References
- AFP Standing Rules of Engagement (FC 3-006). 2005. Manila: Armed Forces Philippines. Accessed September 29, 2020. http://doctrinecenterpa.com/posts/AFP-Standing-Rules-of-Engagement-FC-3-006.
- Bates, Elizabeth Stubbins. 2020. “The British Army’s Training in International Humanitarian Law.” Journal of Conflict and Security Law 25(2): 291–315.
- Bell, Andrew M. 2016. “Military Culture and Restraint toward Civilians in War: Examining the Ugandan Civil Wars.” Security Studies 25 (3): 488–518. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2016.1195626
- Bourke, Joanna. 2000. An Intimate History of Killing: Face to Face Killing in Twentieth Century Warfare. LaVergne, TN: Basic Books.
- Caputo, Philip. 2017. A Rumor of War, 2nd. New York: Picador.
- Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2005. “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework.” International Organization 59 (4): 801–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818305050289
- Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2015. Socialization and Violence: A Framework Essay. Vancouver: Simon Fraser University.
- Checkel, Jeffrey T. 2017. “Socialization and Violence: Introduction and Framework.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (5): 592–605. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317721813
- Chivers, C. J. 2019. The Fighters: Americans In Combat, Reprint Edition. New York; London; Toronto: Simon & Schuster.
- Cronin, Bruce. 2018. Bugsplat: The Politics of Collateral Damage in Western Armed Conflicts. New York: Oxford University Press.
- Daly, Sarah Zukerman. 2014. “The Dark Side of Power-Sharing: Middle Managers and Civil War Recurrence.” Comparative Politics 46 (3): 333–53. doi:https://doi.org/10.5129/001041514810943027
- DeSteno, David, Nilanjana Dasgupta, Monica Y. Bartlett, and Aida Cajdric. 2004. “Prejudice from Thin Air: The Effect of Emotion on Automatic Intergroup Attitudes.” Psychological Science 15 (5): 319–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00676.x
- Dinstein, Yoram. 2010. The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict, 2nd. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Doran, Matthew. 2020. “Secret Defence probe intoalleged unlawful killings by Australian special forces in Afghanistanenters final stages.” ABC News, February 24. Accessed October 8, 2020. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-02-25/secret-defence-investigation-focusing-on-unlawful-killings-in-a/11999314.
- Downes, Alexander B. 2008. Targeting Civilians in War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Ellera, Teresa D. 2019. “Army Forces Reaffirm Oath to AFP Code of Conduct.” Sunstar. October30. Accessed September 29, 2020. https://www.sunstar.com.ph//article/1829819/Bacolod/Local-News/Army-forces-reaffirm-oath-to-AFP-code-of-conduct.
- Fabe, Amparo, and H. Pamela 2010. “Paradigm Shift: AFP Human Rights and Int’l Humanitarian Law.” ABS-CBN News. Accessed January 26, 2018. http://news.abs-cbn.com/insights/08/13/10/paradigm-shift-afp-human-rights-and-intl-humanitarian-law.
- Fabe, Amparo Pamela H 2016“Winning Hearts and Building Peace.” In Military Psychology: Concepts, Trends and Interventions, eds. Nidhi Maheshwari and Vineeth V. Kumar. SAGE Publications India 317–31.
- FeldmanHall, Oriel et al 2012. “What We Say and What We Do: The Relationship Between Real and Hypothetical Moral Choices.” Cognition 123(3): 434–41.
- Felter, Joseph H., and Jacob N. Shapiro. 2017. “Limiting Civilian Casualties as Part of a Winning Strategy: The Case of Courageous Restraint.” Daedalus 146 (1): 44–58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_00421
- Flores-Acuna, Tathiana. 2013. “The Enlargement of the Definitions of Genocide and Crimes against Humanity in the Philippines—RA. No. 9851.” Ateneo Law Journal 58 (1–28).
- Fowler, Mike. 2011. “Philippine Counterinsurgency Strategy: Then and Now.” Small Wars Journal. Accessed January 26, 2018. http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/philippine-counterinsurgency-strategy-then-and-now.
- Garamone, Jim. 1999. “Insignia: The Way You Tell Who’s Who in the Military.” Department of Defense News. Accessed January 25, 2020. https://archive.defense.gov/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=42199.
- Gates, Scott. 2002. “Recruitment and Allegiance: The Microfoundations of Rebellion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 46 (1): 111–30. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002702046001007
- Gates, Scott. 2017. “Membership Matters: Coerced Recruits and Rebel Allegiance.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (5): 674–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317722700
- Geertz, Clifford. 1973. The Interpretation of Cultures, 1st. New York: Basic Books.
- Goffman, Erving. 2007. Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
- Graffeo, Victor J. 2013. “Rank.” In Encyclopedia of Military Science, edited by G. Kurt Piehler, 1178–79. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications.
- Gregory, Thomas. 2019. “Dangerous Feelings: Checkpoints and the Perception of Hostile Intent.” Security Dialogue: 0967010618820450.50(2):131-147.
- Grey, Jeffrey. 2008. A Military History of Australia, 3 edition. Port Melbourne, VIC: Cambridge University Press.
- Haidt, Jonathan. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail: A Social Intuitionist Approach to Moral Judgment.” Psychological Review 108 (4): 814–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.4.814
- Haidt, Jonathan, Silvia Helena Koller, and Maria G. Dias. 1993. “Affect, Culture, and Morality, or Is It Wrong to Eat Your Dog?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (4): 613–28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.613
- Hartridge, Sam. 2017. “Explainer: How Australia’s Military Justice System Works.” The Conversation. Accessed January 23, 2020. http://theconversation.com/explainer-how-australias-military-justice-system-works-80889.
- Henckaerts, Jean-Marie, Louise Doswald-Beck, eds. 2005. Customary International Humanitarian Law. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Higate, Paul, and Ailsa Cameron. 2006. “Reflexivity and Researching the Military.” Armed Forces and Society 32 (2): 219–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X05278171
- Hockey, John. 1986. Squaddies: Portrait of a Subculture. Exeter: Exeter University Press.
- Hoover Green, Amelia. 2016. “The Commander’s Dilemma: Creating and Controlling Armed Group Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 53 (5): 619–32. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343316653645
- Hoover Green, Amelia. 2018. The Commander’s Dilemma: Violence and Restraint in Wartime. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Humphreys, Macartan, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. 2006. “Handling and Manhandling Civilians in Civil War.” American Political Science Review 100 (3): 429–47. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055406062289
- Ingraham, Larry H. 1984. The Boys in the Barracks: Observations on American Military Life. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.
- International Committee of the Red Cross. 2020. “Philippines: Practice Relating to Rule 142. Instruction in International Humanitarian Law within Armed Forces.” ICRC IHL Database. Accessed September 29, 2020. https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/customary-ihl/eng/docs/v2_cou_ph_rule142.
- Irwin, Anne Lucille. 1993. Canadian Infantry Platoon Commanders and the Emergence of Leadership. Calgary, Canada: University of Calgary. Accessed September 26, 2020.MA Thesis, University of Calgary. https://prism.ucalgary.ca/handle/1880/30652.
- Janowitz, Morris. 1959. “Changing Patterns of Organizational Authority: The Military Establishment.” Administrative Science Quarterly 3 (4): 473–93. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/2390811
- Kaempf, Sebastian. 2018. Saving Soldiers or Civilians?: Casualty-Aversion versus Civilian Protection in Asymmetric Conflicts. Cambridge, United Kingdom; New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
- Kahl, Colin H. 2007. “In the Crossfire or the Crosshairs? Norms, Civilian Casualties, and U.S. Conduct in Iraq.” International Security 32 (1): 7–46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2007.32.1.7
- Kelman, Herbert C. 1958. “Compliance, Identification, and Internalization: Three Processes of Attitude Change.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 2 (1): 51–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/002200275800200106
- Kem, Jack D. 2006. “The Use of the ‘Ethical Triangle’ in Military Ethical Decision Making.” Public Administration and Management 11 (1): 22–43.
- Kertzer, Joshua D., Kathleen E. Powers, Brian C. Rathbun, and Ravi Iyer. 2014. “Moral Support: How Moral Values Shape Foreign Policy Attitudes.” The Journal of Politics 76 (3): 825–40. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022381614000073
- Kier, Elizabeth. 1997. Imagining War: French and British Military Doctrine between the Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Kuper, Jenny. 2005. Military Training And Children In Armed Conflict: Law, Policy And Practice. New York: Martinus Nijhoff.
- Legro, Jeffrey W. 1995. Cooperation Under Fire: Anglo-German Restraint During World War II. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
- Levine, Daniel H. 2010. “Care and Counterinsurgency.” Journal of Military Ethics 9 (2): 139–59. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2010.491331
- Lidow, Nicholai Hart. 2016. Violent Order: Understanding Rebel Governance through Liberia’s Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Lovell, John P. 1964. “The Professional Socialization of the West Point Cadet.” In The New Military: Changing Patterns of Organization, edited by Morris Janowitz, 119–57. Beverly Hills, CA: Russell Sage Foundation.
- Lyall, Jason. 2020. Divided Armies: Inequality and Battlefield Performance in Modern War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
- Manekin, Devorah S. 2017. “The Limits of Socialization and the Underproduction of Military Violence: Evidence from the IDF.” Journal of Peace Research 54 (5): 606–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343317713558
- Manekin, Devorah S. 2020. Regular Soldiers, Irregular War: Violence and Restraint in the Second Intifada. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.
- Manekin, Devorah. 2013. “Violence against Civilians in the Second Intifada: The Moderating Effect of Armed Group Structure on Opportunistic Violence.” Comparative Political Studies 46 (10): 1273–300. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414013489382
- Marks, Zoe. 2013. “Sexual Violence inside Rebellion: Policies and Perspectives of the Revolutionary United Front of Sierra Leone.” Civil Wars 15 (3): 359–79. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2013.842749
- McDermott, Rose. 2015. “Sex and Death: Gender Differences in Aggression and Motivations for Violence.” International Organization 69 (3): 753–75.
- McDermott, Rose, Dominic Johnson, Jonathan Cowden, and Stephen Rosen. 2007. “Testosterone and Aggression in a Simulated Crisis Game.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 614 (1): 15–33. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716207305268
- Messervey, Deanna L. 2013. What Drives Moral Attitudes and Behaviour? Ottawa, Canada: Department of National Defence, Canada.
- Messervey, Deanna L., Glen T. Howell, Tingting Gou, and Martin Yelle. 2011. 2010 Defence Ethics Survey Report. Ottawa, Canada: Department of National Defence, Canada.
- Morrison, David. 2013. “Chief of Army Announces New Army Value, ‘Respect.’” Australian Army Speeches and Transcripts. Accessed January 20, 2018. https://www.army.gov.au/our-work/speeches-and-transcripts/chief-of-army-announces-new-army-value-respect.
- Moskos, Charles C. 1973. “The Emergent Military: Civil, Traditional, or Plural?” Pacific Sociological Review 16 (2): 255–80. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/1388364
- Moskos, Charles C. 1986. “The American Enlisted Man in the All-Volunteer Army.” In Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom, edited by David R. Segal and H. Wallace Sinaiko, 35–57. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
- Mullaney, Kevin, and Mitt Regan. 2019. “One Minute in Haditha: Ethics and Non-Conscious Decision-Making.” Journal of Military Ethics 18 (2): 75–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2019.1643593
- Neave, Denny, and Craig Smith. 2015. Aussie Soldier: Up Close and Personal. Wavell Heights, Qld: Big Sky Publishing.
- Oppenheim, Ben, and Michael Weintraub. 2016. “Doctrine and Violence: The Impact of Combatant Training on Civilian Killings.” Terrorism and Political Violence: 29(6): 1126-1148.
- “Our People: Our Values.” Australian Army. 2016. Accessed January 20, 2018. https://www.army.gov.au/our-people/our-values.
- Report of the APA Task Force on Socioeconomic Status 2007. American Psychological Association, Task Force on Socioeconomic Status.
- Wakita, Takafumi, Natsumi Ueshima, and Hiroyuki Noguchi 2012. “Psychological Distance Between Categories in the Likert Scale Comparing Different Numbers of Options.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 72(4): 533–46.
- Ricks, Thomas E. 1997. Making the Corps. New York: Touchstone.
- Rosenfeld, Bryn, Kosuke Imai, and Jacob N. Shapiro. 2016. “An Empirical Validation Study of Popular Survey Methodologies for Sensitive Questions.” American Journal of Political Science 60 (3): 783–802. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12205
- Ruffa, Chiara 2017. “Military Cultures and Force Employment in Peace Operations.” Security Studies 26(3): 391 -422
- Ruffa, Chiara 2018 Military Cultures in Peace and Stability Operations: Afghanistan and Lebanon Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press.
- Sanín, Francisco Gutiérrez, and Elisabeth Jean Wood. 2014. “Ideology in Civil War: Instrumental Adoption and Beyond.” Journal of Peace Research 51 (2): 213–26. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0022343313514073
- Sasson‐Levy, Orna. 2003. “Feminism and Military Gender Practices: Israeli Women Soldiers in ‘Masculine’ Roles.” Sociological Inquiry 73 (3): 440–65. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-682X.00064
- Schading, Barbara. 2006. A Civilian’s Guide to the U.S. Military: A Comprehensive Reference to the Customs, Language and Structure of the Armed Forces. Cincinnati, OH: Writer’s Digest Books.
- Schwarz, Norbert, and Daphna Oyserman. 2001. “Asking Questions about Behavior: Cognition, Communication, and Questionnaire Construction.” The American Journal of Evaluation 22 (2): 127–60. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/109821400102200202
- Segal, David R., and H. Wallace Sinaiko. 1986. Life in the Rank and File: Enlisted Men and Women in the Armed Forces of the United States, Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Washington, DC: Potomac Books.
- Siebold, Guy L. 2007. “The Essence of Military Group Cohesion.” Armed Forces and Society 33 (2): 286–95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X06294173
- Sjoberg, Laura, and Caron E. Gentry. 2007. Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics, First edition. London: Zed Books.
- Smith, Thomas W. 2008. “Protecting Civilians … or Soldiers? Humanitarian Law and the Economy of Risk in Iraq.” International Studies Perspectives 9 (2): 144–64. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-3585.2008.00324.x
- Soeters, Joseph L., Donna J. Winslow, and Alise Weibull. 2006. “Military Culture.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research, edited by Giuseppe Caforio, 237–54. New York: Springer US. Accessed April 6, 2015. http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-387-34576-0_14.
- Solis, Gary D. 2010. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, 1st. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Solis, Gary D. 2016. The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War, 2nd. New York: Cambridge University Press.
- Stephens, Dale. 2014. “Behaviour in War: The Place of Law, Moral Inquiry and Self-Identity.” International Review of the Red Cross 96 (895–896): 751–73. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000235
- Stephens, Dale. 2019a. “Combined Exercises and International Humanitarian Law Training: Fostering a Culture of Norm Compliance?” In Asia-Pacific Perspectives on International Humanitarian Law, edited by Suzannah Linton, Tim McCormack, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Cambridge University Press, 670–87.
- Stephens, Dale. 2019b. “Roots of Restraint in War: The Capacities and Limits of Law and the Critical Role of Social Agency in Ameliorating Violence in Armed Conflict.” Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 10 (1): 58–75. doi:https://doi.org/10.1163/18781527-01001005
- Stone, Michael H. 2015. “Mass Murder, Mental Illness, and Men.” Violence and Gender 2 (1): 51–86. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2015.0006
- Stubbins Bates, Elizabeth. 2014. “Towards Effective Military Training in International Humanitarian Law.” International Review of the Red Cross 96 (895–896): 795–816. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S1816383115000557
- Terrry, Fiona, and Brian McQuinn.The Roots of Restraint in War. 2018. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross. Accessed June 22, 2018. https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/4352-roots-restraint-war .
- Thaler, Kai M. 2012. “Ideology and Violence in Civil Wars: Theory and Evidence from Mozambique and Angola.” Civil Wars 14 (4): 546–67. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2012.740203
- Tourangeau, Roger, and Tom W. Smith. 1996. “Asking Sensitive Questions: The Impact of Data Collection Mode, Question Format, and Question Context.” Public Opinion Quarterly 60 (2): 275–304. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/297751
- Valentino, Benjamin, Paul Huth, and Dylan Balch-Lindsay. 2004. 'Draining the Sea’: Mass Killing and Guerrilla Warfare.” International Organization 58 (2): 375–407. doi:https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818304582061
- Warner, Christopher H., G N. Appenzeller, A. Mobbs, J R. Parker, C M. Warner, T. Grieger, and C W. Hoge. 2011. “Effectiveness of Battlefield-Ethics Training during Combat Deployment: A Programme Assessment.” The Lancet 378 (9794): 915–24. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61039-8.
- Wakita, Takafumi, Natsumi Ueshima, and Hiroyuki Noguchi. 2012. “Psychological Distance Between Categories in the Likert Scale Comparing Different Numbers of Options.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 72(4). doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61039-8.
- Whitehouse, Harvey, Brian McQuinn, Michael Buhrmester, and William B. Swann. 2014. “Brothers in Arms: Libyan Revolutionaries Bond like Family.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (50): 17783–85. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1416284111
- Winslow, Donna. 1999. “Rites of Passage and Group Bonding in the Canadian Airborne.” Armed Forces and Society 25 (3): 429–57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0095327X9902500305
- Winslow, Donna. 2000. Army Culture. Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
- Winslow, Donna. 2004. “Misplaced Loyalties: The Role of Military Culture in the Breakdown of Discipline in Two Peace Operations.” Journal of Military and Strategic Studies 6 (3). Accessed April 6, 2015. http://www.jmss.org/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/214.
- Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2008. “The Social Processes of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks.” Annual Review of Political Science 11 (1): 539–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.8.082103.104832
- Wood, Elisabeth Jean. 2009. “Armed Groups and Sexual Violence: When Is Wartime Rape Rare?” Politics & Society 37 (1): 131–61. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0032329208329755
- Zais, Matthew M. 2016. “Patchwork War: Command, Human Capital, and Counterinsurgency.” Princeton University. Accessed September 4, 2020. https://dataspace.princeton.edu/handle/88435/dsp015h73pz47k.
- Zaller, John R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion, 1st. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.