School Science and Technology in Nineteenth and Twentieth Century England: A Guide to Published Sources

References

• Brock , W. H. 1975 . ‘From Leibig to Nuffield: a bibliography of the history of science education, 1839-1974’ . Studies in Science Education , 2 : 86
   Google Scholar
• Roach , John . 1984 . ‘Education and modern society’ . History , 69 ( 225 ) : 50 – 54 . Harold Silver, Education As History: Interpreting Nineteenth- and Twentieth-Century Education (London and New York: Methuen, 1983); Brian Simon, ‘The history of education’, in Paul Hirst (ed.), Educational Theory and Its Foundation Disciplines (London: R.K.P. 1983), 62-83; Gary McCulloch, Education in the Forming of New Zealand Society: Needs and Opportunities For Study (New Zealand Association for Research in Education state of the art monograph no.l, Dunedin, 1986, esp. Section 1). See e.g.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BROCK, op. cit. 67.
   Google Scholar
• BROCK, op. cit. 67-99.
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. 1980 . ‘Some sources for the history of science education in the twentieth-century, with particular reference to secondary schools’ . Studies in Science Education , 7 : 27 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Kerr , J. F. 1959 . ‘Some sources for the history of the teaching of science in England’ . British Journal of Educational Studies (BJES) , 7/2 : 149 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Armytage , W. H.G. 1956 . ‘Some sources for the study of technical education in England’, Part One . BJES , 5/1 : 72 – 9 . Part Two, BJES, 5/2 (1957), 159-65; Part Three, BJES, 6/1 (1957), 64.73
   Google Scholar
• Heward , Christine . 1980 . ‘Industry, cleanliness and godliness: sources for and problems in the history of scientific and technical education and the working classes, 1850-1910’ . Studies in Science Education , 7 : 87 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Wilson , Bryan . 1981 . Cultural Contexts of Science and Mathematics Education: A Bibliographic Guide , Leeds : University of Leeds Centre for Studies in Science Education .
   Google Scholar
• Argles , Michael . 1964 . South Kensington to Robbins: An Account of English Technical and Scientific Education Since 1851 , London : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Cardwell , D. S.L. 1957 . The Organisation of Science in England , London : Heinemann . (revised edn., 1972)
   Google Scholar
• Mabel Turner , Dorothy . 1927 . The History of Science Teaching in England , London : Chapman and Hall .
   Google Scholar
• ARGLES, op.cit., xii.
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1985 . Interpreters of Science: A History of the Association for Science Education , London : Murray/ASE .
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , Gary , Jenkins , Edgar and Layton , David . 1985 . Technological Revolution? The Politics of School Science and Technology in England and Wales Since 1945 , London and Philadelphia : Falmer Press . Useful perspectives on this book by Jan Harding and J.W. Buttle are in Journal of Education Policy, 1/1 (1986), 102-5
   Google Scholar
• Roderick , Gordon W. and Michael , Stephens D. 1978 . Education and Industry in the Nineteenth- Century: The English Disease , London and New York : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. 1979 . From Armstrong to Nuffield: Studies in Twentieth-Century Science Education in England and Wales , London : John Murray .
   Google Scholar
• Ingle , Richard and Jennings , Arthur . 1981 . Science in Schools: Which Way Now? , new series 8 London : University of London Institute of Education: Studies in Education .
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell , P. S. 1978 . ‘The changing aims of science education’ . School Science Review (SSR) , : 7 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Tom , Dodd . 1978 . Design and Technology in the Schools Curriculum , London : Hodder and Stoughton . John Eggleston, Developments in Design Education (London: Open Books, 1976)
   Google Scholar
• Cotgrove , Stephen F. 1958 . Technical Education and Social Change , London : George Allen and Unwin .
   Google Scholar
• Silver , Harold . 1983 . “ ‘The liberal and the vocational’ ” . In Education as History , 153 – 72 . London : Methuen .
   Google Scholar
• Dancy , John . 1965 . ‘Technology in a liberal education’ . The Advancement of Science , October : 379 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Musgrave , P. W. 1970 . “ ‘The definition of technical education, 1860-1910’ ” . In Sociology, History and Education: A Reader , Edited by: Musgrave , P. W. 65 – 71 . London : RKP . and A.J. Peters, ‘The changing idea of technical education’, in BJES, 11/2 (1963), 142-66
   Google Scholar
• Stevenson , JOHN . 1984 . British Society 1914-45 , London : Penguin . Arthur Marwick, British Society 1945-80 (London: Penguin, 1982). See esp.
