Why are median phosphorus concentrations improving in New Zealand streams and rivers?

References

• AgResearch. 2016. OVERSEER® nutrient budgets version 6.2.2. Hamilton: AgResearch – Fertiliser Association of New Zealand – Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Álvarez X, Valero E, Santos RMB, Varandas SGP, Sanches Fernandes LF, Pacheco FAL. 2017. Anthropogenic nutrients and eutrophication in multiple land use watersheds: best management practices and policies for the protection of water resources. Land Use Policy. 69:1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.08.028
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey A, Deasy C, Quinton J, Silgram M, Jackson B, Stevens C. 2013. Determining the cost of in-field mitigation options to reduce sediment and phosphorus loss. Land Use Policy. 30(1):234–242. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2012.03.027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballantine DJ, Tanner CC. 2010. Substrate and filter materials to enhance phosphorus removal in constructed wetlands treating diffuse farm runoff: a review. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 53(1):71–95. doi: 10.1080/00288231003685843
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlow K, Nash D, Grayson RB. 2005. Phosphorus export at the paddock, farm-section, and whole farm scale on an irrigated dairy farm in south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research. 56(1):1–9. doi: 10.1071/AR04166
   Google Scholar
• Bedford G. 2017. Transforming the stream banks of Taranaki, New Zealand: voluntary regional-scale stream enhancement. In: Kovar K, Fraters D, editors. Land use and water quality 2017; June 2017; den Haag, The Netherlands. p. 32.
   Google Scholar
• Beef and Lamb New Zealand. 2019. Environment plans. Wellington: Beef and Lamb New Zealand; [accessed 2019 Jan 14]. https://beeflambnz.com/compliance/environment/environment-plans.
   Google Scholar
• Bilotta GS, Brazier RE, Haygarth PM. 2007. The impacts of grazing animals on the quality of soils, vegetation, and surface waters in intensively managed grasslands. In: Donald LS, editor. Advances in agronomy. Academic Press; p. 237–280.
   Google Scholar
• Botha N, Turner JA, Sinclair S, Brazendale R, Dirks S, Blackett P, Lambert G. 2015. Assessing the economic impact of a co-innovation approach: the case of dairy heifer rearing in New Zealand. ImpAR Conference 2015 impacts of agricultural research – towards an approach of societal; Nov 3–4; Pairs, France. p. 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Brennan RB, Scott JT, Sharpley AN, Lally HT, Jarvie HP, Bowes MJ, Haggard BE, Gbur E. 2017. Linking soil erosion to instream dissolved phosphorus cycling and periphyton growth. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 53(4):809–821. doi: 10.1111/1752-1688.12534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bretherton M, Horne DJ, Scotter DR, Hedley MJ. 2011. Water uptake by hill country pasture – more than you think. In: Currie LD, Christensen CL, editors. Adding to the knowledge base for the nutrient manager; Feb 2011; Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Buda AR, Kleinman PJ, Srinivasan MS, Bryant RB, Feyereisen GW. 2009. Effects of hydrology and field management on phosphorus transport in surface runoff. Journal of Environment Quality. 38(6):2273–2284. doi: 10.2134/jeq2008.0501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpenter SR, Caraco NF, Correll DL, Howarth RW, Sharpley AN, Smith VH. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications. 8(3):559–568. doi: 10.1890/1051-0761(1998)008[0559:NPOSWW]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craggs R, Park J, Heubeck S, Sutherland D. 2014. High rate algal pond systems for low-energy wastewater treatment, nutrient recovery and energy production. New Zealand Journal of Botany. 52(1):60–73. doi: 10.1080/0028825X.2013.861855
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curran-Cournane F, McDowell R, Littlejohn R, Condron L. 2011. Effects of cattle, sheep and deer grazing on soil physical quality and losses of phosphorus and suspended sediment losses in surface runoff. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 140(1-2):264–272. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2010.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daigneault A, Elliott AH. 2017. Land-use contaminant loads and mitigaiton costs. Wellington: Motu Economic and Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Dairy Environment Leadership Group. 2013. Sustainable dairying: water accord. A commitment to New Zealand by the dairy sector. Hamilton: DairyNZ.
   Google Scholar
• DairyNZ. 2014. New Zealand dairy Statistics 2013–14. Hamilton: LIC and DairyNZ.
   Google Scholar
• DairyNZ. 2018. Nutrition. Hamilton: DairyNZ.
   Google Scholar
• DairyNZ Economics Group. 2016. A review of feed volumes consumed by New Zealand dairy cows since 1990–91, including future estimates to 2030-31. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Daughney C, Raiber M, Moreau-Fournier M, Morgenstern U, van der Raaij R. 2012. Use of hierarchical cluster analysis to assess the representativeness of a baseline groundwater quality monitoring network: comparison of New Zealand’s national and regional groundwater monitoring programs. Hydrogeology Journal. 20(1):185–200. doi: 10.1007/s10040-011-0786-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daughney CJ, Reeves RR. 2006. Analysis of temporal trends in New Zealand’s groundwater quality based on data from the national groundwater monitoring programme. Journal of Hydrology (New Zealand). 45(1):41–62.
   Google Scholar
• Davies-Colley RJ, Smith DG. 2001. Turbidity, suspended sediment, and water clarity: a review. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 37(5):1085–1101. doi: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodd RJ, McDowell RW, Condron LM. 2014. Manipulation of fertiliser regimes in phosphorus enriched soils can reduce phosphorus loss to leachate through an increase in pasture and microbial biomass production. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 185:65–76. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2013.12.018
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodds WK, Smith VH. 2016. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and eutrophication in streams. Inland Waters. 6(2):155–164. doi: 10.5268/IW-6.2.909
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doerr SH, Ferreira AJD, Walsh RPD, Shakesby RA, Leighton-Boyce G, Coelho COA. 2003. Soil water repellency as a potential parameter in rainfall-runoff modelling: experimental evidence at point to catchment scales from Portugal. Hydrological Processes. 17(2):363–377. doi: 10.1002/hyp.1129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douglas GB, Mcivor IR, Manderson AK, Koolaard JP, Todd M, Braaksma S, Gray RAJ. 2013. Reducing shallow landslide occurrence in pastoral hill country using wide-spaced trees. Land Degradation & Development. 24(2):103–114. doi: 10.1002/ldr.1106
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dymond JR, Betts HD, Schierlitz CS. 2010. An erosion model for evaluating regional land-use scenarios. Environmental Modelling & Software. 25(3):289–298. doi: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2009.09.011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ekholm P, Krogerus K. 2003. Determining algal-available phosphorus of differing origin: routine phosphorus analyses versus algal assays. Hydrobiologia. 492(1-3):29–42. doi: 10.1023/A:1024857626784
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fertiliser Association of New Zealand. 2018. About the Fertiliser Association of New Zealand. Wellington: Fertiliser Association of New Zealand; [accessed 2018 Sep]. http://www.fertiliser.org.nz/Site/about/.
   Google Scholar
• Fertiliser Quality Council. 2018. Code of practice for the placement of fertiliser in New Zealand. Wellington: Fertiliser Quality Council.
   Google Scholar
• Galloway JN, Aber JD, Erisman JW, Seitzinger SP, Howarth RW, Cowling EB, Cosby BJ. 2003. The nitrogen Cascade. Bioscience. 53(4):341–356. doi: 10.1641/0006-3568(2003)053[0341:TNC]2.0.CO;2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genstat Committee. 2015. Genstat v17.0. Hemel Hempstead: VSNI.
   Google Scholar
• Gooday RD, Anthony SG, Chadwick DR, Newell-Price P, Harris D, Duethmann D, Fish R, Collins AL, Winter M. 2014. Modelling the cost-effectiveness of mitigation methods for multiple pollutants at farm scale. Science of The Total Environment. 468–469:1198–1209. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.04.078
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart MR, Quin BF, Nguyen ML. 2004. Phosphorus runoff from agricultural land and direct fertilizer effects. Journal of Environment Quality. 33(6):1954–1972. doi: 10.2134/jeq2004.1954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawley JG, Dymond JR. 1988. How much do trees reduce landsliding? Journal of Soil and Water Conservation. 43(6):495–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haynes RJ, Williams PH. 1993. Nutrient cycling and soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy. 49:119–199. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2113(08)60794-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckrath G, Brookes PC, Poulton PR, Goulding KWT. 1995. Phosphorus leaching from soils containing different phosphorus concentrations in the broadbalk experiment. Journal of Environment Quality. 24(5):904–910. doi: 10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400050018x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hille S, Graeber D, Kronvang B, Rubæk GH, Onnen N, Molina-Navarro E, Baattrup-Pedersen A, Heckrath GJ, Stutter MI. 2018. Management Options to reduce phosphorus leaching from vegetated buffer strips. Journal of Environmental Quality.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke D, Carey P, Williams R. 2008. Management practices to minimise wipe-off losses from border-dyke irrigated land. In: Currie LD, Yates LJ, editors. Carbon and nutrient management in agriculture; Feb 2008; Palmerston North, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Houlbrooke DJ, Horne DJ, Hedley MJ, Hanly JA, Snow VO. 2004. A review of literature on the land treatment of farm-dairy effluent in New Zealand and its impact on water quality. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(4):499–511. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2004.9513617
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes AO, Tanner CC, McKergow LA, Sukias JPS. 2016. Unrestricted dairy cattle grazing of a pastoral headwater wetland and its effect on water quality. Agricultural Water Management. 165:72–81. doi: 10.1016/j.agwat.2015.11.015
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughey KFD, Kerr GN, Cullen R. 2016. Public perceptions of New Zealand’s environment: 2016. Lincoln: Lincoln University.
   Google Scholar
• Julian JP, de Beurs KM, Owsley B, Davies-Colley RJ, Ausseil AGE. 2017. River water quality changes in New Zealand over 26 years: response to land use intensity. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences. 21(2):1149–1171. doi: 10.5194/hess-21-1149-2017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuehne G, Llewellyn R, Pannell DJ, Wilkinson R, Dolling P, Ouzman J, Ewing M. 2017. Predicting farmer uptake of new agricultural practices: a tool for research, extension and policy. Agricultural Systems. 156:115–125. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2017.06.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landcare Research. 2017. NZ land cover database. Lincoln: Landcare Research: Manaaki Whenua; [accessed 2018 Apr 11]. http://www.lcdb.scinfo.org.nz/home.
   Google Scholar
• Larned ST, Nikora VI, Biggs BJF. 2004. Mass-transfer-limited nitrogen and phosphorus uptake by stream periphyton: a conceptual model and experimental evidence. Limnology and Oceanography. 49(6):1992–2000. doi: 10.4319/lo.2004.49.6.1992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larned ST, Scarsbrook MR, Snelder TH, Norton NJ, Biggs BJF. 2004. Water quality in low-elevation streams and rivers of New Zealand: recent state and trends in contrasting land-cover classes. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 38(2):347–366. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2004.9517243
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larned ST, Snelder T, Unwin MJ, McBride GB. 2016. Water quality in New Zealand rivers: current state and trends. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 50(3):389–417. doi: 10.1080/00288330.2016.1150309
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Engel BA, Flanagan DC, Gitau MW, McMillan SK, Chaubey I. 2017. A review on effectiveness of best management practices in improving hydrology and water quality: needs and opportunities. Science of The Total Environment. 601-602:580–593. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.212
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manaaki Whenua: Landcare Research. 2018. Summary of results: rural decision makers survey 2017. Lincoln: Manaaki Whenua: Landcare Research; [accessed 2018 Sep]. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0008/165977/SRDM2017-infographic.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McDowell RW. 2008. Water quality of a stream recently fenced-off from deer. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 51(3):291–298. doi: 10.1080/00288230809510460
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW. 2010. Evaluation of two management options to improve the water quality of Lake Brunner, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 53(1):59–69. doi: 10.1080/00288231003606351
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW. 2014. Estimating the mitigation of anthropogenic loss of phosphorus in New Zealand grassland catchments. Science of The Total Environment. 468-469:1178–1186. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.03.056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Catto W. 2005. Alternative fertilisers and management to decrease incidental phosphorus loss. Environmental Chemistry Letters. 2(4):169–174. doi: 10.1007/s10311-005-0099-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Condron LM. 2004. Estimating phosphorus loss from New Zealand grassland soils. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(2):137–145. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2004.9513581
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Cosgrove GP, Orchiston T, Chrystal J. 2014. A cost-effective management practice to decrease phosphorus loss from dairy farms. Journal of Environment Quality. 43(6):2044–2052. doi: 10.2134/jeq2014.05.0214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Cox N, Daughney CJ, Wheeler D, Moreau M. 2015. A national assessment of the potential linkage between soil, and surface and groundwater concentrations of phosphorus. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 51(4):992–1002. doi: 10.1111/1752-1688.12337
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Dils RM, Collins AL, Flahive KA, Sharpley AN, Quinn J. 2016. A review of the policies and implementation of practices to decrease water quality impairment by phosphorus in New Zealand, the UK, and the US. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 104(3):289–305. doi: 10.1007/s10705-015-9727-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Drewry JJ, Muirhead RW, Paton RJ. 2005. Restricting the grazing time of cattle to decrease phosphorus, sediment and E. coli losses in overland flow from cropland. Soil Research. 43(1):61–66. doi: 10.1071/SR04041
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Hawke M, McIntosh JJ. 2007. Assessment of a technique to remove phosphorus from streamflow. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 50(4):503–510. doi: 10.1080/00288230709510318
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Houlbrooke DJ. 2009. Management options to decrease phosphorus and sediment losses from irrigated cropland grazed by cattle and sheep. Soil Use and Management. 25(3):224–233. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00231.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Larned ST, Houlbrooke DJ. 2009. Nitrogen and phosphorus in New Zealand streams and rivers: control and impact of eutrophication and the influence of land management. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 43(4):985–995. doi: 10.1080/00288330909510055
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Littlejohn RP, Blennerhassett JD. 2010. Phosphorus fertilizer form affects phosphorus loss to waterways: a paired catchment study. Soil Use and Management. 26(3):365–373. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2010.00289.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Monaghan RM, Carey PL. 2003. Potential phosphorus losses in overland flow from pastoral soils receiving long-term applications of either superphosphate or reactive phosphate rock. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 46(4):329–337. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2003.9513561
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Monaghan RM, Dougherty WJ, Gourley CJP, Vibart R, Shepherd M. 2017. Balancing water-quality threats from nutrients and production in Australian and New Zealand dairy farms under low profit margins. Animal Production Science. 57:1419–1430. doi: 10.1071/AN16646
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Nash DM, Robertson F. 2007. Sources of phosphorus lost from a grazed pasture receiving simulated rainfall. Journal of Environment Quality. 36(5):1281–1288. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0347
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Norris M. 2014. The use of alum to decrease phosphorus losses in runoff from grassland soils. Journal of Environment Quality. 43(5):1635–1643. doi: 10.2134/jeq2013.12.0479
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Sharpley AN, Bourke W. 2008. Treatment of drainage water with industrial by-products to prevent phosphorus loss from tile-drained land. Journal of Environment Quality. 37(4):1575–1582. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Wilcock RJ. 2008. Water quality and the effects of different pastoral animals. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 56(6):289–296. doi: 10.1080/00480169.2008.36849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDowell RW, Wilcock RJ, Hamilton D. 2013. Assessment of strategies to mitigate the impact or loss of Contaminants from agricultural land to Fresh waters. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment.
   Google Scholar
• McIvor IR, Douglas GB, Dymond J, Eyles G, Marden M. 2011. Pastoral hill slope erosion in New Zealand and the role of poplar and willow trees in its reduction. In: Godone D, Silva S, editors. Soil erosion in agriculture. Palmerston North: InTech – Open Access; p. 257–278.
   Google Scholar
• McKergow LA, Tanner CC, Monaghan RM, Anderson G. 2007. Stocktake of diffuse pollution attenuation tools for New Zealand pastoral farming systems. Hamilton: NIWA.
   Google Scholar
• Meals DW, Dressing SA, Davenport TE. 2010. Lag time in water quality response to best management practices: a review. Journal of Environment Quality. 39(1):85–96. doi: 10.2134/jeq2009.0108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meter KJV, Basu NB. 2017. Time lags in watershed-scale nutrient transport: an exploration of dominant controls. Environmental Research Letters. 12(8):084017. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa7bf4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyfroidt P. 2017. Trade-offs between environment and livelihoods: bridging the global land use and food security discussions. Global Food Security. 16:9–16. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2017.08.001
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for Primary Industries. 2013. The dairying and clean streams accord: Snapshot of progress 2011/2012. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for Primary Industries. 2017. Draft regulatory impact statement: stock exclusion. Wellington: Ministry for Primary Industries.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. 2011. National policy statement for freshwater management 2011. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment; [accessed 2016 Sep 13]. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Fresh%20water/nps-freshwater-mgnt-2011_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. 2014. National policy statement for freshwater management 2014. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment; [accessed 2016 Sep 13]. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Fresh%20water/nps-freshwater-management-jul-14.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment. 2017. National policy statement for freshwater management 2014: updated August 2017 to incorporate amendments from the national policy statement for freshwater amendment order 2017. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment; [accessed 2018 Sep 13]. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Fresh%20water/nps-freshwater-ameneded-2017_0.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand. 2017a. Our fresh water 2017: data to 2016. Wellington: Minstry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand. 2017b. River water quality: phosphorus. Wellington: StatsNZ; [accessed 2018 Sep]. http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/environment/environmental-reporting-series/environmental-indicators/Home/Fresh%20water/river-water-quality-phosphorus.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry for the Environment and Statistics New Zealand. 2018. New Zealand’s environmental reporting series: our land 2018. Wellington: Ministry for the Environment, Stats NZ.
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. 2005. Dairying and the clean sreams accord: snapshot of progress 2004/2005. Wellington: Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; [accessed 2018 Sep]. http://archive.li/3tpTH.
   Google Scholar
• Monaghan RM, Carey PL, Wilcock RJ, Drewry JJ, Houlbrooke DJ, Quinn JM, Thorrold BS. 2009. Linkages between land management activities and stream water quality in a border dyke-irrigated pastoral catchment. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 129(1–3):201–211. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2008.08.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan RM, Houlbrooke DJ, Smith LC. 2010. The use of low-rate sprinkler application systems for applying farm dairy effluent to land to reduce contaminant transfers. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 53(4):389–402. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2010.505943
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan RM, Laurenson S, Dalley DE, Orchiston TS. 2017. Grazing strategies for reducing contaminant losses to water from forage crop fields grazed by cattle during winter. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 60(3):333–348. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2017.1345763
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monaghan RM, Smith LC, Muirhead RW. 2016. Pathways of contaminant transfers to water from an artificially-drained soil under intensive grazing by dairy cows. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 220:76–88. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2015.12.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgenstern U, Daughney CJ. 2012. Groundwater age for identification of baseline groundwater quality and impacts of land-use intensification – the national groundwater monitoring programme of New Zealand. Journal of Hydrology. 456–457:79–93. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2012.06.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morton JD, McDowell RW, Monaghan RM, Roberts AHC. 2003. Balancing phosphorus requirements for milk production and water quality. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 65:111–115.
   Google Scholar
• Morton JD, Roberts AHC. 1999. Fertiliser use on New Zealand sheep and beef farms. Auckland: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Research Association.
   Google Scholar
• Müller K, Mason K, Strozzi AG, Simpson R, Komatsu T, Kawamoto K, Clothier B. 2018. Runoff and nutrient loss from a water-repellent soil. Geoderma. 322:28–37. doi: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2018.02.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mundy GN, Nexhip KJ, Austin NR, Collins MD. 2003. The influence of cutting and grazing on phosphorus and nitrogen in irrigation runoff from perennial pasture. Soil Research. 41(4):675–685. doi: 10.1071/SR02087
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olarieta JR, Besga G, Rodríguez R, Usón C A, Pinto M, Virgel S. 1999. Sediment enrichment ratios after mechanical site preparation for Pinus radiata plantation in the Basque country. Geoderma. 93(3–4):255–267. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7061(99)00063-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickson RJ. 2014. Can control of soil erosion mitigate water pollution by sediments? Science of The Total Environment. 468–469:1187–1197. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts AHC, Morton JD. 2009. Fertiliser use on New Zealand dairy farms. Auckland: New Zealand Fertiliser Manufacturers’ Research Association.
   Google Scholar
• Robertson M. 2010. Agricultural productivity in Australia and New Zealand: trends, constraints and opportunities. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 72:LI–LXII.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers CW, Sharpley AN, Haggard BE, Scott JT. 2012. Phosphorus uptake and release from submerged sediments in a Simulated stream channel Inundated with a poultry litter source. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 224(1):1361. doi: 10.1007/s11270-012-1361-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanson R. 2005. The AgribaseTM farm location database. Proceedings of the New Zealand Society of Animal Production. 65:93–96.
   Google Scholar
• Sanson R, Baxter W. 2011. Stock exclusion survey. Wellington: Minstry of Agriculture and Forestry.
   Google Scholar
• Santos RMB, Sanches Fernandes LF, Cortes RMV, Varandas SGP, Jesus JJB, Pacheco FAL. 2017. Integrative assessment of river damming impacts on aquatic fauna in a Portuguese reservoir. Science of The Total Environment. 601–602:1108–1118. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharpley AN, Kleinman PJA, Heathwaite AL, Gburek WJ, Folmar GJ, Schmidt JP. 2008. Phosphorus loss from an agricultural watershed as a function of storm size. Journal of Environment Quality. 37(2):362–368. doi: 10.2134/jeq2007.0366
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinclair AG, Dyson CB, Shannon PW. 1990. The long-term effectiveness of reactive phosphate rock as a phosphate fertiliser for New Zealand pastures. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 51:101–104.
   Google Scholar
• Sinclair AG, Johnstone PD, Smith LC, Risk WH, O’Connor MB, Roberts AH, Morton JD, Nguyen L, Shannon PW. 1993. Effect of reactive phosphate rock on the pH of soil under pasture. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 36(3):381–384. doi: 10.1080/00288233.1993.10417736
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith KA, Jackson DR, Withers PJA. 2001. Nutrient losses by surface run-off following the application of organic manures to arable land. 2. Phosphorus. Environmental Pollution. 112:53–60. doi: 10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00098-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snelder T, Biggs B, Kilroy C, Booker D. 2013. National objective Framework for periphyton. Wellington: National Institute for Water and Atmospheric Research.
   Google Scholar
• Snelder TH. 2018. Assessment of recent reductions in E. coli and sediment in rivers of the Manawatū-Whanganui region. Christchurch: Land, Water, People.
