References
- Alexander, J. 1994. “State, Peasantry and Resettlement in Zimbabwe.” Review of African Political Economy 21 (61): 325–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056249408704063.
- Alexander, J. 2006. The Unsettled Land: State-making and The Politics of Land in Zimbabwe, 1893–2003. Oxford; Harare; Athens, OH: James Curry; Weaver Press; Ohio University Press.
- Alexander, J. 2007. “The Historiography of Land in Zimbabwe: Strengths, Silences, and Questions.” Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies 8 (2): 183–198. https://doi.org/10.1080/17533170701370992.
- Alexander, J. 2018. “The Politics of States and Chiefs in Zimbabwe.” In The Politics of Custom: Chiefship, Capital and the State in Contemporary Africa, edited by J. L. Comaroff and J. Comaroff, paperback, 134–161. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Berry, S. 2009. “Property, Authority and Citizenship: Land Claims, Politics and the Dynamics of Social Division in West Africa.” Development and Change 40 (1): 23–45.
- Bøås, M. 2009. “‘New’ Nationalism and Autochthony – Tales of Origin as Political Cleavage.” Africa Spectrum 44 (1): 19–38.
- Borras, S. M., and J. C. Franco. 2013. “Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions ‘From Below’.” Third World Quarterly 34 (9): 1723–1747. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2013.843845.
- Chaumba, J., I. Scoones, and W. Wolmer. 2003. “From Jambanja To Planning: The Reassertion of Technocracy in Land Reform in South-eastern Zimbabwe? Journal of Modern African Studies 41 (4): 533–554. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X03004397.
- Bulawayo24 News. 2017. “MDC-T Dispatches Bouncers to Fight Zanu-PF.” Bulawayo24 News, online news website, June 24. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-112775.html.
- Chimhowu, A., and P. Woodhouse. 2006. ‘Officially’ Forbidden but Not Suppressed: Vernacular Land Markets on Communal Lands in Zimbabwe – A Case Study of Svosve Communal Lands, Zimbabwe. Working Paper. Manchester: University of Manchester Institute for Development Policy and Management.
- Côte, M. 2020. “Community-based Citizenship: Autochthony and Land Claim Politics Under Forest Decentralization in Burkina Faso.” Geoforum 109 (February): 171–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.07.012.
- Dande, I., and J. Mujere. 2019. “Contested Histories and Contested Land Claims: Traditional Authorities and the Fast Track Land Reform Programme in Zimbabwe, 2000–2017.” Review of African Political Economy 46 (159): 86–100. https://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2019.1609922.
- Engels, B., and K. Dietz, eds. 2017. Contested Extractivism, Society and the State: Struggles over Mining and Land. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Fokou, G., B. Bonfoh, J. Chenal, M. Gasparini, and H. Yéré. 2010. “Autochthony, Natural Resource Management and Conflicting Rights in West Africa.” In Global Change and Sustainable Development: A Synthesis of Regional Experiences from Research Partnerships, edited by H. Hurni and U. Wiesmann, with an international group of co-editors, 61–76. Perspectives of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) North–South, University of Bern, vol. 5. Bern: Geographica Bernensia.
- Fontein, J. 2006. “Languages of Land, Water and ‘Tradition’ around Lake Mutirikwi in Southern Zimbabwe.” Journal of Modern African Studies 44 (2): 223–249.
- Fontein, J. 2009. “‘We Want to Belong to Our Roots and We Want to be Modern People’: New Farmers, Old Claims Around Lake Mutirikwi, Southern Zimbabwe.” African Studies Quarterly 10 (4): 1–35.
- Friedrich, C. 1963. Man and his Government: An Empirical Theory Of Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co.
- Geschiere, P. 2009. The Perils of Belonging: Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion in Africa and Europe. London: University of Chicago Press.
- Geschiere, P. 2011. “Autochthony, Citizenship, and Exclusion: Paradoxes in the Politics of Belonging in Africa and Europe.” Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 18 (1): 321–339.
- Kirst, S. 2020. “‘Chiefs Do Not Talk Law, Most of Them Talk Power’: Traditional Authorities in Conflicts Over Land Grabbing in Ghana.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des études africaines 54 (3): 519–539. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2020.1719170.
- Kurebwa, J. 2018. “The Institution of Traditional Leadership and Local Governance in Zimbabwe.” International Journal of Civic Engagement and Social Change 5 (1). doi:10.4018/IJCESC.2018010101.
- Lentz, C. 2013. Land, Mobility and Belonging in West Africa: Natives and Strangers. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
- Li, T. M. 2000. “Articulating Indigenous Identity in Indonesia: Resource Politics and The Tribal Slot.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 42 (1):149–179.
- Li, T. M. 2010. “Indigeneity, Capitalism, and the Management of Dispossession.” Current Anthropology 51 (3): 385–414.
- Mamdani, M. 2002. “Citizenship and African States.” International Affairs 78 (2): 493–506.
- Mapedza, E. 2007. Traditional Authority: Accountability and Governance in Zimbabwe in State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?, edited by L. Buur and H. M. Kyed, 183–207. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Maposa, R. S., D. Gamira, and J. Hlongwana. 2010. “‘Land as a Sacrificial Lamb’: A Critical Reflection on the Effects of Colonial and Post-independent Land Management Policies in Zimbabwe.” Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa 12 (6): 192–207.
- McGregor, J. 2002. “The Politics of Disruption: War Veterans and the Local State In Zimbabwe.” African Affairs 101 (402): 9–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/101.402.9.
- Milgroom, J., and J. Ribot. 2020. “Children of Another Land: Social Disarticulation, Access to Natural Resources and the Reconfiguration of Authority in Post Resettlement.” Society and Natural Resources 33 (2): 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2019.1590668.
- Mkodzongi, G. 2013. “Fast Tracking Land Reform and Rural Livelihoods in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe: Opportunities and Constraints, 2000–2013.” PhD thesis, University of Edinburgh.
- Mkodzongi, G. 2016. “‘I am a Paramount Chief, This Land Belongs To My Ancestors’: The Reconfiguration Of Rural Authority After Zimbabwe’s Land Reforms.” Review of African Political Economy 43 (Supp. 1): 99–114. http://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2015.1085376.
- Mkodzongi, G. 2019. “New Land, Old Claims and the Politics of Belonging During a Changing Agrarian Situation in Central Zimbabwe.” Anthropology Southern Africa 42 (3): 271–283. https://doi.org/10.1080/23323256.2019.1615377.
- Moyo, S., W. Chambati, T. Murisa, D. Siziba, C. Dangwa, K. Mujeyi, and N. Nyoni. 2009. Fast Track Land Reform Baseline Survey in Zimbabwe: Trends and Tendencies, 2005/06. Harare: African Institute for Agrarian Studies (AIAS).
- Moyo, S., and P. Yeros. 2007. “The Radicalised State: Zimbabwe’s Interrupted Revolution.” Review of African Political Economy 34 (111): 103–121.
- Mujere, J. 2011. “Land, Graves and Belonging: Land Reform and the Politics of Belonging in Newly Resettled Farms in Gutu, 2000–2009.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (5): 1123–1144. http://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.634501.
- Ndlovu, M. 2019. “Mnangagwa’s Government Funds the Mambo King.” Bulawayo24 News, online news website, October 16. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-172830.html.
- Ndlovu, M., L. A. Tshuma, and S. W. Ngwenya. 2019. “Between Tradition and Modernity: Discourses on the Coronation of the Ndebele ‘King’ in Zimbabwe.” Critical Arts 33 (2): 82–95. https://doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2019.1691247.
- Nkala, S. 2019. “Land Evictions Will Make Zanu PF Unpopular.” Newsday (Harare), May 2. Accessed October 16, 2019. https://www.newsday.co.zw/2019/05/land-evictions-will-make-zanu-pf-unpopular/.
- OCHA (UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs). 2010. “A3 Districts Insiza.” Map. https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/sites/www.humanitarianresponse.info/files/A3_districts_Insiza.pdf.
- Peluso, N. L., and C. Lund. 2011. “New Frontiers of Land Control: Introduction.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (4): 667–681. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.607692.
- Scoones, I., N. Marongwe, B. Mavedzenge, F. Murimbarimba, J. Mahenehene, and C. Sukume. 2011. “Zimbabwe’s Land Reform: Challenging the Myths.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (5): 967–993. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2011.622042.
- Utete, C. 2003. Report of the Presidential Land Review Committee on the Implementation of the Fast Track Land Reform Programme, 2000–2002. (‘The Utete Report’.) Harare: Government of Zimbabwe.
- Zenker, O. 2011. “Authority, Ethnicity, Indigeneity and Nationalism: Time-honouring and State-oriented Modes of Rooting Individual–Territory–Group Triads in a Globalizing World.” Critique of Anthropology 31 (1): 63–81.
List of interviews and focus group discussions
- 1. Headman Nxumalo, Debshan, 15 February 2019.
- 2. Ministry of Local Government senior provincial officer (SMM), Gwanda, 8 March 2019.
- 3. Ministry of Agriculture senior provincial officer (MDM), Gwanda, 22 March 2019.
- 4. RTM, Debshan, 17 May 2019.
- 5. RTM, Debshan, 5 June 2019.
- 6. Chief Jahana (Ndumiso Khumalo), Debshan, 10 August 2019.
- 7. RTM, Debshan, 11 August 2019.
- 8. SMM, Gwanda, 5 September 2019.
- 9. Ministry of Agriculture senior Insiza District official, Filabusi, 13 June 2019.
- 10. Ministry of Local Government senior Insiza District official, Filabusi, 13 June 2019.
- 11. Chief Jahana, Debshan, 28 August 2019.
- 1. Land occupants from Godhlwayo Communal Area, 3 July 2019.
- 2. Land occupants from Midlands, 5 July 2019.
- 3. Land occupants from the Midlands, Debshan, 7 July 2019.
- 4. Jahana’s subjects, Debshan, 16 February 2019.
- 5. Land occupants from the Midlands, Debshan, 9 July 2019.
- 6. Jahana’s subjects, Debshan, 19 August 2019.