Determinants of Keeping Small Ruminants and Non-ruminant Livestock in Malawi: A Simulated Maximum Likelihood Multivariate Probit

REFERENCES

• Ambali AJD., Banda, JW. and Kamwanja, LA. 2001. Livestock production improvement at small-scale household level in developing country set-up: the fate of indigenous goat gene pools in Malawi. In JW. Banda, MGG. Chagunda, LA. Kamwanja, RKD. Phoya, ACL. Safalaoh and CBA. Wollny (eds), Sustainable animal agriculture and crisis mitigation in livestock-dependent systems in southern Africa. Proceedings of the regional conference held at the Malawi Institute of Management, 30 October–1 November 2000. Lilongwe: Bunda College, USAID, 13–26.
   Google Scholar
• Barungi, M., Ng'ong'ola, DH., Edriss, AK., Mugisha, J., Waithaka, M. and Tukahirwa, J. 2013. Factors influencing the adoption of soil erosion control technologies by farmers along the slopes of Mt. Elgon in eastern Uganda. Journal of Sustainable Development, 6(2):9–25.
   Google Scholar
• Borsch-Supan, A., Hajivassiliou, V., Kotlikoff, L. and Morris, L. 1992. Health, children, and elderly living arrangements: a multi-period-multinomial probit model with unobserved heterogeneity and autocorrelated errors. In D. Wise (ed), Topics in the economics of aging. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Börsch-Supan, A. and Hajivassiliou., V.A. 1993. Smooth Unbiased Multivariate Probability Simulators for Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Limited Dependent Variable Models. Journal of Econometrics, 58:347–368.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cappellari, L. and Jenkins, S. 2003. Multivariate probit regression using simulated maximum likelihood. The Stata Journal, 3(3):278–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chawatama, S., Mutisi, C. and Mupawaenda, AC. 2005. The socio-economic status of smallholder livestock production in Zimbabwe: a diagnostic study. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 17(143). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/12/chaw17143.htm (Accessed 19 May 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Delgado, C., Rosegrant, M., Steinfeld, H., Ehui, S. and Courbois, C. 1999. Livestock to 2020: the next food revolution 2020. Food, agriculture, and the environment discussion paper 28, International Food Policy Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Devendra, C. 1985. Integrated farming systems involving small ruminants. Proc III Asia-Australasian Animal Science Congress, 6–10 May 1985, Seoul, Korea, .
   Google Scholar
• Ellis, F. 1988. Peasant economics: farm households and agrarian development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, WH. 2003. Econometric analysis. 5th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Hajivassiliou, V. and Ruud, P. 1994. Classical estimation methods for LDV models using simulation. In R. Engle and D. McFadden (eds), Handbook of econometrics. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp. 2383–2441.
   Google Scholar
• Itty, P., Ankers, P., Zinsstag, J., Trawally, S. and Pfister, K. 1997. Productivity and profitability of sheep production in The Gambia: implications for livestock development in West Africa. Quarterly Journal of International Agriculture, 36:153–172.
   Google Scholar
• Jaitner, J., Sowe, J., Secka-Njie, E. and Dempfle, L. 2001. Ownership pattern and management practices of small ruminants in The Gambia: implications for a breeding programme. Small Ruminant Research, 40:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keane, MP. 1994. A computationally practical simulation estimator for panel data. Econometrica, 62:95–116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ker, A. 1995. Framing systems of the African savannah: a continent in crisis. http://www.idrc.ca/books/focus/793/ (Accessed 16 May 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Kosgei, IS., Baker, RL., Van Arendok JAM. 2004. Small ruminant production in the tropics a study of smallholder pastoral/extensive farming systems in Kenya, Outlook Agric., 122–158.
   Google Scholar
• Maddala, GS. 1992. Introduction to Econometrics, Macmillan Publishing: New York, 2nd Edition.
   Google Scholar
• Maonga, BB. 2005. Sustainable smallholder land resources management and food security in Malawi: a study on indigenous farming practices in Mbwadzulu Extension Planning Area. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Hiroshima University, Japan.
   Google Scholar
• Nalivata, PC. and Maonga, BB. 2011. Understanding biofuel status in Malawi: unlocking the myths and truths! Lilongwe: Design Printers.
   Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office (NSO), 2005. Second Integrated Household Survey, Zomba, Malawi.
   Google Scholar
• National Statistical Office (NSO), 2012. Third Integrated Household Survey, Zomba: Malawi
   Google Scholar
• Nuru, S. 1987. Trends in small ruminant production in Nigeria. Zaria: National Animal Production Research Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Okali, C. and Sumberg, JE. 1986. Sheep and goats, men and women: household relations and small ruminant production in southwest Nigeria. In JL. Moock (ed), Understanding Africa's rural households and farming systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 166–181.
   Google Scholar
• Omolehin, ARA. 2005. Socio-economic analysis of crop-livestock integration in north-western Nigeria savannah: a case study of Zamfara Grazing Reserve. Farming and Rural Systems Economics, Vol 66. Weikersheim: Margraf.
   Google Scholar
• Peacock, C. 1995. Improving goat production in the tropics: a manual for development workers. London. Oxfam/FARM-Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Phiri, RE. 2012. Determination of socio-economic factors affecting piggery business in Balaka District, Malawi. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 24(8). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd24/8/phir24146.htm (Accessed 13 June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Thammi, RD. and Suryanarayana, MVAN. 2005. Meat consumption in Prakasam district of Andhra Pradesh: an analysis. Livestock Research for Rural Development17(11). http://www.lrrd.org/lrrd17/11/raju17130.htm (Accessed 13 June 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Valdivia, C. and Nolan, MF. 1996. Sociological and economic analysis of small ruminant production systems. Annual Report 95–96, University of Missouri, Columbia and Kenya.
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, JM. 2006. Introductory econometrics: a modern approach. 3rd edition. Mason, OH: Thomson South-Western.
   Google Scholar