Finding Direction When the Ground Is Moving: Science Education Research in South Africa

References

• Adler , J. Teaching cases and dilemma language: a potentially powerful tool in mathematics teacher education . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 197 – 203 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Adler , J. and Lerman , S. 2003 . “ Getting the description right and making it count: ethical practice in Mathematics education research ” . In Second International Handbook of Mathematics Education , Edited by: Bishop , A. J. , Clements , M. A. , Keitel , C. , Kilpatrick , J. and Leung , F. K.S. 441 – 470 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Aikenhead , G. 1996 . Science education: border crossing into the subculture of science . Studies in Science Education , 27 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Aitchison , J. 2003 . Brak!—vision, mirage and reality in the post apartheid globalisation of South African adult education and training . journal of Education , 31 : 47 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Alant , B. P. 2001 . A case study of university students' experiences of introductory physics drawn from their approaches to problem solving , South Africa : University of the Western Cape . Unpublished PhD thesis
   Google Scholar
• Alant , B. P. 2004 . Researching problem solving in introductory physics: towards a new understanding of familiarity . African Journal of Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education , 8 ( 1 ) : 29 – 40 .
   Google Scholar
• Amosun , O. and Taho , B. Investigating acquisition of the language of science by science education students: Initial and progressive comprehension, towards intervention . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 5 – 11 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Anamuah-Mensah , J. Reconnecting policy, research and practice: a case study of SACOST . 11th SAARMSTE Conference Highlights . January 2003 , Swaziland. Edited by: Putsoa , B. pp. 7 – 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Arnott , A. , Kubeka , Z. , Rice , M. and Hall , G. 1997 . Mathematics and science teachers: demand, utilization, supply, and training in South Africa , Johannesburg : Edusource .
   Google Scholar
• Asmal , K. Private communication; at a meeting of the Education Policy Consortium, the Minister and Ministerial Advisors . Feb 19 , Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Badcock-Walters , P. HIV and its impact on the education sector: the management challenge . Seminar presented at University of Natal . September 14 .
   Google Scholar
• Ball , S. J. 1994 . Education reform: a critical and post-structural approach , Birmingham : OUP .
   Google Scholar
• Barton , B. Spinning a language web: some limitations and opportunities provided by language in mathematics and science education . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Beggs , A. Enactivism and mathematics education . Proceedings of the 22nd Mathematics Education Research Group Association (MERGA) . Edited by: Truran , J. M. and Truran , K. M. pp. 68 – 75 . Australia : Adelaide .
   Google Scholar
• BHENGU, T.T. (2004). Private communication: Work in progress on principals' and schools' responses to policy changes in rural KwaZulu Natal.
   Google Scholar
• Biggs , J. B. and Collis , K. F. 1982 . Evaluating the quality of learning , New York, , USA : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Block , E. and Rollnick , M. Words used are understandable; the way the information is phrased is impossible to understand . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 277 – 285 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Breen , C. Improving the quality of teaching: A national research priority . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 1 – 6 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Breen , C. Dilemmas of change: seeing the complex rather than the complicated? . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. , Kelly , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 684 – 89 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Brookes , D. Developing a model of learning promoting teaching and research . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 93 – 100 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Callon , M. 1986 . “ The sociology of an actor-network: the case of the electric vehicle ” . In Mapping the dynamics of science and technology: sociology of science in the real world , Edited by: Callon , M. , Law , J. and Rip , A. 19 – 34 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Callon , M. 1999 . “ Actor-network theory: the market test ” . In Actor network and after , Edited by: Law , J. and Hassard , J. 181 – 195 . Oxford and Keele : Blackwell and the Sociological Review .
   Google Scholar
• Cameron , A. , Doidge , M. and Rollnick , M. Prior knowledge and collateral learning in Foundation students in a South African university . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 488 – 495 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• CENTRE FOR DEVELOPMENT EDUCATION (2004). Private communication, concerning research in progress
   Google Scholar
• Chisholm , L. A South African Curriculum for the Twenty-first Century . Report of the Review Committee on Curriculum . 2005 . Pretoria : Department of Education .
   Google Scholar
• Clark , J. Beyond the turgid soil of scientific prose—STAP's attempt to write more accessible text . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 390 – 396 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Cleghorn , A. and Dube , R. Code switching in mathematics lessons . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 121 – 125 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Cleghorn , A. and Kakkar , A. Multicultural dimensions of science/technology education: towards other views from Canada . Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of SAARMSTE . Edited by: Mutimicuio , I. V. pp. 274 – 82 . Mozambique : Maputo .
   Google Scholar
• Clerk , D. and Rutherford , M. Language as a confounding variable in the diagnosis of misconceptions . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 126 – 31 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Coombe , C. 2003 . “ HIV/AIDS and Education: Managing for disaster in the SADC region ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 84 – 91 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Costa , V. B. 1995 . ‘When science is ‘another world’: relationships between worlds of family, friends, school and science’ . Science Education , 79 ( 3 ) : 313 – 333 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crouch , L. 2003 . “ Turbulence or orderly change? Teacher supply and demand in South Africa: Current status, future needs and the impact of HIV/AIDS ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 45 – 72 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Cumming , J. M. 1991 . Swazi college students mastery of English logical connectives in science , Cape Town : University of Cape Town . Unpublished M. Ed. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Davis , B. 1996 . Teaching mathematics: towards a sound alternative , New York : Garland .
   Google Scholar
• DAVIS, B. (2002)Mathematics teaching: moving from telling to listening, available on http://www.phenomenologyonline.com/articles/davis.html, Max van Manen, accessed Jun 1, 2004
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education . 1997 . Curriculum 2005 Pretoria
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education . 2000 . Norms and standards of teacher education Pretoria
   Google Scholar
• Department of Education . 2002 . Revised National Curriculum Statement: Natural Sciences Pretoria
   Google Scholar
• Doidge , M. How readable is your biology textbook? . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 396 – 401 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Dolo , J. R. de v. , Steyn , M. M. and Du Toit , C. J. Identifying misconceptions in chemical change: The concept map . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 210 – 14 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Dzama , E. N.N. and Osborne , J. F. 1999 . Poor performance in science among African students: An alternative explanation to the African Worldview Thesis . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 ( 3 ) : 387 – 405 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Education Foundation . 1995 . Edusource data news Johannesburg, , South Africa No 10
   Google Scholar
• Education Foundation . 1995a . Edusource data news Johannesburg, , South Africa No 11
   Google Scholar
• Education Foundation . 1996 . Edusource data news Johannesburg, , South Africa No 12
   Google Scholar
• Education Foundation . 1996a . Edusource data news Johannesburg, , South Africa No 15
   Google Scholar
• Fakudze , C. The African learner model: a description of the process of border crossing . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. , Kelly , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 296 – 302 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Fakudze , C. G. 2003b . “ The nature of worldviews held by Swazi high school students ” . In The pursuit of excellence in science and mathematics education , Edited by: Ogunniyi , M. and Rochford , K. 58 – 63 . Cape Town : University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Frankfort , H. and Frankfort , H. A. 1977 . The intellectual adventure of ancient man , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Glover , H. , Lynch , P. , Ilsley , J. and Webb , P. Changing classroom culture in science & mathematics in South African Schools: The Anglogold 5 Star project . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 80 – 3 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Govender , N. A phenomenographic study of college students’ understanding of sign convention and signs in mechanics . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 179 – 90 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , B. Towards a more relevant and exciting science curriculum: the training of the Science through Applications Project curriculum materials . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 402 – 7 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , B. and Ramahlape , K. Wakening the sleeping giant: a critical look at the process of involving teachers in curriculum and materials development through the Science Through Application Project . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 408 – 15 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , B. V. 1998 . “ Towards accessible science for pupils in rural areas: issues of curriculum, teaching and in-service support to teachers ” . In Promoting public understanding of science and technology in Southern Africa , Edited by: Ogunniyi , M. B. 222 – 32 . Bellville : University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , B. V. Towards sustainable support for professional development of rural teachers: lessons from kwaNgwanase schools' science teacher development project . Proceedings of the 7th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Kuiper , J. pp. 7 – 17 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Grayson , D. Research on learning and implications for how we should teach science . Proceedings of the 4th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Grayson , D. pp. 7 – 17 . Pietersburg : University of the North .