   Google Scholar
• Snelder TH, McDowell RW, Fraser C. 2017. Estimation of catchment nutrient loads in New Zealand using monthly water quality monitoring data. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 53:158–178. doi: 10.1111/1752-1688.12492
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Statistics New Zealand. 2018. Agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Wellington: Statistics New Zealand; [accessed 2018 Oct 8]. http://archive.stats.govt.nz/browse_for_stats/industry_sectors/agriculture-horticulture-forestry.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Sukias JPS, Tanner CC, Davies-Colley RJ, Nagels JW, Wolters R. 2010. Algal abundance, organic matter, and physico-chemical characteristics of dairy farm facultative ponds: implications for treatment performance. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 44(4):279–296. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2001.9513485
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Surridge BWJ, Heathwaite AL, Baird AJ. 2007. The release of phosphorus to porewater and surface water from river Riparian sediments. Journal of Environment Quality. 36(5):1534–1544. doi: 10.2134/jeq2006.0490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas DT, Moore AD, Bell LW, Webb NP. 2018. Ground cover, erosion risk and production implications of targeted management practices in Australian mixed farming systems: lessons from the grain and graze program. Agricultural Systems. 162:123–135. doi: 10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uhlmann D, Paul L. 1994. Causes and effects of ‘nitrate saturation’ in phosphate-deficient water bodies. Water Science and Technology. 30(10):281–288. doi: 10.2166/wst.1994.0538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vinten A, Sample J, Ibiyemi A, Abdul-Salam Y, Stutter M. 2017. A tool for cost-effectiveness analysis of field scale sediment-bound phosphorus mitigation measures and application to analysis of spatial and temporal targeting in the Lunan water catchment, Scotland. Science of The Total Environment. 586:631–641. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlahos S, Summers KJ, Bell DT, Gilkes RJ. 1989. Reducing phosphorus leaching from sandy soils with red mud bauxite processing residues. Australian Journal of Soil Research. 27(4):651–662. doi: 10.1071/SR9890651
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vymazal J. 2007. Removal of nutrients in various types of constructed wetlands. Science of The Total Environment. 380(1–3):48–65. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.09.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Chen Y, Shao X, Zhang Y, Cao Y. 2012. Land-use changes and policy dimension driving forces in China: present, trend and future. Land Use Policy. 29(4):737–749. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2011.11.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West Coast Regional Council. 2010a. RMA section 32 report on the proposed Lake Brunner catchment objectives, policies, and rules – September 2010. Graymouth: West Coast Regional Council.
   Google Scholar
• West Coast Regional Council. 2010b. Schedule 1A: 18.5 discharges to land. Greymouth: West Coast Regional Council.
   Google Scholar
• West Coast Regional Council. 2017. Lake Brunner water quality update: December 2017. Greymouth, New Zealand.
   Google Scholar
• Wheeler DM, Sparling GP, Roberts AHC. 2004. Trends in some soil test data over a 14-year period in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research. 47(2):155–166. doi: 10.1080/00288233.2004.9513583
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcock RJ. 1986. Agricultural run-off: a source of water pollution in New Zealand? New Zealand Agricultural Science. 20:98–103.
   Google Scholar
• Wilcock RJ, Monaghan RM, McDowell RW, Verburg P, Horrox J, Chagué-Goff C, Duncan MJ, Rutherford A, Zemansky G, Scarsbrook MR, et al. 2013. Managing pollutant inputs from pastoral dairy farming to maintain water quality of a lake in a high-rainfall catchment. Marine and Freshwater Research. 64(5):447. doi: 10.1071/MF12296
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcock RJ, Monaghan RM, Quinn JM, Srinivasan MS, Houlbrooke DJ, Duncan MJ, Wright-Stow AE, Scarsbrook MR. 2013. Trends in water quality of five dairy farming streams in response to adoption of best practice and benefits of long-term monitoring at the catchment scale. Marine and Freshwater Research. 64(5):401–412. doi: 10.1071/MF12155
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood SA, Depree C, Brown L, McAllister T, Hawes I. 2015. Entrapped sediments as a source of phosphorus in epilithic cyanobacterial proliferations in low nutrient rivers. PLoS One. 10(10):e0141063. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141063
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodward SJR, Stenger R, Hill RB. 2016. Flow Stratification of river water quality data to elucidate nutrient transfer pathways in mesoscale catchments. Transactions of the ASABE. 59(2):545–551. doi: 10.13031/trans.59.11145
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zafar M, Tiecher T, Capoane V, Troian A, dos Santos DR. 2017. Characteristics, liability and distribution of phosphorus in suspended sediment from a subtropical catchment under diverse anthropic pressure in Southern Brazil. Ecological Engineering. 100:28–45. doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.12.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar