Endnotes
- M. Schuler , ‘Kru Emigration to British and French Guiana 1841–1857’ in P.E. Lovejoy (ed.), Africans in Bondage, Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade ( 1986 : 155 – 156 ).
- R.R. Kuczynski , Demographic Survey of the British Colonial Empire ( 1948 , Vol. 1 80 ),
- J. Martin , ‘Krumen down the coast’ , The International Journal of African Historical Studies ( 1985 , Vol. 18 : 406 ).
- D. Frost ( 1999 ), Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers , Liverpool University Press .
Bibliography
- Ade Ajayi , J F and Crowder , M . 1974 . A History of West Africa London , Harlow, Essex : Longman .
- Banton , M . 1957 . West African City—A Study of Tribal Life in Freetown , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Bell , D . 1975 . “ ‘Ethnicity and Social Change’ ” . In Theory and Experience , Edited by: Glazer , N and Moynihan , D P . Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press . (1975) Ethnicity.
- Brah , A . 1996 . Cartographies of Diaspora: Contesting Identities , London/New York : Routledge .
- Brooks , G Jr . 1972 . “ ‘The Kru Mariner in the Nineteenth Century: A Historical Compendium’ ” . In Liberian Studies Monograph, Series No.1 Newark, NJ
- Buell , R L . 1928 . The Native Problem in Africa, New York , Vol. 2 , Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan .
- Castles , S and Miller , M J . 1993 . The Age of Migration , Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan .
- Clifford , J . 1997 . Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century , Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press .
- Guibernau , M and Rex , J , eds. 1999 . “ ‘Diasporas’ ” . In The Ethnicity Reader, Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration , Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Cohen , A . 1969 . Custom and Politics in Urban Africa: A Study of Hausa Migrants in Yoruba , Towns London : Routledge and Kegan Paul .
- Cohen , R . 1987 . The New Helot: Migrants in the International Division of Labour , Aldershot : Avebury .
- Castles , S and Miller , M J . 1993 . The Age of Migration , Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan .
- Colonial Secretary's Office . 1906 . Minute Papers, Regulations by the Tribal Ruler of the Kroo Tribe , Freetown, Sierra Leone : Government Archives .
- Davis , R W . 1976 . ‘Ethno historical Studies on the Kru Coast’ . Liberian Studies Monograph , Series No. 5.
- Fawcett , J T and Arnold , F . 1987 . “ ‘Explaining diversity: Asian and Pacific immigration systems’ ” . In Pacific Bridges: the New Immigration from Asia and the Pacific Islands , Edited by: Fawcett , J T and Carino , B V . New York : Center for Migration Studies .
- Castles , S and Miller , M J . 1993 . The Age of Migration , Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan .
- Frost , D . 1994 . “ ‘Ethnic Identity, Transience and Settlement: The Kru in Liverpool since the late Nineteenth Century’ ” . In Africans in Britain , Edited by: Killingray , D . Ilford, Essex : Frank Cass .
- 1996 . ‘Racism and social segregation: settlement patterns of West African seamen in Liverpool since the nineteenth century’ . New Community (The Journal of the European Research Centre on Migration and Ethnic Relations) , 22 ( 1 ) January
- 1999 . Work and Community Among West African Migrant Workers , Liverpool : Liverpool University Press .
- Fyfe , C . 1962 . A History of Sierra Leone , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
- Fyfe , C and Jones , E . Freetown; A Symposium . Oxford : Sierra Leone University Press/Oxford University Press .
- Guibernau , M and Rex , J . 1997 . The Ethnicity Reader, Nationalism, Muliti‐culturalism and Migration , Oxford : Polity Press .
- Glazer , N and Moynihan , D P . 1975 . “ ‘Introduction’ ” . In Ethnicity. Theory and Experience , Edited by: Glazer , N and Moynihan , D P . Cambridge, Mass : Harvard University Press .
- Gilroy , P . 1987 . There Ain't No Black in the Union Jack: The Cultural Politics of Race and Nation , London : Hutchinson .
- Harrell‐Bond , B , Howard , A M and Skinner , D E . 1978 . Community and Leadership and the Transformation of Freetown 1801–1976 , The Hague : Mouton Publishers .
- Holman , J . 1840 . Travels in Madeira, Sierra Leone, Teneriffe, St Jago, Cape Coast, Fernando Po, Princess Islands , London : Routledge .
- Kilson , M . 1969 . Political Change in a West African State , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Lane , T . 1990 . The Merchants Seamen's War , Manchester : Manchester University Press .
- Martin , J . 1985 . ‘Krumen down the coast: Liberian Migrants on the West African Coast in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries’ . The International Journal of African Historical Studies , 18 ( 3 )
- Safran , W . 1991 . ‘Diasporas in Modern Societies: Myths of Homeland and Return’ . Diaspora ,
- Clifford , J . 1999 . “ ‘Diasporas’ ” . In The Ethnicity Reader, Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration , Edited by: Guibernau , N and Rex , J . Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Schuler , M . 1986 . “ ‘Kru Emigration to British and French Guiana 1841–1857’ ” . In Africans in Bondage, Studies in Slavery and the Slave Trade , Edited by: Lovejoy , P E . Wisconsin : University of Wisconsin Press . Schuler claims that British Guiana had the second largest Kru diaspora Sierra Leone Blue Books, 1899–1938, Government Printing Office, Freetown.
- Solomos , J and Back , L . 1996 . Racism and Society , Basingstoke Hampshire : Macmillan .
- Tololian , K . 1991 . “ ‘The Nation State and its Others: In Lieu of a Preface’ ” . In Diaspora
- Clifford , J and J . 1999 . “ ‘Diasporas’ ” . In The Ethnicity Reader, Nationalism, Multiculturalism and Migration , Edited by: Guibernau , M and Rex , J . Cambridge : Polity Press .
- Tonkin , E . 1985 . “ ‘Creating Kroomen: Ethnic Diversity, Economic Specialism and Changing Demand’ ” . University of Aberdeen Symposium .
- Wallerstein , I . ‘Voluntary Associations and Political Parties’ . Proceedings of an Inaugural Seminar . Centre of African Studies, University of Edinburgh .
- Webster , J B , Boahen , A A and Idowu . 1967 . The Growth of African Civilisation. The Revolu‐tionary Years, West Africa Since 1800 , Harlow, Essex : Longman .
- Zolberg , A R . 1989 . ‘The next waves: migration theory for a changing world’ . International Migration Review , 23 ( 3 )
- Castles , S and Miller , M J . 1993 . The Age of Migration , Basingstoke, Hampshire : Macmillan .