Differences between Scottish Education Authorities in their Examination AttainmentFootnote[1]

[1] This paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association in Washington, D.C. on 21 April 1987. The research was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom (Grant no. C00220003), the Scottish Education Department (Grant no. JHH/238/1), and the Canadian Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council (Award no. 410‐86‐0569). The analysis and conclusions do not reflect the views or policies of these or any other organisations. I would like to thank Murray Aitkin, Peter Cuttance, Harvey Goldstein, Andrew McPherson, David Raffe, and Geoffrey Walford for their comments on earlier drafts of this paper.

REFERENCES

• Aitkin , M. , Anderson , D. and Hinde , J. 1981 . Statistical modelling of data on teaching styles, . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , 144 : 419 – 461 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aitkin , M.A. and Longford , N.T. 1986 . Statistical modelling issues in school effectiveness studies, . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society A , 149 : 1 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , K.L. and Pallas , A.M. 1983 . Private schools and public policy: new evidence on cognitive achievement in public and private schools, . Sociology of Education , 56 : 170 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander , K.L. and Pallas , A.M. 1985 . School sector and cognitive performance: when is a little a little? . Sociology of Education , 58 (2) : 115 – 128 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alwin , D.F. 1976 . Assessing school effects: some identities, . Sociology of Education , 49 : 294 – 303 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson , C.S. 1982 . The search for school climate: a review of the research, . Review of Educational Research , 52 (3) : 368 – 420 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidwell , C.E. and Kasarda , J.D. 1975 . School district organisation and student achievement, . American Sociological Review , 40 : 55 – 70 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bidwell , C.E. and Windham , D.M. 1980 . The Analysis of Educational Productivity , Volume II , Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
   Google Scholar
• Blalock , H.M. 1964 . Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research , Chapel Hill : North Carolina Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bridge , R.G. , Judd , C.M. and Moock , P.R. 1979 . The Determinants of Educational Outcomes , Cambridge, MA : Ballinger .
   Google Scholar
• Burnhill , P.M. 1984 . “ The 1981 Scottish school leavers survey ” . In Fourteen to Eighteen: the changing pattern of schooling in Scotland , Edited by: Raffe , D. Aberdeen : Aberdeen University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Burnhill , P.M. , McPherson , A.M. , Raffe , D. and Tomes , N. “ Constructing a public account of an educational system ” . In Doing Sociology of Education , Edited by: Walford , G. Lewes : Falmer . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Burstein , L. 1980 . “ Issues in the aggregation of data ” . In Review of Research in Education, , Edited by: Berliner , D.C. 158 – 233 . Washington, DC : American Educational Research Association .
   Google Scholar
• Burstein , L. and Miller , M.D. The Use of Within‐group Slopes as Indices of Group Outcomes . Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association . April 1979 , San Francisco, CA.
   Google Scholar
• Centra , J.A. and Potter , D.A. 1980 . School and teacher effects: an international model, . Review of Educational Research , 50 (2) : 273 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clifford , P. and Heath , A. 1984 . Selection does make a difference, . Oxford Review of Education , 10 (1) : 85 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman , J.S. , Campbell , E.Q. , Hobson , C.F. , McPartland , J. , Mood , A.M. , Weinfeld , F.D. and York , R.L. 1966 . Equality of Educational Opportunity , Washington, DC : US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, US Government Printing Office .
   Google Scholar
• Coleman , J.S. , Hoffer , T. and Kilgore , S. 1982 . High School Achievement , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Cronbach , L.J. , Deken , J.E. and Webb , N. 1976 . Research on Classrooms and Schools: formulation of questions, design, and analysis, , Stanford, CA : Stanford Evaluation Consortium . Occasional Paper
   Google Scholar
• De Leeuw , J. and Kreft , I. 1986 . Random coefficient model for multilevel analysis, . Journal of Educational Statistics , 1 : 57 – 85 .
   Google Scholar
• DES . 1983 . School standards and spending: statistical analysis . Statistical Bulletin No. 16‐83 , (London, DES)
   Google Scholar
• Glasman , N.S. and Biniaminov , I. 1981 . Input‐output analysis of schools, . Review of Education Research , 51 (4) : 509 – 539 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glass , G.V. , McGaw , B. and Smith , M.L. 1981 . Meta‐analysis in Social Research , Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1984 . The methodology of school comparisons, . Oxford Review of Education , 10 (1) : 69 – 74 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldstein , H. 1986 . Multilevel mixed linear model analysis using iterative generalised least squares . Biometrika , 73 (1) : 43 – 56 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldthorpe , J.H. and Hope , K. 1974 . The Social Grading of Occupations: a new approach and scale , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. and Hannon , V. 1986 . HMI's interpretations of schools’ examination results . Journal of Educational Policy , 1 (1) : 23 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , Jesson , D. and Jones , B. 1984 . Predicting differences in examination results between local education authorities: does school organisation matter? . Oxford Review of Education , 10 (1) : 46 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J. , McPherson , A.F. and Raffe , D. 1983 . Reconstructions of Secondary Education: theory, myth and practice since the war , London : Routledge & Kegan Paul .
   Google Scholar
• Hannan , M.T. , Freeman , J.H. and Meyer , J.W. 1976 . Specification of models for organisational effectiveness, . American Sociological Review , 41 (1) : 136 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanushek , E.A. 1979 . Conceptual and empirical issues in the estimation of educational productional functions, . Journal of Human Resources , 14 (3) : 351 – 388 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harman , H.H. 1976 . Modem Factor Analysis , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hauser , R.M. 1974 . Contextual analysis revisited, . Sociological Methods and Research , 21 (3) : 365 – 375 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffer , T. , Greeley , A.M. and Coleman , J.S. 1985 . Achievement growth in public and Catholic schools . Sociology of Education , 58 (2) : 74 – 98 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jencks , C.S. 1972 . The Effects of High Schools on their Students , Harvard University, Center for Educational Policy Research .
   Google Scholar
• Jencks , C.S. , Smith , M. , Acland , H. , Bane , M.J. , Cohen , D. , Gintis , H. , Heyns , B. and Michelson , S. 1972 . Inequality: a reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America , New York : Basic Books .
   Google Scholar
• Jesson , D. , Gray , J. , Ranson , S. and Jones , B. 1985 . Some determinants of variations in expenditure on secondary education, . Policy and Politics , 13 (4) : 359 – 391 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacey , C. 1984 . Selective and non‐selective schooling: real or mythical comparisons? . Oxford Review of Education , 10 (1) : 75 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamb , J.M. 1986 . Scottish Young Peoples Survey: 1985 technical report , Edinburgh : University of Edinburgh, Centre for Educational Sociology .
   Google Scholar
• Lindley , D.V. and Smith , A.F.M. 1972 . Bayes estimates for the linear model, . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society B , 34 : 1 – 41 .
   Google Scholar
• Longford , N.T. 1986 . varcl [computer program] , Lancaster : Centre for Applied Statistics, University of Lancaster .
   Google Scholar
• Lord , R. 1984 . Value for Money in Education , London : Chartered Institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA) .
   Google Scholar
• McPherson , A.F. and Willms , J.D. 1986 . “ The socio‐historical construction of school contexts and their effects on contemporary pupil attainment in Scotland ” . In Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization , Edited by: Kerckhoff , A.C. vol. 6 , 227 – 301 . Greenwich, Conn : JAI Press .
   Google Scholar
• Marks , J. and Cox , C. 1984 . Educational attainment in secondary schools . Oxford Review of Education , 10 (1) : 7 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks , J. , Cox , C. and Pomian‐Srzednicki , M. 1983 . Standards in English Schools , London : National Council for Educational Standards .
   Google Scholar
• Mason , W.M. , Wong , G.Y. and Entwisle , B. 1984 . “ Contextual analysis through the multilevel linear model ” . In Sociological Methodology 1983‐1984 , Edited by: Leinhardt , S. 72 – 103 . San Francisco : Jossey‐Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.W. 1977 . The effects of education as an institution, . American Journal of Sociology , 83 (1) : 55 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer , J.W. 1980 . “ Levels of the educational system and schooling effects ” . In The Analysis of Educational Productivity, , Edited by: Bidwell , C. and Windham , D. vol. II , Cambridge, Mass : Ballinger .
   Google Scholar
• Mosteller , F. and Tukey , J.W. 1977 . Data Analysis and Regression , Reading, MA : Addison‐Wesley .
   Google Scholar
• Murnane , R.J. 1981 . Interpreting the evidence on school effectiveness, . Teachers College Record , 83 : 19 – 35 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noell , J. 1982 . Public and Catholic schools: a reanalysis of “Public and Private Schools”, . Sociology of Education , 55 : 123 – 132 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Office of Population Censuses and Surveys . 1970 . Classification of Occupations , London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Rachman‐Moore , D. and Wolfe , R.G. 1984 . Robust analysis of a nonlinear model for multilevel educational survey data, . Journal of Educational Statistics , 9 (4) : 277 – 293 .
   Google Scholar
• Raudenbush , S.W. and Bryk , A.S. 1986 . A hierarchical model for studying school effects, . Sociology of Education , 59 (1) : 1 – 17 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutter , M. 1983 . School effects on pupil progress: research findings and policy implications, . Child Development , 54 (1) : 1 – 29 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steedman , J. 1983 . Examination Results in Selective and Non‐selective Schools , London : National Children's Bureau .
   Google Scholar
• Wilby , P. 1982 . How good is your local school? . The Sunday Times , 19th September
   Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. 1984 . School effectiveness within the public and private sectors: an evaluation, . Evaluation Review , 8 (1) : 113 – 135 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. 1985a . Catholic schooling effects on academic achievement: new evidence from the High School and Beyond Follow‐up Study, . Sociology of Education , 58 (2) : 98 – 114 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. 1985b . The balance thesis: contextual effects of ability on pupils’ Ograde examination results, . Oxford Review of Education , 11 (1) : 33 – 41 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. 1986 . Social class segregation and its relationship to pupils’ examination results in Scotland, . American Sociological Review , 51 : 224 – 241 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. and Cuttance , P.F. 1985 . School effects in Scottish secondary schools, . British Journal of Sociology of Education , 6 (3) : 289 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willms , J.D. and Kerr , P. Changes in sex differences in Scottish examination results since 1976 . Journal of Early Adolescence , (in press)
   Google Scholar