermediate compounds by means of EMF measurement of galvanic cells’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1989, 75, (11), 2023–2030. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.75.11_2023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Yang, L. Zhang, X. Wang, Y. Ren, X. Liu and Q. Shan: ‘Characteristics of inclusions in low carbon Al-killed steel during ladle furnace refining and calcium treatment’, ISIJ Int., 2013, 53, (8), 1401–1410. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.53.1401
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science: ‘Steelmaking data sourcebook’, Montreux, Gordon and Breach Science Publishers, 1988.
   Google Scholar
• J. Chen: ‘Handbook of data on steelmaking’, 2nd ed., Beijing, Metallurgical Industry Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• S. W. Cho and H. Suito: ‘Assessment of Aluminum-Oxygen equilibrium in liquid iron and activities in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 slags’, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, (2), 177–185. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.34.177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Taguchi, H. Ono-nakazato, D. Nakai, T. Usui and K. Marukawa: ‘Deoxidation and desulfurization equilibria of liquid iron by calcium’, ISIJ Int., 2003, 43, (11), 1705–1709. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.43.1705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Itoh, M. Hino and S. Ban-Ya: ‘Thermodynamics on the formation of spinel nonmetallic inclusion in liquid steel’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1997, 28B, (5), 953–956. doi: 10.1007/s11663-997-0023-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. Ishii and S. Ban-ya: ‘Thermodynamics of the deoxidation equilibrium of aluminum in liquid nickel and Nickel-Iron alloys’, ISIJ Int., 1996, 36, (1), 25–31. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.36.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S.-K. Jo, S.-H. Kim and B. Song: ‘Thermodynamics on the formation of spinel (MgO·Al2O3) inclusion in liquid iron containing chromium’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 2002, 33, (5), 703–709. doi: 10.1007/s11663-002-0023-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Higuchi and M. Numata: ‘Effect of method of Ca treatment on composition and shape of non-metallic inclusions’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1996, 82, (8), 671–676. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.82.8_671
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Itoh and M. Hino: ‘Thermodynamics on the formation of non-metallic inclusion of spinel (MgO·Al2O3) in liquid steel’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1998, 84, (2), 85–90. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.84.2_85
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Z. Ma and D. Janke: ‘Characteristics of oxide precipitation and growth during solidification of deoxidized steel’, ISIJ Int., 1998, 38, (1), 46–52. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.38.46
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. W. Cho and H. Suito: ‘Assessment of calcium-oxygen equilibrium in liquid iron’, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, (3), 265–269. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.34.265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Kishi, R. Inoue and H. Suito: ‘Thermodynamics of oxygen and nitrogen in liquid Fe-20 mass% Cr alloy equilibrated with titania-based slags’, ISIJ Int., 1994, 34, (11), 859–867. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.34.859
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Ohta and K. Morita: ‘Thermodynamics of the Al2O3-SiO2-TiOX oxide system at 1873 K’, ISIJ Int., 2002, 42, (5), 474–481. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.42.474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Ohta and H. Suito: ‘Activities in CaO-MgO-Al2O3 slags and deoxidation equilibria of Al, Mg, and Ca’, ISIJ Int., 1996, 36, (8), 983–990. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.36.983
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Satoh, T. Taniguchi, S. Mishima, T. Oka, T. Miki and M. Hino: ‘Prediction of nonmetallic inclusion formation in Fe-40mass% Ni-5mass% Cr alloy production process’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 2009, 95, (12), 827–836. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane.95.827
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Ohta and K. Morita: ‘Thermodynamics of the MnO-Al2O3-TiO2 system’, ISIJ Int., 1999, 39, (12), 1231–1238. doi: 10.2355/isijinternational.39.1231
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Y. Morioka, K. Morita, F. Tsukihashi and N. Sano: ‘Equilibria between molten steels and inclusions during deoxidation by titanium-manganese alloy’, Tetsu-to-Hagané, 1995, 81, (1), 40–45. doi: 10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.81.1_40
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. Karasev and H. Suito: ‘Analysis of size distributions of primary oxide inclusions in Fe-10 mass Pct Ni-M (M=Si, Ti, Al, Zr, and Ce) alloy’, Metall. Mater. Trans. B, 1999, 30, (4), 149–157.
   Google Scholar