Factor structure of character strengths in youth: Consistency across ages and measures

References

• Allemand, M., Steiger, A. E., & Fend, H. A. (2015). Empathy development in adolescence predicts social competencies in Adulthood. Journal of Personality, 83, 229–241. 10.1111/jopy.12098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allport, G. W. (1921). Personality and character. Psychological Bulletin, 18, 441–455. doi:10.1037/h0066265.
   Google Scholar
• Arthur, J., Kristjánsson, K., Walker, D. I., Sanderse, W., & Jones, C. (2015). Character education in UK schools. Birmingham: University of Birmingham Jubilee Centre for Character and Virtues. Retrieved from http://www.jubileecentre.ac.uk/userfiles/jubileecentre/pdf/Research%20Reports/Character_Education_in_UK_Schools.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397–438. doi:10.1080/10705510903008204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benson, P. L., Scales, P. C., & Mannes, M. (2003). Developmental strengths and their sources: Implications for the study and practice of community-building. In R. M. Lerner, F. Jacobs, & D. Wertieb (Eds.), Promoting positive child, adolescent, and family development: A handbook of program and policy innovations, (Vol. 1 pp. 369–406). Promoting developmental assets—community-based approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Bontempo, D. E., & Hofer, S. M. (2007). Assessing factorial invariance in cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. In A. D. Ong, & M. van Dulmen (Eds.), Handbook of methods in positive psychology (pp. 153–175). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brdar, I., & Kashdan, T. B. (2010). Character strengths and well-being in Croatia: An empirical investigation of structure and correlates. Journal of Research in Personality, 44, 151–154. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2009.12.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, F. F., West, S. G., & Sousa, K. H. (2006). A comparison of bifactor and second-order models of quality of life. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 41, 189–225. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr4102_5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chess, S., & Thomas, A. (1996). Temperament. New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 233–255. doi:10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahlsgaard, K., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2005). Shared virtue: The convergence of valued human strengths across culture and history. Review of General Psychology, 9, 203–213. doi:10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.203.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damon, W. (1988). The moral child: Nurturing children’s natural moral growth. New York, NY: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Duan, W., Ho, S. Y., Yu, B., Tang, X., Zhang, Y., Li, T., & Yuen, T. (2012). Factor structure of the Chinese virtues questionnaire. Research on Social Work Practice, 22, 680–688. doi:10.1177/1049731512450074.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillham, J., Adams-Deutsch, Z., Werner, J., Reivich, K., Coulter-Heindl, V., Linkins, M., Winder, B., Peterson, C., Park, N., Abenavoli, R., Contero, A., & Seligman, M.E.P. (2011). Character strengths predict subjective well-being during adolescence. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 6, 31–44. doi:10.1080/17439760.2010.536773.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glorfeld, L. W. (1995). An improvement on Horn's parallel analysis methodology for selecting the correct number of factors to retain. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 55, 377–393. doi:10.1177/0013164495055003002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg, L. R. (2006). Doing it all Bass-Ackwards: The development of hierarchical factor structures from the top down. Journal of Research in Personality, 40, 347–358. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2006.01.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, M. J., McGrath, R. E., & Hall-Simmonds, A. (2016). A three-virtue model for the VIA Classification: Replication and correlates. Manuscript in preparation.
   Google Scholar
• Hartshorne, H., & May, M. A. (1928). Studies in the nature of character. Vol. I: Studies in deceit. New York, NY: Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hayton, J. C., Allen, D. G., & Scarpello, V. (2004). Factor retention decisions in exploratory factor analysis: A tutorial on parallel analysis. Organizational Research Methods, 7, 191–205. doi:10.1177/1094428104263675.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1–55. doi:10.1080/10705519909540118.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapsley, D. K., & Narvaez, D. (2006). Character education. In A. Renninger & I. Siegel (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 4: Child psychology in practice (6th ed., pp. 248–296). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lickona, T., & Davidson, M. (2005). Smart & good high schools: Integrating excellence and ethics for success in school, work, and beyond. Cortland, NY: Center for the 4th and 5th Rs/ Washington, DC: Character Education Partnership.
   Google Scholar
• Littman-Ovadia, H., & Lavy, S. (2012). Character strengths in Israel: Hebrew adaptation of the VIA inventory of strengths. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 28, 41–50. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000089.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacCallum, R. C., Roznowski, M., & Necowitz, L. B. (1992). Model modifications in covariance structure analysis: The problem of capitalization on chance. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 490–504. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.111.3.490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Macdonald, C., Bore, M., & Munro, D. (2008). Values in action scale and the Big 5: An empirical indication of structure. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 787–799. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E. (2014). Scale- and item-level factor analysis of the VIA inventory of strengths. Assessment, 21, 4–14. doi:10.1177/1073191112450612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGrath, R. E. (2015). Integrating psychological and cultural perspectives on virtue: The hierarchical structure of character strengths. Journal of Positive Psychology, 10, 407–424. doi:10.1080/17439760.2014.994222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (2015). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
   Google Scholar
• Narvaez, D. (2008). Human flourishing and moral development: Cognitive and neurobiological perspectives of virtue development. In L. P. Nucci & D. Narvaez (Eds.), Handbook of moral and character education (pp. 310–327). New York, NY: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Niemiec, R. M. (2013). VIA character strengths: Research and practice (the first 10 years). In H. H. Knoop & A. Delle Fave (Eds.), Well-being and cultures: Perspectives on positive psychology (pp. 11–29). New York, NY: Springer. 10.1007/978-94-007-4611-4
   Google Scholar
• O’connor, B. P. (2000). SPSS and SAS programs for determining the number of components using parallel analysis and Velicer’s MAP test. Behavior research methods, instrumentation, and computers, 32, 396–402. doi:10.3758/BF03200807.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park, D., Tsukayama, E., Goodwin, G. P., Patrick, S., & Duckworth, A. L. (2016). A tripartite taxonomy of character: Evidence for intrapersonal, interpersonal, and intellectual competencies in children. Manuscript under review.
   Google Scholar
• Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2006). Moral competence and character strengths among adolescents: The development and validation of the values in action inventory of strengths for youth. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 891–909. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.04.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A classification and handbook. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Peterson, C., Park, N., Pole, N., D’Andrea, W., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2008). Strengths of character and posttraumatic growth. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21, 214–217. doi:10.1002/jts.20332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice, S. (1996). Dewey’s conception of “virtue” and its implications for moral education. Educational Theory, 46, 269–282. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.1996.00269.x.
   Google Scholar
• Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2015). Mapping strengths into virtues: The relation of the 24 VIA-strengths to six ubiquitous virtues. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 460. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., Harzer, C., Park, N., Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Values in action inventory of strengths (VIA-IS): Adaptation and validation of the German version and the development of a peer-rating form. Journal of Individual Differences, 31, 138–149. doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruch, W., Weber, M., Park, N., & and Peterson, C. (2014). Character strengths in children and adolescents: Reliability and initial validity of the German Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Youth (German VIA-Youth). European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30, 57–64. doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, N. (1996). Uses and abuses of coefficient alpha. Psychological Assessment, 8, 350–353. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.8.4.350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shryack, J., Steger, M. F., Krueger, R. F., & Kallie, C. S. (2010). The structure of virtue: An empirical investigation of the dimensionality of the virtues in action inventory of strengths. Personality and Individual Differences, 48, 714–719. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.01.007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh, K., & Choubisa, R. (2010). Empirical validation of values in action-inventory of Strengths (VIA-IS) in Indian context. National Academy of Psychology India Psychological Studies, 55, 151–158. doi:10.1007/s12646-010-0015-4.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, G. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Anderson, K. G. (2000). On the sins of short-form development. Psychological Assessment, 12, 102–111. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.12.1.102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soto, C. J., & Tackett, J. L. (2015). Personality traits in childhood and adolescence: Structure, development, and outcomes. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24, 358–362. doi:10.1177/0963721415589345.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personality and Individual Differences, 42, 893–898. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2006.09.017.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toner, E., Haslam, N., Robinson, J., & Williams, P. (2012). Character strengths and wellbeing in adolescence: Structure and correlates of the Values in Action Inventory of Strengths for Children. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 637–642. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.12.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velicer, W. F., Eaton, C. A., & Fava, J. L. (2000). Construct explication through factor or component analysis: A review and evaluation of alternative procedures for determining the number of factors or components. In R. E. Goffin & E. Helmes (Eds.), Problems and solutions in human assessment: Honoring Douglas N. Jackson at seventy (pp. 41–71). Boston MA: Kluwer Academic. 10.1007/978-1-4615-4397-8
   Google Scholar
• Wang, J., Hilliard, L. J., Hershberg, R. M., Bowers, E. P., Chase, P. A., Champine, R. B., … Lerner, R. M. (2015). Character in childhood and early adolescence: Models and measurement. Journal of Moral Education, 44, 165–197. doi:10.1080/03057240.2015.1040381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar