Hazing and initiation ceremonies in university sport: setting the scene for further research in the United Kingdom

References

• Allan , E. and DeAngelis , G. 2004 . “ Hazing, Masculinity and Collision Sports: (un)Becoming Heroes ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 61 – 82 . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Allan, E., and N. Madden. ‘Hazing in View: College Students at Risk. Initial Findings from the National Study of Student Hazing’. University of Maine. http://www.hazingstudy.org/publications/hazing_in_view_web.pdf (accessed 3 March 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Allen , J. 2003 . Social Motivation in Youth Sport . Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology , 25 : 551 – 67 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arthur , L. 1997 . Role Salience, Role Embracement and the Symbolic Self Completion of Sorority Pledges . Sociological Inquiry , 67 ( 3 ) : 364 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BBC. ‘University to Probe Initiations’. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7647099.stm (accessed 10 March 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Blumer , H. 1962 . “ Society as Symbolic Interaction ” . In Human Behaviour and Social Processes , Edited by: Rose , A. 179 – 92 . Boston, MA : Houghton Mifflin .
   Google Scholar
• Blumer , H. 1969 . Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method , London : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brackenridge , C. 2001 . Spoilsports: Understanding and Preventing Sexual Exploitation in Sport , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Campo , S. , Poulos , G. and Sipple , J. 2005 . Prevalence and Profiling: Hazing Among College Athletes and Points of Intervention . American Journal of Health Behavior , 29 : 137 – 49 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caperchione , C. and Holman , M. 2004 . “ Gender Differences in Coaches’ Perceptions of Hazing in Intercollegiate Athletics ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 97 – 117 . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Carron , A. 1982 . Cohesiveness in Sports Groups: Interpretations and Considerations . Journal of Sports Psychology , 4 : 123 – 8 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton , B. and Humberstone , B. 2006 . Men's Talk: A (Pro)Feminist Analysis of Male University Football Players' Discourse . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 41 ( 3–4 ) : 295 – 316 .
   Google Scholar
• Coakley , J. 2007 . Sport in Society: Issues and Controversies , 9th edn. , Boston : McGraw-Hill .
   Google Scholar
• Cokley , K. , Miller , K. , Cunningham , D. , Motokie , J. , King , A. and Awod , G. 2001 . Developing an Instrument to Assess College Students Attitudes Towards Pledging and Hazing in Greek Letter Organizations . College Students Journal , 35 ( 3 ) : 451 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Crow , R. and Phillips , D. 2004 . “ Hazing – What the Law Says ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 19 – 31 . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Drout , C. and Corsoro , C. 2003 . Attitudes Toward Fraternity Hazing Among Fraternity Members, Sorority Members, and Non-Greek Students . Social Behavior and Personality , 31 ( 6 ) : 535 – 43 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunning , E. 1986 . “ Sport as a Male Preserve: Notes on the Social Sources of Masculine Identity and its Transformations ” . In Quest for Excitement: Sport and Leisure in the Civilizing Process , Edited by: Elias , N. and Dunning , E. 267 – 83 . Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Dunning , E. and Waddington , I. 2003 . Sport as a drug and drugs in Sport: Some Exploratory Comments . International Review for the Sociology of Sport , 38 ( 3 ) : 351 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Elias , N. 1996 . The Germans , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Elias , N. and Dunning , E. 1986 . Quest for Excitement: Sport and leisure in the Civilizing Process , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Ewald , K. and Jibou , R. 1985 . Explaining Positive Deviance: Becker's model and the Case of runners and Body Builders . Sociology of Sport Journal , 2 : 144 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Fields , S. , Collins , C. and Comstock , R. 2009 . Violence in Youth Sports: Hazing, Brawling and Foul Play . British Journal of Sports Medicine , 44 : 32 – 7 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goffman , E. 1961 . Asylums , London : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffer , R. 1999 . Praising hazing . Sports Illustrated , 91 ( 10 ) : 31
   Google Scholar
• Holman , M. 2004 . “ A Search for a Theoretical Understanding of Hazing Practices in Athletics ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 50 – 60 . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Hoover , N. 1999 . National Survey: Initiation Rites and Athletics for NCCA Sports Teams , New York : Alfred University .
   Google Scholar
• Howe , P. 2004 . Sport, Professionalism and Pain: Ethnographies of Injury and Risk , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Hughes , R. and Coakley , J. 1991 . Positive Deviance Among Athletes: The Implications of Over Conformity to the Sports Ethic . Sociology of Sport Journal , 8 : 307 – 25 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. 2002 . Are Sisters Doing it for Themselves? An Analysis of Gender and the Sport Initiation Ceremony . Journal of Canadian Woman Studies , 21 ( 3 ) : 125 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 2004 . Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 2009 . Gender and Hazing: The Same but Different . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 80 ( 5 ) : 6
   Google Scholar
• Keating , C. , Pomerantz , J. , Pommer , S. , Ritt , S. , Miller , L. and McCormick , J. 2005 . Going to College and Unpacking Hazing: A Functional Approach to Decrypting Initiation Practices Among Undergraduates . Group Dynamic: Theory Research and Practice , 9 ( 2 ) : 104 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malszecki , G. 2004 . “ No Mercy Shown or Asked – Toughness Test or Torture?: Hazing in Military Combat Units and its Collateral Damage ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. 32 – 49 . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Mead , G. 1934 . Mind, Self and Society , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nixon , H. II . 1992 . A Social Network Analysis of Influences on Athletes to Play with Pain and Injuries . Journal of Sport and Social Issues , 16 ( 2 ) : 127 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Nuwer , H. 2001 . The Wrongs of Passage , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Nuwer , H. 2004 . The Hazing Reader , Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ramazanoglu , C. 1987 . “ Sex and Violence in Academic Life or You Can Keep a Good Woman Down ” . In Women, Violence and Social Control , Edited by: Hanmer , J. and Maynard , M. 61 – 74 . London : Macmillan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Sandstrom , K. , Martin , D. and Fine , G. 2001 . “ Symbolic Interactionism at the End of the Century ” . In Handbook of Social Theory , Edited by: Ritzer , G. and Smart , B. 217 – 31 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Sheard , K. and Dunning , E. 1973 . The Rugby Football Club as a Type of Male Preserve: Some Sociological Notes . International Review of Sport Sociology , 5 ( 3 ) : 5 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Sweet , S. 1999 . Understanding Fraternity Hazing: Insights from Symbolic Interactionist Theory . Journal of College Student Development , 40 ( 4 ) : 355 – 64 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sweet , S. 2004 . “ Understanding Fraternity Hazing ” . In The Hazing Reader , Edited by: Nuwer , H. 1 – 13 . Bloomington, IN : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Telegraph.co.uk. ‘Shocking Cambridge University Initiation Ceremonies Revealed’. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/4538565/Shocking-Cambridge-University-initiation-ceremonies-revealed.html (Accessed 10 March 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Times Online. ‘University of Gloucestershire Investigates Nazi style Initiation’. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/student/article4866791.ece (accessed 10 March 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Tinmouth, M. ‘Induction Ceremonies in University Sport in the UK. A Report from the British University Sports Association’. www.bucs.org.uk/core/core_picker/download.asp?id = 1710&filetitle = Documents (accessed 3 March 2010)
   Google Scholar
• Trota , B. and Johnson , J. 2004 . “ A Brief History of Hazing ” . In Making the Team: Inside the World of Sport Initiations and Hazing , Edited by: Johnson , J. and Holman , M. x – xvi . Toronto, Canada : CSPI .
   Google Scholar
• Van Raalte , J. , Allen , E. , Linder , D. and Brewer , B. 2007 . The Relationship Between Hazing and Team Cohesion . Journal of Sports Behaviour , 30 : 491 – 507 .
   Google Scholar
• Wahl , G. and Wertheim , L. 2003 . A Rite Gone Terribly Wrong . Sport Illustrated , 99 ( 24 ) : 68 – 75; 7 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldron , J. 2008 . I Have to Do What to be a Teammate . Journal of Physical Education, Recreation and Dance , 79 ( 5 ) : 4 – 5; 10 .
   Google Scholar
• Waldron , J. and Kowlaski , C. 2009 . Crossing the Line: Rites of Passage, Team Aspects, and Ambiguity of Hazing . Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport , 80 ( 2 ) : 291 – 302 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldron , J. and Krane , V. 2005 . Whatever it Takes: Health Compromising Behaviours in Female Athletes . QUEST , 57 : 315 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weir, T. ‘Hazing Issues Rears Ugly Head Across USA’. USA Today, 9 December 2003: 1
   Google Scholar