   Google Scholar
• Grayson , D. 1999 . Investigating a Grade 11 student's evolving conceptions of heat and temperature . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 ( 1 ) : 55 – 88 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grayson , D. and Ngoepe , M. A survey of South African mathematics and Science teachers' professional actions and attitudes . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. , Kelly , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 77 – 83 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Guba , E. G. and Lincoln , Y. S. 1994 . “ Competing paradigms in qualitative research ” . In Handbook of qualitative research , Edited by: Denzin , N. K. and Lincoln , Y. S. 105 – 117 . London : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Habermas , J. 1974 . Knowledge and human interests: , 2nd edition , London : Heinemann . translated by J.J. Shapiro, (German original: Erkenntinis und Interesse. (1968). Suhrkamp Verlag.)
   Google Scholar
• Hammer , D. 1995 . Epistemological considerations in teaching introductory physics . Science Education , 79 ( 4 ) : 393 – 413 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hart , G. 2002 . Disabling globalisation: places of power in post-apartheid South Africa , Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hawes , H. 1979 . Curriculum and reality in African primary schools , London : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Hlahla , D. Science teachers’ conceptions of learning, and implications for developmental programmes on C2005 . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. , Kelly , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 372 – 78 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Horton , R. 1971 . “ African traditional thought and western science ” . In Knowledge and control , Edited by: Young , M. F.D. 208 – 66 . Johannesburg : Collier Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Howie , S. J. 1997 . Mathematics and science performance in the middle school years in South Africa: a summary report on the performance of the South African students in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study , Pretoria : HSRC .
   Google Scholar
• Howie , S. J. 1998 . “ TIMSS in South Africa: the value of international comparative studies for a developing country ” . In Perspectives on the Third International Mathematics and Science Study , Edited by: Adler , J. 22 – 40 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand . (Proceedings of a national seminar, Mathematics Education Development Programme)
   Google Scholar
• Howie , S. J. 2001 . Mathematics and science performance in Grade 8 in South Africa , Pretoria : HSRC . TIMSS-R (1999)
   Google Scholar
• Howie , S. J. 2003 . Language and other background factors affecting secondary pupils’ performance in Mathematics in South Africa . African Journal of Research in SMT Education , 7 : 1 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , J. D. 1999 . “ Setting the scene: historiographies of curriculum policy in South Africa ” . In Outcomes-based education: perspectives, policy, practice and possibilities , Edited by: Jansen , J. D. and Christie , P. 3 – 20 . Cape Town : Juta .
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , J. D. 2001 . “ The race for education policy after apartheid ” . In Implementing education policies: the South African experience , Edited by: Sayed , Y. and Jansen , J. D. 12 – 25 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jansen , J. D. 2003 . “ Image-ining teachers: Policy images and teacher identity in South African classrooms ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 118 – 29 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Jegede , O. Collateral learning and the eco-cultural paradigm in science and mathematics education . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 340 – 60 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Jegede , O. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 361 – 5 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Jegede , O. 1995 . Collateral learning and the eco-cultural paradigm in science and mathematics education’ . Studies in Science Education , 25 : 97 – 137 .
   Google Scholar
• Jegede , O. 1998 . “ The knowledge base for learning in science and technology education ” . In African science and technology into the new millenium: practice, policy and priorities , Edited by: Naidoo , P. and Savage , M. 151 – 176 . Cape Town : AFCLIST/Juta .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , S. , Scholtz , Z. and Botha , T. A study of the use of curriculum materials introduced to science teachers in the Western Cape . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 146 – 54 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , M. and Rollnick , M. Science education research in Africa: How can it help us? . Proceedings of a workshop on research in science and mathematics education . Edited by: Grayson , D. pp. 68 – 81 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Kahn , M. J. 1995 . Some policy, process and implementation issues facing science education and training in post apartheid South Africa . International Journal of science education , 17 ( 4 ) : 441 – 452 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahn , M. J. 1996 . Five years gone by: a case study of education policy implementation in South Africa . International Journal of Educational Development , 16 ( 3 ) : 281 – 289 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalloway , P. , Kruss , G. , Fataar , A. and Donn , G. 1998 . Education after Apartheid: South African education in transition , Cape Town : University of Cape Town Press .
   Google Scholar
• Keane , M. and Malcolm , C. 2003 . Relevant science, but relevant to what? . Labtalk , 47 ( 2 ) : 4 – 11 .
   Google Scholar
• Keane , M. , Malcolm , C. and Rollnick , M. Bridging a divide. Participative Research: Issues of access, validity, power and protocol . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 639 – 644 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Keane , M. , Malcolm , C. and Rollnick , M. What is science education doing for rural South Africans, and what would they like it to do? . Proceedings of the 12th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Buffler , A. and Laugksch , R. pp. 453 – 8 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Keitel , C. and Kilpatrick , J. 1999 . “ The rationality and irrationality of international comparative studies ” . In International comparisons in mathematics education , Edited by: Kaiser , G. , Eduardo , L. and Huntley , I. 241 – 56 . London : Falmer .
   Google Scholar
• Khoali , T. and Sanders , M. Developing support materials on smoking and related issues: a situational analysis . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 392 – 9 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Khumalo , G. 2001 . An investigation and identification of indigenous science understandings among Zulu community elders and the impact of those understandings on the Zulu secondary school learners , University of Durban Westville . Unpublished Masters dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Khuzwayo , B. “ A history of mathematics education research in South Africa: the apartheid years ” . In Mathematics research in South Africa: perspective, practices and possibilities , Edited by: Vithal , R. , Adler , J. and Keitel , C. Pretoria : HSRC . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Koul , R. 2003 . Revivalist thinking and student conceptualizations of science/religion . Studies in Science Education , 39 : 103 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Kriek , J. and Grayson , D. Creating a holistic model for Physical science teacher development: establishing a baseline . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 142 – 50 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Kuiper , J. Science and culture: the art of balancing . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 11 – 20 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Kunene , J. G. Reconnecting Policy, Research and Practice: Role of SAARMSTE. Contribution of an Education Policy Maker . 11th SAARMSTE Conference Highlights . January 2003 . Edited by: Putsoa , B. pp. 4 – 6 . Swaziland
   Google Scholar
• Kyle , W. C. The road from Rio to Johannesburg: Where are the footpaths to / from science education? . paper presented at the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Mbabane : University of Swaziland . Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Lather , P. August 2001 . Postpositivist new paradigm enquiry , August , University of Durban-Westville . Unpublished lecture at
   Google Scholar
• Laugksch , R. C. Analysis of South African postgraduate degrees in science education : 1930-(2000) . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 198 – 204 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Laugksch , R. C. 2003 . South African science education research: an indexed bibliography 1930-2000 , Pretoria : HSRC Publishers .
   Google Scholar
• Laugksch , R. C. and Spargo , P. E. 1996 . Development of a pool of scientific literacy test-items based on selected AAAS literacy goals . Science Education , 80 ( 2 ) : 121 – 143 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laugksch , R. C. and Spargo , P. E. 1999 . Scientific literacy of selected South African matriculants entering tertiary education: a baseline survey . South African Journal of Science , 95 : 427 – 432 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoln , Y. S. and Guba , E. G. 1985 . Naturalistic inquiry , Berverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Linder , C. and Marshall , D. Metacognitive strategies in introductory physics teaching . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 134 – 40 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Linder , C. and Marshall , D. 2003 . Reflection and phenomenography: towards theoretical and educational development possibilities . Learning and Instruction , 13 : 271 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubben , E. , Campbell , B. , Maphalala , T. and Putsoa , B. A teacher industrial partnership in curriculum material development: industrialist perception of their role . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 285 – 92 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Lybeck , L. , Marton , E. , StröMdahl , H. and Tullberg , A. 1988 . “ The phenomenography of the ‘mole concept’ in chemistry ” . In Improving learning: new perspectives , Edited by: Ramsden , P. 81 – 108 . London : Kogan Page .
   Google Scholar
• Madzudzo , A. Teaching physics through an indigenous language: A Shona physics case . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 54 – 9 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Maharaj , R. S.J. 2004 . Voices from the classroom , Durban, South Africa : University of Durban Westville . unpublished Masters thesis
   Google Scholar
• Makhubu , L. P. Research in traditional medicine, medicinal and indigenous food plants in Swaziland . 11th SAARMSTE Conference Highlights . January 2003 . Edited by: Putsoa , B. pp. 25 – 9 . Mbabane, , Swaziland
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. 1999 . “ Outcomes-based education has different forms ” . In Outcomes-based education: perspectives, policy, practice and possibilities , Edited by: Jansen , J. D. and Christie , P. 77 – 116 . Cape Town : Juta .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. Choosing the content of science . Proceedings of the Science and Technology Educators’ Conference . Edited by: Schramm , M. pp. 56 – 62 . Hatfield : Science Education Project .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. 2001a . “ Implementation of outcomes based approaches to education in Australia and South Africa: a comparative study ” . In Implementing educational policies after Apartheid , Edited by: Sayed , Y. and Jansen , J. 200 – 39 . Cape Town : Juta .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. Schools that succeed against the odds . Proceedings of the 9th Annual Meeting of SAARMSTE . Edited by: Mutimicuio , I. V. pp. 336 – 46 . Mozambique : Maputo .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. 2002a . HIV and science education : a research agenda . SAARMSTE Journal , 6 : 51 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. 2002b . Upward bound 2002: Evaluation Report , Durban, , South Africa : Centre for Educational Research, Evaluation and Policy, University of Durban Westville .
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm , C. , Kowlas , L. , Stears , M. and Gopal , N. 2004 . Evaluation of the Western Cape Primary Science Programme (PSP): Stage 3, 2003 , Durban, , South Africa : Centre for Educational Research, Evaluation and Policy, University of KwaZulu Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Manzini , S. 1999 . The influence of culturally-relevant science curriculum on African learners , University of Durban Westville . unpublished M Ed thesis
   Google Scholar
• Manzini , S. 2000 . Learners’ attitudes towards the teaching of indigenous African science as part of the school science curriculum . SAARMSTE Journal , 4 ( 1 ) : 19 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Marton , F. 1981 . Phenomenography: describing conceptions of the world around us . Instructional Science , 10 : 177 – 200 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marton , F. and Booth , S. 1997 . Learning and awareness , New Jersey : Lawrence Erlbaum .
   Google Scholar
• Mashalaba , P. and Sanders , M. How appropriate the new natural science textbooks are as support materials for promoting activity-based, learner centred teaching and learning approaches? . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 402 – 409 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Matimolane , M. and Sanders , M. Teachers’ lesson planning practices and the accuracy of their self-reports . Proceedings of the 12th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Buffler , A. and Laugksch , R. pp. 617 – 24 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Mattson , E. and Harley , K. 2003 . “ Teacher identities and strategic mimicry in the policy/practice gap ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 284 – 306 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Mbabane , L. 2004 . The end is far from nigh . Mail and Guardian Newspaper , Jan 23 : 31
   Google Scholar
• Mcfarlane T. Einstein and Buddha Ulysses Press California 2002
   Google Scholar
• Milne , C. E. and Taylor , P. C. 1998 . “ Between a myth and a hard place: Situating school science in a climate of critical cultural reform ” . In Socio-cultural perspectives on science education , Edited by: Cobern , W. W. 25 – 48 . London : Kluwer .
   Google Scholar
• Mnisi , E. and Dekkers , P. Science teachers’ conceptions of the nature of science—the impact of an ACE programme . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 414 – 20 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Moji , N. C. and Grayson , D. Investigation of the effect on physics learning of undifferentiated terms in mother tongue . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 523 – 30 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Moji , N. C. and Grayson , D. Physics concepts in mother tongue . Proceedings of the 4th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Grayson , D. pp. 214 – 20 . Pietersburg : University of the North .
   Google Scholar
• Moji , N. C. and Grayson , D. J. Problems associated with African teachers’ translations and conceptualizations of mechanics concepts . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 251 – 6 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Moodie , T. 2003 . Alternative ways of knowing—doing justice to non-western intellectual traditions in a post-modern era . Journal of Education , 31 : 7 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Motala , S. 2003 . “ The Growth, Employment and Redistribution Strategy (GEAR) ” . In South African Education Policy Review , Edited by: Chisholm , L. , Motala , S. and Vally , S. Cape Town : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Mphahlele , M. K. 1993 . The science vacuum in people's education—why? , Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand . Unpublished M.Ed. thesis
   Google Scholar
• Mphahlele , M. K. and Kahn , M. J. The science vacuum in people's education—why? . Proceedings of the 1st Annual Meeting of the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics and Science Education . Edited by: Reddy , V. pp. 214 – 23 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Mphahlele , M. K. , Kahn , M. J. and Levy , S. 1993 . “ The political dimension of mathematics education: whatever happened to science education? ” . In Political dimension of mathematics education 2: curriculum reconstruction for society in transition , Edited by: Julie , C. , Angelis , D. and Davis , Z. 397 – 401 . Cape Town : Maskew Miller .
   Google Scholar
• Mphahlele , M. K. and Vratsanos , D. Researching science newspaper educational materials: reflections and visions . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 787 – 96 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo , A. “ Pre-service mathematics teacher education: building a future on the legacy of apartheid's colleges of education ” . In Mathematics research in South Africa: perspective, practices and possibilities , Edited by: Vithal , R. , Adler , J. and Keitel , C. C. Pretoria : HSRC . (in press)
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo , P. 1998 . “ Research in science and technology education ” . In African science and technology into the new millenium: practice, policy and priorities , Edited by: Naidoo , P. and Savage , M. 177 – 96 . Cape Town : AFCLIST/Juta .
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo , P. Learning from botany text: a cognitive processing approach . Proceedings of the Science and Technology Educators’ Conference . Edited by: Schramm , M. pp. 96 – 104 . Hatfield : Science Education Project .
   Google Scholar
• Naidoo , P. Why some schools perform well in physical science in South Africa . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 205 – 213 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Nakedi , M. Case study of micro-scale primary science system as a primary school science teacher support resource . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 431 – 41 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Ncedo , N. , Peires , M -L. and Morar , T. Code switching revisited: the use of language in primary school science and mathematics classrooms . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 308 – 13 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Nespor , J. 1994 . Knowledge in motion: space, time and curriculum in undergraduate physics and management , London : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• Netshisaulu , T. , Lubben , F. and Campbell , B. The relationship between students' cultural and scientific understanding of heat . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 34 – 42 . Johannesburg : University of Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Nicolaou , K. 2001 . “ The link between macroeconomic policies, education policies and the education budget ” . In Education and equity: the impact of state policies on South African education , Edited by: Motala , E. and Pampallis , J. 53 – 104 . Sandown : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• National Research Foundation . 2003 . Education and the challenges for change , Pretoria : National Research Foundation . accessible on http://www.nrf.ac.za/focusareas/educate
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. 1988 . Adapting Western science to traditional African culture . International Journal for Science Education , 10 ( 1 ) : 1 – 9 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. Critical issues in science education in Africa . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Reddy , V. pp. 14 – 23 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. World view hypothesis and research in science education . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 613 – 29 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. Multiculturalism and science education research in the new South Africa . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 50 – 3 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. Pupils' alternative ideas about selected physical science concepts . Proceedings of the 8th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Mahlomaholo , S. pp. 415 – 9 . Port Elizabeth : University of Port Elizabeth .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. Border crossing and the contiguity hypothesis . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 68 – 75 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. Grade seven students' conceptions of energy and change . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 303 – 10 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. 2003b . “ Traditional cosmology and science education ” . In The pursuit of excellence in science and mathematics education , Edited by: Ogunniyi , M. and Rochford , K. 22 – 30 . Cape Town : University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. 2004 . “ Knowledge and process skills demonstrated by grade 8 students in performing cognitive tasks on gases ” . In Proceedings of the 12th Annual SAARMSTE Conference , Edited by: Buffler , A. and Laugksch , R. 742 – 57 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. and Fakudze , C. G. 2003 . “ Grade 9 South African students' conceptions of force, energy and power ” . In Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference , Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. 310 – 19 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Ogunniyi , M. B. , Jegede , O. J. , Ogawa , M. , Yandila , C. D. and Oladele , F. K. 1995 . Nature of worldview presuppositions among science teachers in Botswana. Indonesia, Japan, Nigeria and the Philippines . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 32 ( 8 ) : 817 – 831 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oldfield , S. 2001 . “ The South African state in transition: a question of form, function and fragmentation ” . In Education & equity: the impact of state policies on South African education , Edited by: Motala , E. and Pampallis , J. 32 – 52 . Sandown : Heinemann . Sandown
   Google Scholar
• Pandey , D. and Braun , M. 2003 . “ Investigating conceptual development of teachers doing Further Diploma in Education Course in high school current electricity ” . In Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference , Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. 59 – 66 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , B. 2003 . “ Roles and responsibilities. Institutional landscapes and curriculum mindscapes: a partial view of teacher education policy in South Africa ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 16 – 44 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Peacock , A. 1997 . “ The role of text material in representing science knowledge to second language learners in primary school ” . In Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSTE Conference , Edited by: Sanders , M. 428 – 36 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Peacock , A. and Perold , H. Helping primary teachers develop new approaches to science teaching: a strategy for the evaluation of ‘spiders'place’ . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 660 – 5 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Pillay , R. and Sanders , M. 2002 . “ Some teacher factors likely to affect the implementation of Curriculum 2005 ” . In Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference , Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. 326 – 32 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Phelan , P. , Davidson , A. and Cao , H. 1991 . Students’ multiple worlds: negotiating the boundaries of family, peer, and school culture . Anthropology and Education Quarterly , 22 ( 3 ) : 224 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qhobela , M. , Rollnick , M. and Stanton , M. Helping students talk the language of science . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 459 – 63 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Ramrathan , L. 2003 . “ Teacher supply and demand in KwaZulu Natal ” . In Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects , Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. 72 – 84 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsuran , A. Reconnecting policy, research and practice: role of SAARMSTE and other organizations. Perceptions on education policy . 11th SAARMSTE Conference Highlights . January 2003 , Swaziland. Edited by: Putsoa , B. pp. 14 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsuran , A. and Malcolm , C. The policy process for the natural science curriculum: a critical post-structural analysis . paper presented at the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Mbabane. University of Swaziland . Unpublished
   Google Scholar
• Ramsuran , A. and Malcolm , C. Locating scientific discourses within educational discourses: A critical analysis of the conception of Scientific Literacy in C2005 and the Revised National Curriculum Statement in South Africa . Proceedings of the 12th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . pp. 812 – 821 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Reddy , V. Redress in science education research in South African status of science and mathematics education research in SAARMSE . Proceedings of the 3rd Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Hendricks , A. pp. 673 – 89 . Cape Town : University of Cape Town .
   Google Scholar
• Rogan , J. M. Out of the frying pan…? The implementation of Curriculum 2005 . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 740 – 48 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Rogan , J. M. and Gray , B. V. 1999 . Science education as South Africa's Trojan Horse . Journal of Research in Science Teaching , 36 ( 3 ) : 373 – 385 .
   Google Scholar
• Rogan , J.M. and Grayson , D. J. 2003 . Towards a theory of curriculum implementation with particular reference to science education in developing countries . International Journal of Science Education , 25 ( 10 ) : 1171 – 1204 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan , J. M. and Macdonald , M. A. 1985 . The in-service teacher education component of an innovation: A case study in an African setting . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 17 ( 1 ) : 63 – 68 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogan , J. M. , Moodie , P. , Doidge , M. C. and Dlamini , S. Defining levels of the achievement of outcomes: The development of a progress map for the natural sciences by the Gauteng Institute of Curriculum Development . Proceedings of the 8th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Mahlomaholo , S. pp. 474 – 82 . University of Port Elizabeth .
   Google Scholar
• Rollnick , M. The state of science and technological literacy in Southern Africa . Promoting public understanding of science and technology in Southern Africa . Edited by: Ogunniyi , M. B. pp. 108 – 23 . Bellville : University of the Western Cape .
   Google Scholar
• Rollnick , M. 2000 . Current issues and perspectives on second language learning of science . Studies in Science Education , 35 : 93 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Rollnick , M. , Green , G. and Block , E. The loneliness of the long-distance learner: Accessing Chemistry Foundation texts . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 657 – 64 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Rollnick , M. and Mnyatsi , S. Language, culture or disadvantage—what is at the heart of successful student adjustment to tertiary science courses? . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 176 – 81 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Rollnick , M. and Tresman , S. Pilot outcomes from a foundation science programme in an open supported learning context: Dilemmas and tensions for change . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 76 – 84 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Rutherford , M. Making scientific language accessible to science learners . Proceedings of the 1st Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Reddy , V. pp. 280 – 288 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Ryf , A. and Cleghorn , A. The language of science: text talk and teacher talk in second language settings . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 437 – 441 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Said , E. W. 1996 . Representations of the intellectual , New York : Vintage Books .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , M. and Khanyane , M. The interpretation of Biology Textbook illustrations by Grade 10 learners . Proceedings of the 10th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Malcolm , C. and Lubisi , C. pp. 364 – 70 . Durban : University of Natal .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , M.R. Implementing outcomes-based education in South Africa: What lessons can science educators learn from classroom practitioners in New Zealand? . Proceedings of the 7th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Kuiper , J. pp. 383 – 405 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Sayed Y. Jansen J. D. Implementing education policies: the South African experience University of Cape Town Press Cape Town 2001
   Google Scholar
• Schonborn , K. , Erson , R. and Grayson , D. Some cognitive perspectives related to students' interaction with external representations in biochemistry . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 464 – 70 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Setati , M. Teaching and learning mathematics in second language . Proceedings of the 5th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Sanders , M. pp. 73 – 8 . Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand .
   Google Scholar
• Setati , M. Language practices in mathematics classrooms: focus on code switching (CS) changing and chorusing . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 431 – 9 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Setati , M. Speaking mathematically: languages(s). discourse and cultural models in a multicultural mathematics classroom in South Africa . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 605 – 15 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Shutte , A. 2001 . Ubuntu , Petermaritzburg : Cluster Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Sigabi , M. Translating mathematics problems into a second language: some considerations for problem solving . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 446 – 52 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Soudien , C. Notions of teacher professionalism in the context of a racially divided society: the case of South Africa . Changing patterns of teacher education in South Africa: policy, practice and prospects . Edited by: Lewin , K. , Samuel , M. and Sayed , Y. pp. 273 – 84 . South Africa : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• Southwood , S. Collaborative development: characteristics, complexities, challenges and contexts . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Mbabane. Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 664 – 72 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Tarnas , R. 1996 . The passion of the western mind , New York : Ballantine Books .
   Google Scholar
• Terreblanche , S. 2002 . A history of inequality in South Africa , Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press . 1652-2002
   Google Scholar
• UNESCO . 2000 . Science for the 21st Century: A new commitment , Paris : UNESCO .
   Google Scholar
• Towne L. Shavelson R. Feuer M. Science, evidence and inference in education National Research Council, National Academy Press Washington 2001
   Google Scholar
• Van Den Hoek , A. K. 1997 . Instructional materials in science curriculum change in South Africa , Johannesburg : University of the Witwatersrand . unpublished PhD dissertation
   Google Scholar
• Vithal , R. Data and disruptions: the politics of doing mathematics education research in South Africa . Proceedings of the 6th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Ogude , N. A. and Bohlmann , C. pp. 475 – 81 . Pretoria : University of South Africa .
   Google Scholar
• Vithal , R. Re-searching mathematics education from a critical perspective . Proceedings of the Second International Mathematics Education and Society Conference . Edited by: Matos , J. F. and Santos , M. pp. 87 – 117 . Portugal : University of Lisbon .
   Google Scholar
• Vithal , R. and Valero , P. 2003 . “ Researching mathematics education in situations of social and political conflict ” . In Second International Handbook of Mathematics Education , Edited by: Bishop , A. J. , Clements , M. A. , Keitel , C. , Kilpatrick , J. and Leung , F. K.S. 545 – 93 . Dordrecht : Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht .
   Google Scholar
• White , L. and Aldous , C. Process skills: Are teachers equipped and ready to implement? . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 763 – 69 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar
• Wilkinson , W. G. and Kuiper , J. Investigating systemic factors affecting science in Curriculum 2005: Case studies of two schools . Proceedings of the 7th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Kuiper , J. pp. 451 – 57 . Grahamstown : Rhodes University .
   Google Scholar
• Zesaguli , J. A meta-analysis of six science teachers' case studies: Effective teacher behaviours and strategies in large classes . Proceedings of the 11th Annual SAARMSTE Conference . Edited by: Putsoa , B. , Dlamini , M. , Dlamini , B. and Kelly , V. pp. 56 – 61 . Mbabane : University of Swaziland .
   Google Scholar