2,110
Views
14
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Stereotypes as Anglo-American exam ritual? Comparisons of students’ exam anxiety in East Asia, America, Australia, and the United Kingdom

&

References

  • Amano, I. (1989). The examination hell and school violence. In J. J. Shields (Ed.), Japanese schooling: Patterns of socialization, equality, and political control (pp. 111–123). University Park and London: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Ando, Y. (2013). Kannkokuni okeru kotokyoikuseisakuno dokoto daigakuno genkyo [Trends of higher education policies and current situation of universities in Korea]. Research Report Mukogawa Women’s University Institute for Education, 43, 53–88.
  • Burkhoff, A. (2015). ‘One exam determines one’s life’: The 2014 reforms to the Chinese National College Entrance Examination. Fordham International Law Journal, 38, 1473–1509.
  • Cabinet Office. (2015). Heisei27nendo shoshikano jokyooyobi shoshikaheno taishosesakuno gaikyo [Declining youth population and countermeasures to it]. Tokyo: Government of Japan. Retrieved from http://www8.cao.go.jp/shoushi/shoushika/whitepaper/measures/w-2015/27webgaiyoh/indexg.html
  • Castle, J. L. (2016, March 3). Top 10 exam rituals from stressed students across Asia. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35614030
  • China Statistical Yearbook. (2011). Retrieved from http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/ndsj/2011/indexeh.htm
  • Coughlan, S. (2016, November 30). 10 ways to be the cleverest country. BBC News. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/business-38145491
  • Crehan, L. (2016). Cleverlands: The secrets behind the success of the world’s education superpowers. London: Unbound.
  • Dore, R. (1976). The diploma disease: Education, qualification, and development. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Eades, J., Goodman, R., & Hada, Y. (2005). The ‘Big Bang’ in Japanese higher education: The 2004 reforms and the dynamics of change. Melbourne: Transpacific Press.
  • Finkelstein, B., Imamura, A., & Tobin, J. (1991). Transcending stereotypes: Discovering Japanese culture and education. Boston: Intercultural Press.
  • Heine, S., Lehman, D., Peng, K., & Greenholtz, J. (2002). What’s wrong with cross-cultural comparisons of subjective likert scales?: The reference-group effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 903–918.
  • Higure, T., & Ishii, M. (2015). Taiwanno daigakunyushi kaikakuto gakuryoku hosho [Entrance examination reform and quality assurance of university graduates in Taiwan]. Bulletin of Institute for Excellence in Higher Education Tohoku University, 1, 23–35.
  • Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G. J., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations: Software of the mind (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Kariya, T. (2002). Kyoiku kaikakuno gennsou [Illusion of education reform]. Tokyo: Chikuma.
  • Kariya, T. (2013). Education reform and social class in Japan: The emerging incentive divide. New York: Routledge.
  • Kariya, T. (2018). Education and social disparities in Japan. In Oxford Research Encyclopaedia. Retrieved from 10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.70
  • Kariya, T., Hamana, Y., Kimura, R., & Sakai, A. (2000). Kyoikuno shakaigaku [Sociology of education]. Tokyo: Yuhikaku.
  • Kariya, T., & Rappleye, J. (2010). The twisted, unintended impacts of globalization. In E. Hannum & H. Park (Eds.), Globalization, changing demographics, and educational challenges in East Asia. Research in the sociology of education (pp. 17–63). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
  • Kimura, H. (2015). Gakkono sengoshi [Post-war history of schools]. Tokyo: Iwanami.
  • Kimura, H. (2016). Gakushu kihon chosa data book [Data book for basic survey about learning]. Tokyo: Benesse Education Research Institute. Retrieved from http://berd.benesse.jp/shotouchutou/research/detail1.php?id=4801
  • Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (2017a). A PISA paradox? An alternative theory of learning as a possible solution for variations in PISA scores. Comparative Education Review, 61, 269–297.
  • Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (2017b). A new global policy regime founded on invalid statistics? Hanushek, Woessmann, PISA, and economic growth. Comparative Education, 53, 166–191.
  • Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (2017c). Did the shift to computer-based testing in PISA 2015 affect reading scores? A view from East Asia. Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education, 47, 616–623.
  • Komatsu, H., & Rappleye, J. (forthcoming). Is exam hell the cause of high academic achievement in East Asia? The case of Japan and the case for transcending stereotypes. British Educational Research Journal.
  • Maita, T. (2016a, September 6). Rikeijinzaiga sodatanai nihonno kochokushita kagakukyoiku [Inflexible science education in Japan fails to produce human resources for science and engineering]. Newsweek Japan. Retrieved from http://www.newsweekjapan.jp/stories/world/2016/09/post-5783.php
  • Maita, T. (2016b). Daigaku jukenno gojunenshi [Fifty-year history of university entrance examination]. Retrieved from http://tmaita77.blogspot.jp/2016/01/50.html
  • Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education in East Asia and Singapore: Rise of the Confucian Model. Higher Education, 61, 587–611.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224–253.
  • Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspective in Psychological Science, 5, 420–430.
  • MEXT. (1997). Chuo kyoiku shingikai dainiji toshinno gaiyou [Summary of the second verdict of the Central Education Council]. Tokyo: MEXT. Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/old_chukyo/old_chukyo_index/toushin/1309650.htm
  • MEXT. (2013). AOnyushitouno jisshijokyoni tsuite [Situations of Admission Office Entrance Examinations]. Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/chukyo/chukyo12/shiryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2013/01/09/1329266_1.pdf
  • MEXT. (2015). Heisei 27nendo kokkoshiritsudaigaku tankidaigaku nyuugakusha senbatsujissijokyono gaiyou [Brief description of entrance examinations of national, public, and private universities in 2015]. Tokyo: MEXT. Retrieved from http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/houdou/27/10/1362966.htm
  • Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China. (2010). Guojia zhongchangqi jiayugaige fazhanjihua wangyao [National mid- and long-term plan for education reform and expansion]. Retrieved from http://www.most.gov.cn/kjzc/gjkjzc/gjkjzczh/201308/P020130823574944373948.pdf
  • Nakamura, T. (1996). Suisennyugaku seidono koninto masusenbatsuno seiritsu [Official approval for recommendation admission and formation of mass screening]. Kyoiku Shakaigaku Kenkyu, 59, 145–165.
  • Nanbu, H., & Watanabe, M. (2012). Indoto chugokuni okeru daigakunyugakusha senbatsuseido: genjoto kaikakudokono hikakuteki bunseki [Comparative analysis of the university entrance examination systems in India and China]. Kyoto University Research Studies in Education, 58, 19–43.
  • National Institute for Research Advancement. (2009). Shushin koyotoihu gensowo sutero [The end of the illusion of lifetime employment]. Tokyo: National Institute for Research Advancement. Retrieved from http://www.nira.or.jp/outgoing/report/entry/n090406_330.html
  • National Institute for Youth Education. (2017). Koukouseino benkyoto seikatsunikansuru ishikichosa houkokusho: nihon, beikoku, chugoku, kankokuno hikaku [A report for learning practice, belief, and attitudes of upper secondary school students: Comparison among Japan, the United States, China, and Korea]. Tokyo: National Institute for Youth Education. Retrieved from http://www.niye.go.jp/kenkyu_houkoku/contents/detail/i/114/
  • National Statistics. (2017). Retrieved from http://eng.stat.gov.tw/lp.asp?ctNode=2265&CtUnit=1072&BaseDSD=36
  • Nayak, S. (2016, January 6). Singapore schools: ‘The best education system in the world’ putting significant stress on young children. ABC News. Retrieved from http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-01-06/best-education-system-putting-stress-on-singaporean-children/6831964
  • NHK Broadcast Culture Research Institute. (2013). NHK chugakusei kokoseino seikatsuto ishikichosa [A survey of life and attitudes of lower and upper secondary school students made by NHK]. Tokyo: NHK.
  • OECD. (2017). PISA 2015 results (Volume III): Students’ well-being. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • Park, H. (2013). Re-evaluating education in Japan and Korea: Demystifying stereotypes. Oxford: Routledge.
  • Postlethwaite, N. (1967). School organization and student achievement: A study based on achievement in mathematics in twelve countries. Stockholm: Almqvist and Wiksell.
  • Rappleye, J. (2012). Reimagining attraction and ‘borrowing’ in education: Introducing a political production model. In G. Steiner-Khamsi & F. Waldow (Eds.), World yearbook of education 2012: Policy borrowing and lending in education (pp. 121–147). New York: Routledge.
  • Rappleye, J., & Komatsu, H. (2017). How to make lesson study work in America and worldwide: A Japanese perspective on the onto-cultural basis of (teacher) education. Research in Comparative and International Education, 12, 398–430.
  • Sakurai, K. (2014). Gurobarukato nihonno rodoshijo [Globalization and Japan’s labor market]. Tokyo: Japan Central Bank. Retrieved from https://www.boj.or.jp/research/wps_rev/wps_2014/data/wp14j05.pdf
  • Schleicher, A. (2011). Singapore: Five days in thinking schools and a learning nation. Paris: OECD. Retrieved from https://community.oecd.org/community/educationtoday/blog/2011/11/08/singapore-five-days-in-thinking-schools-and-a-learning-nation
  • Sina (xin lang jiao yu). (2015). 1977–2014 linian quan guo gaokao renshu he lu qu lu tongji [Statistics on the number of applications and admissions for the national gaokao examination from 1971–2014]. Retrieved from http://edu.sina.com.cn/gaokao/2015-06-18/1435473862.shtml
  • Statistics Japan. (2017). Henkasuru sangyo syokugyo kozo [Changing industrial and labor structures]. Retrieved from http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2005/sokuhou/03.htm
  • Takayama, K. (2017). Imagining East Asian education otherwise: Neither caricature, nor scandalization. Asia Pacific Journal of Education, 37, 262–274.
  • Tan, R. (2016, October 28). Stress in Singapore education system: What our young students have to say. Simile Tutor. Retrieved from https://smiletutor.sg/stress-in-singapore-education-system-what-our-young-students-have-to-say/
  • Tanaka, M. (2018). Private and vocational high schools within the expansion of secondary education: A case study of Korea. In S. Aizawa, M. Kagawa, & J. Rappleye (Eds.), High school for all: Comparing East Asian experiences. London: Routledge [ in press].
  • Tsuboi, H. (2006). AOnyushi jisshijokyoni kansuru houkoku [A report on admission office-managed entrance examinations in Japan]. Bulletin of Faculty of Resource Engineering, Akita University, 27, 31–34.
  • World Population Prospects. (2011). Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm
  • Yoshimi, S. (2009). Post sengo shakai [Post post-war society]. Tokyo: Iwanami.
  • You, Y., & Morris, P. (2016). Imagining school autonomy in high-performing education systems: East Asia as a source of policy referencing in England. Compare, 46, 882–905.
  • Zeng, K., & LeTendre, G. (1999). ‘The dark side of …’: Suicide, violence, and drug use in Japanese schools. In G. LeTendre (Ed.), Competitor or ally? Japan’s role in American educational debates (pp. 103–121). New York and London: Falmer.
  • Zhao, X., Selman, R., & Haste, H. (2015). Academic stress in Chinese schools and a proposed preventative intervention program. Cogent Education, 2, 1–14.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.