Who wants to be a millionaire? Nigerian youths and the commodification of kidnapping

References

• Abati , R. 2009a . Nigeria's unemployment crisis . The Guardian (Lagos), 27 February ,
   Google Scholar
• Abati , R. 2009b . Ransom kidnapping, hostage taking and a bewildered Nigeria . The Guardian (Lagos) , 3 May
   Google Scholar
• Abdullah , I. 1998 . Bush path to destruction: the origin and character of the Revolutionary United Front/Sierra Leone . Journal of Modern African Studies , 36 ( 2 ) : 203 – 235 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adekoye , V. 2009a . Kidnap: Edo police finger bank chiefs . Daily Champion (Lagos), 9 April, 6 ,
   Google Scholar
• Adekoye, V., 2009b. Kidnappers go hi-tech in Edo, Saturday.
   Google Scholar
• Akhaine , S. 2009 . The kidnap of Canadian Mulligan in Kaduna . The Guardian (Lagos), 3 May ,
   Google Scholar
• Alexander , C. 2009 . Kidnapping: Nigeria's fastest booming industry . Business Day, 16 November ,
   Google Scholar
• Amaize , E. 2008 . Kidnappers of RUST don demand N50m ransom . Vanguard (Lagos), 18 December ,
   Google Scholar
• Amuwo , A. 2009 . The political economy of Nigeria's post-military elections, 1999–2007 . Review of African Political Economy , 36 ( 119 ) : 37 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anyanwu , G. 2009 . Under siege. Saturday Sun, 13 June .
   Google Scholar
• Babington-Ashaye , F. 2009 . Kidnapping: a ransom insurance solution . The Guardian (Lagos), 28 June ,
   Google Scholar
• Bayart , J.-F. , Ellis , S. and Hibou , B. 1999 . The criminalization of the state in Africa , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Chabal, P., 2005. Introduction: Violence, power and rationality: a political analysis of conflict in contemporary Africa. In: P. Chabal, U. Engel and A.-M. Gentili, eds. Is violence inevitable in Africa? Theories of conflict and approaches to conflict resolution. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Chabal , P. and Daloz , J.-P. 1999 . Africa works: disorder as political instrument , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Chikeruba , R. A. and Gordi , U. 2009 . Abducted Rivers Council chief regains freedom . The Guardian (Lagos), 11 June ,
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen , C. , Utas , M. and Vigh , H. E. 2006 . “ Introduction: Navigating youth, generating adulthood ” . In Navigating youth, generating adulthood: social becoming in an African context , Edited by: Christiansen , C. , Utas , M. and Vigh , H. E. 9 – 28 . Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
   Google Scholar
• Diouf , M. 2003 . Engaging postcolonial cultures: African youth and public space . African Studies Review , 46 ( 2 ) : 1 – 12 .
   Google Scholar
• Ero , A. 2009 . The enemies within . Tell, 15 June ,
   Google Scholar
• Glickman , H. 2005 . The Nigerian ‘419’ advance fee scams: prank or peril? . Canadian Journal of African Studies , 39 ( 3 ) : 462 – 489 .
   Google Scholar
• Goldberg, K., 2000. Kidnapping becomes growth industry. 7 September. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/914448.stm [Accessed 15 November 2009].
   Google Scholar
• Gore , C. and Pratten , D. 2003 . The politics of plunder: the rhetorics of order and disorder in Southern Nigeria . African Affairs , 102 : 221 – 240 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harnischfeger , J. 2003 . The Bakassi Boys: fighting crime in Nigeria . Journal of Modern African Studies , 41 ( 1 ) : 23 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikime , O. 2006 . History, the historian and the nation: the voice of a Nigerian historian , Ibadan : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Imobighe , T. 2003 . “ Ethnicity and ethnic conflicts in Nigeria: an overview ” . In Civil society and conflict management in Nigeria , Edited by: Imobighe , T. A. 13 – 35 . Ibadan : Spectrum .
