Publication Cover
International Interactions
Empirical and Theoretical Research in International Relations
Volume 46, 2020 - Issue 6
271
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

The Structure and Evolution of the International Human Rights Network:Unpacking the Influences of Countries’ Contextual Factors and Network Configurations

ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon

References

  • Alger, C. F. 2003. “Evolving Roles of NGOs in Member State Decision-making in the UN System.” Journal of Human Rights 2 (3):407–24. doi:10.1080/1475483032000133079.
  • Annan, K. 1999. “Secretary-General Salutes Courage and Commitment to Truth of Journalists Everywhere, so Freedom May Flourish in Every Country.” United Nations: Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, Accessed May 3, 1999. www.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990503.SGSM6979.html.
  • Appe, S. 2016. “NGO Networks, the Diffusion and Adaptation of NGO Managerialism, and NGO Legitimacy in Latin America.” VOLUNTAS: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 27 (1):187–208. doi:10.1007/s1126-015-9594-y.
  • Ashuri, T. 2012. “Activist Journalism: Using Digital Technologies and Undermining Structures.” Communication, Culture & Critique 5(1): 38–56. doi: 10.1111/j.1753-9137.2011.01116.x
  • Atouba, Y. C., and M. Shumate. 2010. “Interorganizational Networking Patterns Among Development Organizations.” Journal of Communication 60 (2):293–317. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01483.x.
  • Atouba, Y. C., and M. Shumate. 2015. “International Nonprofit Collaboration: Examining the Role of Homophily.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 44 (3):587–608. doi:10.1177/0899764014524991.
  • Bak, D., S. Sriyai, and S. A. Meserve. 2018. “The Internet and State Repression: A Cross-national Analysis of the Limits of Digital Constraint.” Journal of Human Rights 17 (5):642–59. doi:10.1080/14754835.2018.1456914.
  • Barabási, A.L., 2002. Linked: The New Science of Networks. New York: Plume
  • Barnett, G. 2001. “A Longitudinal Analysis of the International Telecommunication Network, 1978–1996.” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (10):1638–55. doi:10.1177/0002764201044010007.
  • Barnett, G.A. and Lee, M., 2002. Issues in intercultural communication research. Handbook of international and intercultural communication, 2, pp.275–293
  • Baylis, J. 2020. The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Becker, L. B., T. Vlad, and N. Nusser. 2007. “An Evaluation of Press Freedom Indicators.” International Communication Gazette 69 (1):5–28. doi:10.1177/1748048507072774.
  • Beckfield, J. 2010. “The Social Structure of the World Polity.” American Journal of Sociology 115 (4):1018–68. doi:10.1086/649577.
  • Bennett, W. L., K. Foot, and M. Xenos. 2011. “Narratives and Network Organization: A Comparison of Fair Trade Systems in Two Nations.” Journal of Communication 61 (2):219–45. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01538.x.
  • Boli, J., and G. M. Thomas. 1997. World culture in the world polity: A century of international non-governmental organization. American sociological review. pp. 171–190.
  • Boli, J., and G. M. Thomas. 1999. Constructing World Culture: International Nongovernmental Organizations Since 1875. San Francisco: Stanford University Press.
  • Boli, J. and Thomas, G.M., 1997. World culture in the world polity: A century of international non-governmental organization. American sociological review, pp.171-190.
  • Castells, M. 2004. Informationalism, Networks, and the Network Society: A Theoretical Blueprint. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.
  • Castells, M. 2009. Communication Power. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Chen, D. 2009. “China’s Participation in the International Human Rights Regime: A State Identity Perspective.” Chinese Journal of International Politics 2 (3):399–419. doi:10.1093/cjip/pop002.
  • Cmiel, K. 1999. “The Emergence of Human Rights Politics in the United States.” Journal of American History 86 (3):1231–50. doi:10.2307/2568613.
  • Contractor, N.S., Wasserman, S. and Faust, K., 2006. Testing Multitheoretical, Multilevel Hypotheses About Organizational Networks: An Analytic Framework and Empirical Example. Academy of Management Review, 31(3), pp.681–703 doi:10.5465/amr.2006.21318925
  • Dakroury, A. 2009. Communication and Human Rights. Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
  • Gaer, F. D. 2003. “Implementing International Human Rights Norms: UN Human Rights Treaty Bodies and NGOs.” Journal of Human Rights 2 (3):339–57. doi:10.1080/1475483032000133024.
  • Gibbons, D., and P. M. Olk. 2003. “Individual and Structural Origins of Friendship and Social Position among Professionals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 (2):340–51. doi:10.1080/1475483032000133024.
  • Gordenker, L. 1995. “NGO Participation in the International Policy Process.” Third World Quarterly 16 (3):543–56. doi:10.1080/01436599550036059.
  • Greenhill, B. 2010. “The Company You Keep: International Socialization and the Diffusion of Human Rights Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 54 (1):127–45. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00580.x.
  • Haddad, H.N., 2012. Judicial Institution Builders: NGOs and International Human Rights Courts. Journal of Human Rights, 11(1),pp.126–149 doi:10.1080/14754835.2012.648154
  • Hafner-Burton, E. M. 2008. “Sticks and Stones: Naming and Shaming the Human Rights Enforcement Problem.” International Organization 62 (4):689–716. doi:10.1017/S0020818308080247.
  • Hafner-Burton, E. M. 2014. “A Social Science of Human Rights.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (2):273–86. doi:10.1177/0022343313516822.
  • Hafner-Burton, E. M, and K. Tsutsui. 2005. “Human Rights in a Globalizing World: The Paradox of Empty Promises.” American Journal of Sociology 110 (5):1373–411. doi:10.1086/428442.
  • Hafner-Burton, E. M., and K. Tsutsui. 2007. “Justice Lost! the Failure of International Human Rights Law to Matter Where Needed Most.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (4):407–25. doi:10.1177/0022343307078942.
  • Hanneman, R.A. and Riddle, M., 2005. Introduction to social network methods. Riverside, CA: University of California, Riverside
  • Hathaway, O. A. 2002. “Do Human Rights Treaties Make a Difference?” Yale Law Journal 111 (8):1935–2042. doi:10.2307/797642.
  • Hughes, M. M., L. Peterson, J. A. Harrison, and P. Paxton. 2009. “Power and Relation in the World Polity: The INGO Network Country Score, 1978–1998.” Social Forces 87 (4):1711–42. doi:10.1353/sof.0.0217.
  • Keck, M. E., and K. Sikkink. 1998. Vol. 35 of Activists beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Kim, K. and Barnett, G.A., 2000. The structure of the international telecommunications regime in transition: A network analysis of international organizations 1. International Interactions, 26(1), pp.91–127 doi:10.1080/03050620008434962
  • Kim, K., and G. A. Barnett. 1996. “The Determinants of International News Flow A Network Analysisx.” Communication Research 23 (3):323–52. doi:10.1177/009365096023003004.
  • Kim, S. E., and Y. H. Kim. 2018. “Democracy and Nonprofit Growth: A Cross-national Panel Study.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47 (4):702–22. doi:10.1177/0899764018767336.
  • Kirakosyan, L. 2016. “Promoting Disability Rights for a Stronger Democracy in Brazil: The Role of NGOs.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 45 (1S):114S–130S. doi:10.1177/0899764015602129.
  • Lake, D., and W. H. Wong. 2009. “The Politics of Networks. Networked Politics; Agency, Power and Governance.” In Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, edited by Miles Kahler, 127–37. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Lee, S., P. Monge, F. Bar, and S. A. Matei. 2007. “The Emergence of Clusters in the Global Telecommunications Network.” Journal of Communication 57 (3):415–34. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2007.00350.x.
  • Lee, S., and P. R. Monge. 2011. “The Coevolution of Multiplex Communication Networks in Organizational Communities.” Journal of Communication 61 (4):758–79. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01566.x.
  • Lenhart, A., K. Purcell, A. Smith, and K. Zickuhr. 2010. “Social Media & Mobile Internet Use among Teens and Young Adults,” Pew Internet & American Life Project. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED525056.pdf. Accessed on February 3.
  • Lim, H. 2001. “Trade and Human Rights: What’s at Issue?” Journal of World Trade 35 (2):275–300. doi:10.2139/ssrn.1682245.
  • Margolin, D. B., Shen, C., Lee, S., Weber, M. S., Fulk, J., & Monge, P. (2015). Normative influences on network structure in the evolution of the children’s rights NGO network, 1977-2004. Communication Research, 42(1), 30–59 doi:10.1177/0093650212463731
  • McPherson, M., L. Smith-Lovin, and J. M. Cook. 2001. “Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (1):415–44. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.415.
  • Meyer, J. W., J. Boli, G. M. Thomas, and F. O. Ramirez. 1997. “World Society and the Nation State.” American Journal of Sociology 103 (1):144–81. doi:10.1086/231174.
  • Monge, P. R., and N. S. Contractor. 2003. Theories of Communication Networks. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Monge, P. R., and S. Matei. 2004. “The Role of the Global Telecommunications Network in Bridging Economic and Political Divides, 1989 to 1999.” Journal of Communication 54 (3):511–31. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02642.x.
  • Moravcsik, A. 2000. “The Origins of Human Rights: Democratic Delegation in Postwar Europe.” International Organization 54 (2):217–52. doi:10.1162/002081800551163.
  • Murdie, A. M. 2014. “The Ties that Bind: A Network Analysis of Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations.” British Journal of Political Science 44 (1):1–27. doi:10.1017/S0007123412000683.
  • Murdie, A. M., and D. R. Davis. 2012. “Shaming and Blaming: Using Events Data to Assess the Impact of Human Rights INGOs.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (1):1–16. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2011.00694.x.
  • Musa, B. A., and J. K. Domatob. 2011. Communication, Culture, and Human Rights in Africa. Lanham: University Press of America.
  • Najam, A. 1997. “The 3 C’s of NGO-government Relations: Confrontation, Complementarity, Collaboration.” Unpublished manuscript, Boston University.
  • Neumayer, E. 2005. “Do International Human Rights Treaties Improve Respect for Human Rights?” Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (6):925–53. doi:10.1177/0022002705281667.
  • Neumayer, E., and I. De Soysa. 2005. “Trade Openness, Foreign Direct Investment and Child Labor.” World Development 33 (1):43–63. doi:10.2139/ssrn.482649.
  • Newman, M., 2010. Networks: an introduction: OUP Oxford doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206650.001.0001
  • Pearson, M. 2012. “Behind the Rankings of Pacific Nations in the 2011–12 World Press Freedom Index.” Pacific Journalism Review 18 (1):171. doi:10.24135/pjr.v18i1.297.
  • Podolny, J. M. 2001. “Networks as the Pipes and Prisms of the Market.” American Journal of Sociology 107 (1):33–60. doi:10.1086/323038.
  • Poe, S. C., N. Rost, and S. C. Carey. 2006. “Assessing Risk and Opportunity in Conflict Studies: A Human Rights Analysis.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 50 (4):484–507. doi:10.1177/0022002706289181.
  • Poe, S.C., Carey, S C.. and Vazquez, T C.., 2001. How are These Pictures Different? A Quantitative Comparison of the US State Department and Amnesty International Human Rights Reports, 1976-1995. Human Rights Quarterly, 23(3), pp.650–677 doi:10.1353/hrq.2001.0041
  • Pouligny, B. 2003. “UN Peace Operations, INGOs, NGOs, and Promoting the Rule of Law: Exploring the Intersection of International and Local Norms in Different Postwar Contexts.” Journal of Human Rights 2 (3):359–77. doi:10.1080/1475483032000133033.
  • Provan, K.G., Fish, A. and Sydow, J., 2007. Interorganizational Networks at the Network Level: A Review of the Empirical Literature on Whole Networks. Journal of management, 33(3), pp.479–516 doi:10.1177/0149206307302554
  • Ramos, H., J. Ron, and O. Thoms. 2007. “Shaping the Northern Media’s Human Rights Coverage, 1986–2000.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (4):385–406. doi:10.1177/0022343307078943.
  • Reporters Without Borders. 2014. “World Press Freedom Index.” Accessed June 1, 2020. https://rsf.org/en/world-press-freedom-index–2014.
  • Rice, J. 2007. “Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System.” Social Forces 85 (3):1369–92. doi:10.1353/sof.2007.0054.
  • Ripley, R. M., T. A. Snijders, Z. Boda, A. Vörös, and P. Preciado. 2019. “Manual for RSiena.” Accessed June 1, 2020. http://www.stats.ox.ac.uk/~snijders/siena/siena_r.htm.
  • Ron, J., H. Ramos, and K. Rodgers. 2005. “Transnational Information Politics: NGO Human Rights Reporting, 1986–2000.” International Studies Quarterly 49 (3):557–87. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2005.00377.x.
  • Russell, A.F., 2010. International Organizations and Human Rights: Realizing, Resisting or Repackaging the Right to Water?. Journal of Human Rights, 9(1), pp.1–23 doi:10.1080/14754830903530292
  • Shumate, M. 2012. “The Evolution of the HIV/AIDS NGO Hyperlink Network.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (2):120–34. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2011.01569.x.
  • Shumate, M., and A. O’Connor. 2010. “The Symbiotic Sustainability Model: Conceptualizing NGO–corporate Alliance Communication.” Journal of Communication 60 (3):577–609. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2010.01498.x.
  • Shumate, M., J. Fulk, and P. R. Monge. 2005. “Predictors of the International HIV–AIDS INGO Network over Time.” Human Communication Research 31 (4):482–510. doi:10.1093/hcr/31.4.482.
  • Sikkink, K. 1993. “Human Rights, Principled Issue-Networks, and Sovereignty in Latin America.” International Organization 47 (3):411–41. doi:10.1017/S0020818300028010.
  • Smith, D. A., and D. R. White. 1992. “Structure and Dynamics of the Global Economy: Network Analysis of International Trade 1965–1980.” Social Forces 70 (4):857–93. doi:10.2307/2580193.
  • Smith, G., and M. Naím. 2000. Altered States: Globalization, Sovereignty, and Governance. Ottawa: International Development Research Center.
  • Smith, J., and D. Wiest. 2005. “The Uneven Geography of Global Civil Society: National and Global Influences on Transnational Association.” Social Forces 84 (2):621–52. doi:10.1353/sof.2006.0036
  • Snijders, T. A. B. 2005. “Models for Longitudinal Network Data.” In Models and Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by P. Carrington, J. Scott, and S. Wasserman, 215–47. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Snijders, T. A. B. 2011. “Statistical Models for Social Networks.” Annual Review of Sociology 37: 129–51. doi: 10.1146/annurev.soc.012809.102709
  • Stohl, M., and C. Stohl. 2005. “Human Rights, Nation States, and NGOs: Structural Holes and the Emergence of Global Regimes.” Communication Monographs 72 (4):442–67. doi:10.1080/03637750500322610.
  • Sun, S-L. and Barnett, G.A., 1994. The international telephone network and democratization. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 45(6), pp.411–421 doi:10.1002/(ISSN)1097-4571
  • Thrall, A. T., D. Stecula, and D. Sweet. 2014. “May We Have Your Attention Please? Human-rights NGOs and the Problem of Global Communication.” The International Journal of Press/Politics 19 (2):135–59. doi:10.1177/1940161213519132.
  • Tsutsui, K., and C. M. Wotipka. 2004. “Global Civil Society and the International Human Rights Movement: Citizen Participation in Human Rights International Nongovernmental Organizations.” Social Forces 83 (2):587–620. doi:10.1353/sof.2005.0022.
  • Tufekci, Z., and C. Wilson. 2012. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations from Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 62 (2):363–79. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
  • Wallerstein, I. 1974. The Modern World-system: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-economy in the Sixteenth Centenary. Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Wang, P., Robins, G., Pattison, P. and Lazega, E., 2016. Social selection models for multilevel networks. Social Networks, 44, pp.346–362 doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2014.12.003
  • Wasserman, S., and K. Faust. 1994. Social Network Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University.
  • Wilson, M., D. R. Davis, and A. Murdie. 2016. “The View from the Bottom: Networks of Conflict Resolution Organizations and International Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 53 (3):442–58. doi:10.1177/0022343316628813.
  • Yang, A., and M. Taylor. 2014. “Public Diplomacy in a Networked Society: The Chinese Government−NGO Coalition Network on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome Prevention.” International Communication Gazette 76 (7):575–93. doi:10.1177/1748048514538929.
  • Yang, A., W. Liu, and R. Wang. 2020. “Cross-sector Alliances in the Global Refugee Crisis: An Institutional Theory Approach.” Business Ethics: A European Review 29 (3):646–60. doi:10.1111/beer.12288.
  • Young, D. R. 2000. “Alternative Models of Government-nonprofit Sector Relations: Theoretical and International Perspectives.” Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 29 (1):149–72. doi:10.1177/0899764000291009.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.