Diffusion of protests in the Arab Spring

References

• Aday, Sean, Henry Farrell, Deen Freelon, Marc Lynch, John Sides, and Michael Dewar. 2013. “Watching from Afar: Media Consumption Patterns around the Arab Spring.” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (7): 899–919. doi:10.1177/0002764213479373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alterman, Jon. 2011. “The Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted.” The Washington Quarterly 34 (4): 103–116. doi:10.1080/0163660X.2011.610714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arva, Bryan, John Beieler, Ben Fisher, Gustavo Lara, Philip Schrodt, Wonjun Song, Marsha Sowell, and Sam Stehle. 2013. “Improving Forecasts of International Events of Interest.” EPSA 2013 Annual General Conference Paper 78. https://ssrn.com/abstract=2225130.
   Google Scholar
• Aytac, S. Erdem, Luis Schiumerini, and Susan Stokes. 2018. “Why Do People Join Backlash Protests? Lessons from Turkey.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (6): 1205–1228. doi:10.1177/0022002716686828.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamert, Justus, Fabrizio Gilardi, and Fabio Wasserfallen. 2015. “Learning and the Diffusion of Regime Contention in the Arab Spring.” Research and Politics 2 (3): 1–9.
   Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, Alex. 2010. “Resisting Infection: How State Capacity Conditions Conflict Contagion.” Journal of Peace Research 47 (3): 311–319. doi:10.1177/0022343310362164.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braithwaite, Alex, Jessica Maves Braithwaite, and Jeffrey Kucik. 2015. “The Conditioning Effect of Protest History on the Emulation of Nonviolent Conflict.” Journal of Peace Research 52 (6): 697–711. doi:10.1177/0022343315593993.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, Nathan. 2014. “Constitutional Revolutions and the Public Sphere.” In The Arab Uprisings Explained, edited by Marc Lynch, 296–312. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brynen, Rex, Pete Moore, Bassel Salloukh, and Marie-Joëlle Zahar. 2012. Beyond the Arab Spring: Authoritarianism & Democratization in the Arab World. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Buhaug, Halvard, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2008. “Contagion or Confusion? Why Conflicts Cluster in Space.” International Studies Quarterly 52 (2): 215–233. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00499.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cammett, Melani, Ishac Diwan, Alan Richards, and John Waterbury. 2015. A Political Economy of the Middle East. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campante, Filipe, and Davin Chor. 2012. “Why Was the Arab World Poised for Revolution? Schooling, Economic Opportunities, and the Arab Spring.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 26 (2): 167–187. doi:10.1257/jep.26.2.167.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, Xun, Brian Greenhill, and Aseem Prakash. 2013. “Where is the Tipping Point? Bilateral Trade and the Diffusion of Human Rights.” British Journal of Political Science 43 (1): 133–156. doi:10.1017/S000712341200018X.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chenoweth, Erica, Evan Perkoski, and Sooyeon Kang. 2017. “State Repression and Nonviolent Resistance.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (9): 1950–1969. doi:10.1177/0022002717721390.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Della Porta, Donatella, and Sidney Tarrow. 2012. “Interactive Diffusion: The Coevolution of Policy and Protest Behavior with an Application to Transnational Contention.” Comparative Political Studies 45 (1): 119–152. doi:10.1177/0010414011425665.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dorussen, Han, Erik Gartzke, and Oliver Westerwinter. 2016. “Networked International Politics: Complex Interdependence and the Diffusion of Conflict and Peace.” Journal of Peace Research 53 (3): 283–291. doi:10.1177/0022343316637896.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elkins, Zachary, and Beth Simmons. 2005. “On Waves, Clusters, and Diffusion: A Conceptual Framework.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 598 (1): 33–51. doi:10.1177/0002716204272516.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filiu, Jean-Pierre. 2011. The Arab Revolution: Ten Lessons from the Democratic Uprising. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Forsberg, Erika. 2013. “Do Ethnic Dominoes Fall? Evaluating Domino Effects of Granting Territorial Concessions to Separatist Groups.” International Studies Quarterly 57 (2): 329–340. doi:10.1111/isqu.12006.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsberg, Erika. 2014. “Diffusion in the Study of Civil Wars: A Cautionary Tale.” International Studies Review 16 (2): 188–198. doi:10.1111/misr.12130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Francisco, Ronald. 1995. “The Relationship between Coercion and Protest: An Empirical Evaluation in Three Coercive States.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 39 (2): 263–282. doi:10.1177/0022002795039002003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gates, Robert. 2014. Duty: Memoires of a Secretary at War. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
   Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, Kristan Skrede. 2007. “Transnational Dimensions of Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research 44 (3): 293–309. doi:10.1177/0022343307076637.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, Kristan Skrede, and Mauricio Rivera. 2017. “The Diffusion of Nonviolent Campaigns.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61 (5): 1120–1145. doi:10.1177/0022002715603101.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Michael Ward. 2001. “Measuring Space: A Minimum Distance Database and Applications to International Studies.” Journal of Peace Studies 38 (6): 749–768.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hale, Henry. 2013. “Regime Change Cascades: What We Have Learned from the 1848 Revolutions to the 2011 Arab Uprisings.” Annual Review of Political Science 16 (1): 331–353. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-212204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hammond, Jesse, and Nils Weidmann. 2014. “Using Machine-Coded Event Data for the Micro-Level Study of Political Violence.” Research and Politics 1 (2): 1–8.
   Google Scholar
• Hess, David, and Brian Martin. 2006. “Repression, Backfire, and the Theory of Transformative Events.” Mobilization: An International Quarterly 11 (2): 249–267. doi:10.17813/maiq.11.2.3204855020732v63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heydemann, Steven, and Reinoud Leenders. 2014. “Authoritarian Learning and Counterrevolution.” In The Arab Uprisings Explained, edited by Marc Lynch, 75–92. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Stuart, Donald Rothchild, and Colin Cameron. 1998. “Tactical Information and the Diffusion of Peaceful Protests.” In The International Spread of Ethnic Conflict: Fear, Diffusion, and Escalation, edited by David Lake, and Donald Rothchild, 89–103. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hussain, Muzammil, and Philip Howard. 2013. “What Best Explains Successful Protest Cascades?” International Studies Review 15 (1): 48–66. doi:10.1111/misr.12020.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Josua, Maria. 2016. “Convergence through Learning? Patterns of Exclusion during the Arab Uprisings.” POMEPS Studies 21: Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East. https://pomeps.org/transnational-diffusion.
   Google Scholar
• Josua, Maria, and Mirjam Edel. 2015. “To Repress or Not to Repress—Regime Survival Strategies in the Arab Spring.” In POMEPS Studies 21: Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East, ed. Marc Lynch, 26–30. Available at https://pomeps.org/transnational-diffusion.
   Google Scholar
• Kuhn, Randall. 2012. “On the Role of Human Development in the Arab Spring.” Population and Development Review 38 (4): 649–683. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2012.00531.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leenders, Reinoud, and Steven Heydemann. 2012. “Popular Mobilization in Syria: Opportunity and Threat, and the Social Networks of the Early Risers.” Mediterranean Politics 17 (2): 139–159. doi:10.1080/13629395.2012.694041.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leetaru, Kalev. 2022. “Global Data on Events, Location, and Tone (GDELT).” The GDELT Project. Accessed August 26, 2013. https://www.gdeltproject.org/
   Google Scholar
• Levin, Noam, Saleem Ali, and David Crandall. 2018. “Using Remote Sensing and Big Data to Quantify Conflict Intensity: The Arab Spring as a Case Study.” Applied Geography 94: 1–17. doi:10.1016/j.apgeog.2018.03.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loken, Eric, and Andrew Gelman. 2017. “Measurement Error and the Replication Crisis.” Insights 355 (6325): 584–585. doi:10.1126/science.aal3618.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, Marc. 2006. Voices of the New Arab Public: Al-Jazeera, Iraq, and Arab Politics Today. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAdam, Doug, and Dieter Rucht. 1993. “The Cross-National Diffusion of Movement Ideas.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 528 (1): 56–74. doi:10.1177/0002716293528001005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekouar, Merouan. 2014. “No Political Agents, No Diffusion: Evidence from North Africa.” International Studies Review 16 (2): 206–216. doi:10.1111/misr.12132.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mekouar, Merouan. 2016. Protest and Mass Mobilization: Authoritarian Collapse and Political Change in North Africa. London: Taylor & Francis Group. ProQuest Ebook Central, https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/bucknell/detail.action?docID=4429687.
   Google Scholar
• Midlarsky, Manus I. 1978. “Analyzing Diffusion and Contagion Effects: The Urban Disorders of the 1960s.” American Political Science Review 72 (3): 996–1008. doi:10.2307/1955117.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, Michael, Michael Joseph, and Dorothy Ohl. 2018. “Are Coups Really Contagious? An Extreme Bounds Analysis of Political Diffusion.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62 (2): 410–441. doi:10.1177/0022002716649232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel, David, and Valerie Bunce. 2012. “Turning Points and the Cross-National Diffusion of Popular Protests.” APSA Comparative Democratization Newsletter 10(1): 10–13.
   Google Scholar
• Plümper, Thomas, and Eric Neumayer. 2010. “Model Specification in the Analysis of Spatial Dependence.” European Journal of Political Research 49 (3): 418–442. doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2009.01900.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richter, Thomas, and André Bank. 2016. “Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East and North Africa: A Conceptual Note.” In POMEPS Studies 21: Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East, ed. Marc Lynch, 5–8. Available at https://pomeps.org/transnational-diffusion.
   Google Scholar
• Saideman, Stephen. 2012. “When Conflict Spreads: Arab Spring and the Limits of Diffusion.” International Interactions 38 (5): 713–722. doi:10.1080/03050629.2012.726186.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos Silva, J. M. C., and S. Tenreyro. 2006. “The Log of Gravity.” The Review of Economics and Statistics 88 (4): 641–658. doi:10.1162/rest.88.4.641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siverson, Randolph, and Harvey Starr. 1991. The Diffusion of War: A Study of Opportunity and Willingness. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.
   Google Scholar
• Solingen, Etel. 2012. “Of Dominoes and Firewalls: The Domestic, Regional, and Global Politics of International Diffusion.” International Studies Quarterly 56 (4): 631–644. doi:10.1111/isqu.12034.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strang, David, and John Meyer. 1993. “Institutional Conditions for Diffusion.” Theory and Society 22 (4): 487–511. doi:10.1007/BF00993595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufekci, Zeynep, and Christopher Wilson. 2012. “Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protests: Observation from Tahrir Square.” Journal of Communication 62 (2): 363–379. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward, Michael, Andreas Beger, Josh Cutler, Matthew Dickenson, Cassy Dorff, and Ben Radford. 2013. “Comparing GDELT and ICEWS event data.” Working paper.
   Google Scholar
• Weyland, Kurt. 2012. “The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?” Perspectives on Politics 10 (4): 917–934. doi:10.1017/S1537592712002873.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, Christopher, and Alexandra Dunn. 2011. “Digital Media in the Egyptian Revolution: Descriptive Analysis from the Tahrir Data Sets.” International Journal of Communications 5: 1248–1272.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winckler, Onn. 2013. “The Arab Spring: Socioeconomic Aspects.” Middle East Policy 20 (4): 68–87. doi:10.1111/mepo.12047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, J. M. 1999. “Distribution-Free Estimation of Some Nonlinear Panel Data Models.” Journal of Econometrics 90 (1): 77–97. doi:10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00033-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu, Congyu, and Matthew Gerber. 2018. “Forecasting Civil Unrest Using Social Media and Protest Participation Theory.” IEEE Transactions on Computational Social Systems 5 (1): 82–94. doi:10.1109/TCSS.2017.2763128.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yom, Sean. 2016. “Collaboration and Community Amongst the Arab Monarchies.” In POMEPS Studies 21: Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East, ed. Marc Lynch, 30–34. Available at https://pomeps.org/transnational-diffusion.
   Google Scholar
• Zhukov, Yuri, and Brandon Stewart. 2013. “Choosing Your Neighbors: Networks of Diffusion in International Relations.” International Studies Quarterly 57 (2): 271–287. doi:10.1111/isqu.12008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar