- Caldwell , J. C. and Caldwell , P. 1993 . 'South Africa's Fertility Decline' . Population and Development Review , 19 ( 2 )
- au>V.Agadjanian N.Prata, 'War and Reproduction : Angola's Fertility in Comparative Perspective', this volume.
- Ndunyu , L. 1999 . 'The role of gender sensitisation in the family planning program in Kenya' . Proceedings of the Third African Population Conference . December 6-10 1999 , Durban. Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century , Volume 3 , pp. 447 – 56 . Dakar Kenya's fertility experience has been extremely unusual. Its TFR was one of the highest in sub-Saharan Africa until recently at around 8, and its population growth rate was the world's highest at 4.1 per cent. The decline in fertility that has occurred (to 4.7 in 1998) has been one of the steepest observed anywhere in the world and the current population growth rate is 2.1 percent;
- R.Upton, '"Infertility Makes You Invisible": Gender, Health and the Negotiation of Fertility in Northern Botswana', this volume, on Botswana where it is noted that evidence of falling fertility in the 1980s was initially viewed with some scepticism as it was preceded by a short period in which fertility rose slightly. The initial evidence of falling fertility in Kenya was similarly treated.
- See T. Moultrie and I. Timaeus, 'Fertility and living arrangements in South Africa', this volume, for the net impact of different levels of education on fertility among black women in South Africa.
- See Agadjanian and Praia, 'War and Reproduction', this volume.
- See M. Grieser et al., 'Reproductive decision-making and the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Zimbabwe', this volume, for a more detailed discussion of this relationship.
- Baylies , C. 2000 . 'The impact of HIV on family size preference in Zambia' . Reproductive Health Matters , 8 ( 15 ) : 77 – 86 . In Zimbabwe and Zambia, the fear of experiencin g more emotional pain is a significant part of the reasoning behind decisions not to have more children after one child has died of AIDS, since it is felt that any new baby will in all likelihood die too. See dieser et al., 'Reproductive decision-making ', this volume
- Bijlmakers , L. A. , Basset , M. T. and Sanders , D. M. 1998 . Socioeconomic Stress, Health and Child Nutritional Status in Zimbabwe at a Time of Economic Structural Adjustment. A three-year longitudinal study , Research Report no. 105 15 Uppsala : Nordiska Afrikainstitutet .
- 1979 . 'Revolutionary practice in health: the health care services in Mozambique' . People's Power , 13 Spring
- Segal , M. 1977 . 'Health and national liberation in the People's Republic of Mozambique' . International Journal of Health Services , 7 ( 2 )
- Walt , G. 1980-1 . 'Commitment to primary health care in Mozambique: a preliminary review' . Rural Africana , 8-9
- Bijlmakers . “ 'Socioeconomic Stress, Health and Child Nutritional Status' ” . 15 This rise is not due to AIDS alone; 'declining per capita expenditure on health and the declining quality of health services… and the general deterioration in living conditions for large segments of the population' caused by structural adjustment policies are also cited. At the UAPS Population Conference in Durban in December 1999, M. Grieser reported a 21 per cent and 39 per cent increase, respectively, in infant and child mortality rates in Zimbabwe from 1992 to 1998
- Ferguson , J. 1999 . Expectation of Modernity: Myths and Meanings of Urban Life on the Zambian Copperbeh , Berkeley, Los Angeles, London : University of California Press .
- Schlyter , A. 1996 . 'Women are plenty -- men are scarce. Views on gender and sexuality among youth in George compound, Lusaka' . paper submitted to the Swedish Association for Sex Education . 1996 . unpublished
- See dieser e t al., 'Reproductive Decision-making', this volume; C. Baylies, "The impact of HIV on family size preference in Zambia'.
- Lee , K. , Lush , L. , Walt , G. and Cleland , J. 1998 . 'Family planning policies and programmes in eight low-income countries: a comparative policy analysis' . Social Science and Medicine , 47 ( 7 ) : 949 – 59 . A country often cited in support of this thesis, for example, is Bangladesh. See
- Caldwell and Caldwell . “ 'South Africa's Fertility Decline' argue that, by 1991, South Africa had 'a higher density of [family planning] services than is available anywhere in Asia or indeed elsewhere in the world' ” . 229
- Late marriage was a key influence on fertility levels in Lesotho at this time. Labour migration, high literacy rates and socio-cultural influences against pre-marital sex also played apart. See A.Mturi W.Moerane 'Non-marital Childbearing Among Adolescents in Lesotho' this volume.
- See V.Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change: Gendered Social Interaction and Fertility Regulation in Mozambique', this volume.
- Kaler , A. 1981 . 'A Threat to the Nation and a Threat to the Men: the Banning of Depo-Provera in Zimbabwe' . Journal of Southern African Studies , 24 ( 2 ) : 347 – 76 .
- Ibid; see also P. Maharaj, 'Male Attitudes to Family Planning in the Era of HIV/AIDS: Evidence from KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa', this volume.
- Way , A. 1987 . 'Family Planning in Botswana, Kenya and Zimbabwe' . International Family Planning Perspectives , 13 ( 1 )
- Maharaj 'Male Attitudes to Family Planning in the Era of HIV/AIDS'.
- Udjo , E. 1999 . 'Recent evidence of levels, trends and differentials in fertility in South Africa' . paper presented at Workshop on Fertility in Southern Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies . September 22-24 1999 . Eric Udjo of the Directorate of Analysis, Statistics South Africa has recently shown, through re-analysis of census data from 1970 to 1985, that African fertility was overestimated (e.g. his estimate for 1970 is 17 per cent less than the figure shown in Table 1) while the fertility of other racial groups was generally slightly underestimated. See
- Ibid.
- Lesthaeghe , R. J. , ed. 1989 . Reproduction and Social Organization in sub-Saharan Africa , Berkeley : University of California Press .
- Lesthaeghe , R. J. “ 'Production and reproduction in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of organising principles' ” . In Lesthaeghe, Reproduction and Social Organization 16
- Upton, 'Infertility Makes You Invisible', this volume, for Tswana women's views on the importance of 'resting' their bodies after childbirth in relation to support for contraception.
- Lura , R. 1985 . 'Population change in Kericho district, Kenya: an example of fertility increase in Africa' . African Studies Review , 28 ( 1 ) The impact of polygyny on fertility in sub-Saharan Africa is very complex with, for example, different impacts where Islam dominates compared with indigenous religions or Christianity. It provides marriage conditions that can both increase and decrease fertility. See Lesthaeghe, 'Production and Reproduction in sub-Saharan Africa' and
- Pebley , A. and Mbugugua , W. “ 'Polygyny and fertility in sub-Saharan Africa' ” . 13 – 59 . 338 – 64 . Lesthaeghe, Reproduction and Social Organization .
- See Mturi and Moerane, 'Non-marital childbearing among adolescents in Lesotho', this volume; Upton, 'Infertility Makes You Invisible', this volume.
- Schlyter, 'Women ate plenty -- men are scarce'.
- Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', in this volume.
- Letamo , G. 1999 . 'A review of abortion law as in selected southern African countries: a special focus on Botswana' . paper presented at Workshop on Fertility in Southern Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies . September 22-24 1999 . See Mturi and Moerane, 'Non-marital childbearing among adolescents in Lesotho', this volume; Abortion laws in the region are generally restrictive, with the notable exception of South Africa, followed by Zambia
- Mturi and Moerane, 'Non-marital childbearing among adolescents in Lesotho', this volume.
- Bijlmakers . Socioeconomic Stress, Health and Child Nutritional Status 57
- See Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', this volume.
- Ibid.
- Jewkes , R. 1999 . 'Relationship dynamics and adolescent fertility in South Africa' . paper presented at Workshop on Fertility in Southern Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies . September 22-24 1999 .
- Opolot , E. 2000 . 'Uganda's AIDS fightback' . News Africa , 1 ( 6 ) Aug. 14 : 53
- CaIdwell , J. 1997 . 'The impact of the African AIDS epidemic' . Health Transition Review , 7 ( Supplement 2 ) : 182
- UNAIDS . Emerging Issues and Challenges for Women, Young People and HIV/AIDS Geneva http://www.unaids.org/unaids). The HIV prevalence rate in urban areas in Uganda fell from 30 per cent to IS per cent between 1990 and 1997, and is probably now around 10 per cent in the rural areas. It may be higher in die rural areas
- 2001 . Mail and Guardian , January 5 For example, recent research in Thailand has noted this effect
- Kyei, 'The mode of feeding that promotes higher survival rate'.
- Coutsoudis , A. 1999 . 'Influence of infant feeding patterns on early mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Durban, South Africa: a prospective cohort study' . Lancet , 354 : 471 – 6 . Thanks to Gillian Barber for drawing our attention to this study
- Bijlmakers . Socioeconomic Stress, Health and Child Nutritional Status 15
- “ 'Male Issues in African Fertility' ” . In Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century Volume 2 , 1 – 142 . See, for example, Maharaj, 'Male attitudes to family planning in the era of HIV/AIDS', this volume; Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', this volume; contributions to section on
- Rono , P. “ 'Male factors in family planning and contraception in Kenya: the case of Kaptumo Location, Nandi district' ” . In in Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century Volume 3 , 417 – 28 . Ndunyu, 'The role of gender sensitisation'
- Kavinya , A. 1999 . 'From community-led to autonomou s reproductive decision-making : evidence from Tumbuka and Chewa couples in rural Malawi' . paper presented at Workshop on Fertility in Southern Africa, School of Oriental and African Studies . September 22-24 1999 . A.Kaler 'A Threat to the Nation and a Threat to the Men'; Harri son and Montgomery, 'Life Histories, Reproductive Histories'; Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', this volume.
- See the comments made by men in Agadjanian, 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', this volume; Maharaj, 'Male Attitudes to Family planning in the Era of HIV/AIDS', this volume; Kavinya, 'From community-led to autonomous reproductive decision-making'.
- Upton, ' "Infertility Makes You Invisible": this volume. See also, Kaler, 'A Threat to the Nation and a Threat to the Men'.
- Schlyter, 'Women are plenty - men are scarce'.
- See Upton, ' "Infertility Makes You Invisible" '; Agadjanian 'Negotiating Through Reproductive Change', this volume; Harrison and Montgomery, 'Life Histories, Reproductive Histories', this volume.
- Preston-Whyte , E. and Zondi , M. 1992 . “ 'African teenage pregnancy: whose problem?' ” . In Questionable Issue: Illegitimacy in South Africa , Edited by: Burman , S. and Preston-Whyte , E. 233 Cape Town : Oxford University Press .
- Sibanda , A. and Zuberi , T. “ 'Contemporary fertility levels and trends in South Africa: evidence from reconstructed census birth histories' ” . In Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century Volume 1 , 94
- A.Harrison E.Montgomery 'Life Histories, Reproductive Histories: Rural South African Women's Narratives of Fertility, Reproductive Health and Illness', this volume.
- Gaitskell , D. 1982 . “ 'Wailing for Purity: mothers, daughters and Christian prayer unions in South Africa' ” . In Industrialisation and Social Change Edited by: Marks , S. and Rathbone , R. London
- Gaitskell . 1987 . “ 'Wailing for Purity' ” . In "Not Either an Experimenta I Doll ":the separate lives of three South African women , Edited by: Marks , S. Pietermaritzburg : Natal University Press; London, Women's Press; and Bloomington, Indiana, University Press . This is not a new problem in South Africa. See for example
- Mager , Anne . 1999 . Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: a Social History of the Ciskei, 1945-1959 , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann . Oxford, James Currey
- Garenne et al., 'Understanding marital and premarital fertility in rural South Africa'; Harrison and Montgomery, 'Life Histories, Reproductive Histories', this volume.
- Ibid.
- Mencarini , L. 1999 . 'An analysis of fertility and infant mortality in South Africa based on 1993 LSDS data' . Proceedings of the Third African Population Conference . December 6-10 1999 , Durban. Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century , Volume 1 , pp. 119 Dakar The 1993 Living Standards and Development Survey in South Africa uncovered very high child (under five) mortality rates in ex-homeland rural areas of 180 per thousand. By comparison, black metropolitan resident women's children had a lower rate of 80 per thousand:
- Huffman , S. and Lamphere , B. 1992 . “ 'Breastfeeding performance and child survival' ” . In Child Survival: Strategies for Research , supplement to Population and Development Review 10 Edited by: Mosley , W. and Chen , L. Higher incomes are not necessarily sufficient to avert the problem: a study in rural Chile found that poorer women's children had better survival rates than wealthier women who had access to running water, simply because they breastfed for longer:
- Kyei , K. “ 'The mode of feeding that promotes higher survival rate among children' ” . In Union for African Population Studies, The African Population in the 21st Century Volume 1 , 209
- Elliot , Larry . 2001 . 'Zambia dips into empty pockets' . Weekly Mail & Guardian , January 12 to 18 : 17
Journal of Southern African Studies
Volume 27, 2001 - Issue 2