   Google Scholar
• Jike , V. T. 2004 . Ethnic conflict, status crystallization and the sub-culture youth rebelliousness in the Niger Delta . African Conflict Profile , 1 ( 1 ) : 85 – 99 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan , D. R. 2006 . “ The coming anarchy ” . In The geopolitics reader , 2 , Edited by: Gearoid , T. O. 118 – 189 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , M. P. 2004 . “ Getting the politics right: governance and economic failure in Nigeria ” . In Crafting the new Nigeria: confronting the challenges , Edited by: Rotberg , R. 99 – 124 . London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Maier , K. 2000 . This house has fallen: Nigeria in crisis , London : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Manby , B. 2004 . “ Principal human rights challenges ” . In Crafting the new Nigeria: confronting the challenges , Edited by: Rotberg , R. 175 – 198 . London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Meagher , K. 2007 . Hijacking civil society: the inside story of the Bakassi Boys vigilante group of South-Eastern Nigeria . Journal of Modern African Studies , 45 ( 1 ) : 89 – 115 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okocha , C. and Constance , I. 2009 . Kidnappers pocket N15bn . This Day, 1 April ,
   Google Scholar
• Ocholi , D. 2009 . The kidnap kingpins . Newswatch, 29 June ,
   Google Scholar
• Oguseri , W. 2007 . Edo nest of ritualists . The Source (Lagos), 26 November ,
   Google Scholar
• Oguseri , W. 2009 . Edo: the reign of kidnappers . The Source, 27 April ,
   Google Scholar
• Olisah , U. 2009 . Oshiomole seeks life imprisonment for kidnappers . Nigerian Tribune, 5 May ,
   Google Scholar
• Onovo , O. 2009 . Combating the crimes of armed robbery and kidnapping in the South–East and South–South Zones of Nigeria: strategies, challenges and prospects . Igbinedion Journal of Diplomacy and Strategy , 1 ( 1 ) : 12 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Orji , G. 2009 . Mulligan's 15-day captivity . This Day, 8 May ,
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae , E. E. 1999 . Exiting from the existing state in Nigeria . African Journal of Political Science , 4 ( 1 ) : 89 – 98 .
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae , E. E. 2002 . Crippled giant: Nigeria since Independence , Ibadan : John Archers .
   Google Scholar
• Osaghae , E. E. 2007 . Youth militias, self-determination and resource control struggles in the Niger Delta Region of Nigeria Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) and ASC Leiden Consortium for Development Partnership Research Report No. 5, Modules 5 and 6. Dakar: CODESRIA
   Google Scholar
• Osumah , O. and Aghedo , I. 2010 . The open sore of a nation: corruption complex and internal security in Nigeria . African Security , 3 ( 3 ) : 137 – 147 .
   Google Scholar
• Otabor , O. 2009 . Abductors of Edo Commissioner's wife demand N12m ransom . The Nation, 8 April ,
   Google Scholar
• Nigerian Tribune, 2009. Editorial, 22 May, 13.
   Google Scholar
• Peel , M. 2005 . Crisis in the Niger Delta: how failures of transparency and accountability are destroying the region. 7(1) , Chatham House : Africa Programme . London: Royal Institute for International Affairs
   Google Scholar
• Reno , W. 2004 . “ The roots of sectarian violence, and its cure ” . In Crafting the new Nigeria: confronting the challenges , Edited by: Rotberg , R. 219 – 238 . London : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Sanyaolu , K. 2008 . The state against ritual murders . The Guardian (Lagos), 29 June ,
   Google Scholar
• Sesay , A. 2003 . Ethnic militias and the future of democracy in Nigeria , Edited by: Sesay , A. Ile-Ife : Obafemi Awolowo University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , D. J. 2007 . A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria , Princeton, NJ : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• The Guardian . 2009 . Editorial: Kidnappers and the death penalty . The Guardian (Lagos), 25 May , 13 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Ukeje , C. and Adebanwi , W. 2008 . Ethno-nationalist claims in Southern Nigeria: insights from Yoruba and Ijaw nationalism since the 1990s . Ethnic and Racial Studies , 31 ( 3 ) : 563 – 591 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ukiwo , U. 2002 . Deus ex machina or Frankenstein's monster? The changing roles of Bakassi Boys in Eastern Nigeria. Democracy and Development: Journal of West African Studies . 3 ( 1 ) : 39 – 51 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Dijk , R. 2001 . ‘Voodoo’ on the doorstep: young Nigerian prostitutes and magic policing in the Netherlands . Africa , 71 ( 4 ) : 558 – 586 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanguard . 2007 . Kidnapping as business . Vanguard (Lagos), 18 July ,
   Google Scholar
• Vigh , E. H. 2006a . Navigating terrains of war: youth and soldiering in Guinea , Oxford : Berghahn .
   Google Scholar
• Vigh , E. H. 2006b . “ Social death and violent life chances ” . In Navigating youth, generating adulthood: social belonging in an African context , Edited by: Christiansen , C. , Utas , M. and Vigh , H. E. 31 – 60 . Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
   Google Scholar
• Yun , M. 2007 . Implications of global hostage-taking and kidnapping . Korean Journal of Defence Analysis , 19 ( 2 ) : 135 – 165 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar