Behaviour of oxide inclusions and sulphur in ‘two-stage basicity control’ refining method of Si-killed spring steel

Reference

• Lyu S, Ma X, Huang Z, et al. Inclusion characterization and formation mechanisms in spring steel deoxidized by silicon. Metall Mater Trans B. 2019;50(2):732–747.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai X, Bao Y, Lin L, et al. Effect of Al content on the evolution of non-metallic inclusions in Si–Mn deoxidized steel. Steel Res Int. 2016;87(9):1168–1178.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClaflin D, Fatemi A. Torsional deformation and fatigue of hardened steel including mean stress and stress gradient effects. Int J Fatigue. 2004;26(7):773–784.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrahi GH, Lebrijn JL, Couratin D. Effect of shot peening on residual stress and fatigue life of a spring steel. Fatigue Fract Eng M. 1995;18(2):211–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang QY, Berard JY, Rathery S, et al. Technical note high-cycle fatigue crack initiation and propagation behaviour of high-strength sprin steel wires. Fatigue Fract Eng M. 1999;22(8):673–677.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pyttel B, Schwerdt D, Berger C. Very high cycle fatigue – is there a fatigue limit? Int J Fatigue. 2011;33(1):49–58.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Chen WQ, Han HB, et al. Influence of calcium treatment on cleanness and fatigue life of 60Si2MnA spring steel. Ironmak Steelmak. 2017;44(1):28–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canale LC, Penha RN, Totten GE, et al. Overview of factors contributing to steel spring performance and failure. Int J Microstruct Mater Prop. 2007;2(3–4):262–309.
   Google Scholar
• Podgornik B, Torkar M, Burja J, et al. Improving properties of spring steel through nano-particles alloying. Mat Sci Eng A-Struct. 2015;638:183–189.
   Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Zhang W, Tong Q, et al. Effects of temperature and oxygen concentration on the characteristics of decarburization of 55SiCr spring steel. ISIJ Int. 2014;54(8):1920–1926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang ZG, Zhang JM, Li SX, et al. On the critical inclusion size of high strength steels under ultra-high cycle fatigue. Mater Sci Eng A. 2006;427(1–2):167–174.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JM, Li SX, Yang ZG, et al. Influence of inclusion size on fatigue behavior of high strength steels in the gigacycle fatigue regime. Int J Fatigue. 2007;29(4):765–771.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami Y, Kodama S, Konuma S. Quantitative evaluation of effects of non-metallic inclusions on fatigue strength of high strength steels. I: basic fatigue mechanism and evaluation of correlation between the fatigue fracture stress and the size and location of non-metallic inclusions. Int J Fatigue. 1989;11(5):291–298.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akiniwa Y, Stanzl-Tschegg S, Mayer H, et al. Fatigue strength of spring steel under axial and torsional loading in the very high cycle regime. Int J Fatigue. 2008;30(12):2057–2063.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakami Y. Effects of small defects and nonmetallic inclusions on the fatigue strength of metals. JSME Int J Ser I. 1989;32(2):167–180.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murakam Y, Nomoto T, Ueda T. Factors influencing the mechanism of superlong fatigue failure in steels. Fatigue Fract Eng M. 1999;22(7):581–590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CW, Coles SG. The largest inclusions in a piece of steel. Extremes (Boston). 2002;5(3):237–252.
   Google Scholar
• Larsson M, Melander A, Nordgren A. Effect of inclusions on fatigue behaviour of hardened spring steel. Mater Sci Tech-Lond. 1993;9(3):235–245.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HL, Wu XL, Ye JS, et al. Control of sulphur for spring steel killed by Si - Mn and with low basicity slag. Ironmak Steelmak. 2018;45(4):386–392.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen C, Jiang Z, Li Y, et al. State of the Art in the control of inclusions in Tire Cord steels and Saw wire steels - A Review. Steel Res Int. 2019;90(8):1800547.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malkiewicz T, Rudnik S. Deformation of non-metallic inclusions during rolling of steel. Tetsu Hagane. 1963;201(1):33–38.
   Google Scholar
• Xue Z, Li Z, Zhang J, et al. Theory and practice of oxide inclusion composition and morphology control in spring steel production. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2003;10(2):38–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawahara J, Tanabe K, Banno T, et al. Advance of valve spring steel. Wire J Int. 1992;25(11):55–61.
   Google Scholar
• Bertrand C, Molinero J, Landa S, et al. Metallurgy of plastic inclusions to improve fatigue life of engineering steels. Ironmak Steelmak. 2003;30(2):165–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernard G, Riboud PV, Urbain G. Investigation of the plasticity of oxide inclusions. Revue Metall-Paris. 1981;78(5):421–433.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang LF. Several important scientific research points of non-metallic inclusions in steel. Steelmaking. 2016;32(4):1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Steneholm K, Andersson N, Tilliander A, et al. The role of process control on the steel cleanliness. Ironmak Steelmak. 2018;45(2):114–124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ren Y, Zhang L. Thermodynamic model for prediction of slag-steel-inclusion reactions of 304 stainless steels. ISIJ Int. 2017;57(1):68–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guo C, Ling H, Zhang L, et al. Effect of slag basicity adjusting on inclusions in tire cord steels during ladle furnace refining process. Metall Res Technol. 2017;114(6):602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu HX, Wang X, Wang M, et al. Desulfurization ability of refining slag with medium basicity. Int J Min Met Mater. 2014;21(12):1160–1166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ying W, Xinhua W, Hongxia Z, et al. Sulphide capacity calculation and desulphurization analysis of ultra-low oxygen spring steel. J Univ Sci Technol B. 2008;30(9):986–992.
   Google Scholar
• Tang H, Wang Y, Wu G, et al. Inclusion evolution in 50CrVA spring steel by optimization of refining slag. J Iron Steel Res Int. 2017;24(9):879–887.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HL, Ye JS, Wu XL, et al. Effect of top slag with low basicity on transformation control of inclusions in spring steel deoxidized by Si and Mn. ISIJ Int. 2016;56(1):108–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang P, Meng QM, Long HM, et al. Influence of basicity and MgO on fluidity and desulfurization ability of high aluminum slag. Temp Mat Pr-Isr. 2016;35(7):669–675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban-Ya S, Hobo M, Kaji T, et al. Sulphide capacity and sulphur solubility in CaO-Al2O3 and CaO-Al2O3-CaF2 slags. ISIJ Int. 2004;44(11):1810–1816.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersson MAT, Jonsson PG, Nzotta MM. Application of the sulphide capacity concept on high-basicity ladle slags used in bearing-steel production. ISIJ Int. 1999;39(11):1140–1149.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suito H, Inoue R. Thermodynamics on control of inclusions composition in ultraclean steels. ISIJ Int. 1996;36(5):528–536.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohta H, Suito H. Activities in CaO-SiO2-Al2O3 slags and deoxidation equilibria of Si and Al. Metall Mater Trans B. 1996;27(6):943–953.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L, Wang X, Zhang J. Research of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 inclusion composition control with basicity slag for high carbon steel. Iron and Steel. 2004;39(1):21–23.
   Google Scholar
• Li J, Cheng G, Li L, et al. Formation mechanism of oxide inclusions in Cr–Mn–Ni Stainless steel. ISIJ Int. 2019;59(11):2005–2012.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Kang Y. Effect of ferrosilicon addition on the composition of inclusions in 16Cr-14Ni-Si stainless steel melts. Metall Mater Trans B. 2006;37(5):791–797.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang Y, Lee H. Inclusions chemistry for Mn/Si deoxidized steels: thermodynamic predictions and experimental confirmations. ISIJ Int. 2004;44(6):1006–1015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S, Wang Q, Zhang L, et al. Formation and modification of MgO· Al2O3-based inclusions in alloy steels. Metall Mater Trans B. 2012;43(4):731–750.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park JH, Todoroki H. Control of MgO·Al2O3 spinel inclusions in stainless steels. ISIJ Int. 2010;50(10):1333–1346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg Y. Mechanical stirring power in molten metal in ladles obtained by induction stirring and gas blowing. Scand J Metall. 1978;7(2):81–87.
   Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Tang H, Wu T, et al. Effect of acid-soluble aluminum on the evolution of non-metallic inclusions in spring steel. Metall Mater Trans B. 2017;48(2):943–955.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang XH. Theory of iron and steel metallurgy, 3rd ed. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press; 2002.
   Google Scholar