   Google Scholar
• Perkin , Harold . 1969 . The Origins of Modern English Society, 1790-1880 , London : RKP . Eric Hobsbawn, Industry and Empire: An Economic History of Britain Since 1750 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1968)
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , E. P. 1968 . The Making of the English Working Class , 2nd edn , London : Penguin . Asa Briggs, Victorian Cities (London: Penguin 1968); Gareth Stedman Jones, Languages of Class: Studies in English Working Class History, 1832-1982 (Cambridge: CUP, 1983)
   Google Scholar
• Marwick , Arthur . 1965 . The Deluge: British Society and the First World War , London : Macmillan . Arthur Marwick, Britain in the Century of Total War (London, Bodley Head, 1968); Paul Addison, The Road to 1945: British Politics and the Second World War (London: Quartet, 1977); Angus Calder, The People's War: Britain 1939-1945 (London: Jonathan Cape, 1969)
   Google Scholar
• Anthony , Sampson . 1962 . Anatomy of Britain , London : Hodder and Stoughton . Esp. and The Changing Anatomy of Britain (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1982).Esp.
   Google Scholar
• Halsey , A. H. 1978 . Change in British Society , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wiener , Martin J. 1981 . English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit, 1850-1980 , Cambridge : CUP .
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , Correlli . 1979 . ‘Technology, education and industrial and economic strength’ . Journal of Royal Society of Arts , February : 117 – 30 . and The Audit of War (London: Macmillan, 1986). See also Stuart Maclure's review of the latter work in the Times Educational Supplement: ‘An audit of the nation’, 11 April 1986
   Google Scholar
• Roderick Gordon Stephens Michael Where Did We Go Wrong? Industrial Performance and the Economy in Victorian Britain Falmer Press Lewes 1981 and The British Malaise: Industrial Performance, Education and Training in England Today (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1981). G.W. Roderick, The Emergence of a Scientific Society in England 1800-1965, is the earlier perspective. For thoughts towards a critique of the Wiener-Barnett thesis, see GARY McCULLOCH, ‘Science education and the historiography of national decline’, History of Education Society Bulletin, 30 (autumn 1982), 48-52
   Google Scholar
• Dahrendorf , Ralf . 1982 . On Britain , London : BBC . Charles Hampden-Turner, Gentlemen and Tradesmen: The Values of Economic Catastrophe (London: RKP, 1983)
   Google Scholar
• Gowing , Margaret . 1977 . ‘Science, technology and education: England in 1870’ . Notes and Records of the Royal Society , 33 : 71 – 90 . reprinted in Oxford Review of Education, 4/1 (1978), 3-17
   Google Scholar
• Simon , Brian . 1960 . The Two Nations and the Educational Structure, 1780-1870 , London : Lawrence and Wishart . Education and the Labour Movement, 1870-1920 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1965); The Politics of Educational Reform, 1920-1940 (London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1974). John Lawson and Harold Silver, A Social History of Education in England (London: Methuen, 1973); Harold Silver, Education as History (London Methuen, 1983). Raymond Williams, ‘Education and British Society’, in his The Long Revolution (London: Harmondsworth, 1961). See also Richard Aldrich, An Introduction to the History of Education (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1982)
   Google Scholar
• Ashby , Eric . 1958 . “ ‘Education for an age of technology’ ” . In A History of Technology , Edited by: Charles , Singer . Vol. V , 776 – 98 . Oxford : Clarendon Press . and David Layton, ‘Education in industrialised societies’, in T.I. Williams (ed.), A History of Technology, vol. VI: the 20th century, 1900-1950, Part I (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978), 138-71. See also F.B. Pinion, Educational Values in an Age of Technology (London: Pergamon, 1964)
   Google Scholar
• O'Day , Rosemary . 1982 . Education and Society 1500-1800: The Social Foundations of Education in Early Modern Britain , London and New York : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Gosden , Peter . 1983 . The Education System Since 1944 , Oxford : Martin Robertson . Keith Fenwick, Peter McBride, The Government of Education in Britain (Oxford: Martin Robertson, 1981); Keith Evans, The Development and Structure of the English School System (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1985)
   Google Scholar
• Reid , William and Filby , Jane . 1982 . The Sixth: An Essay in Education and Democracy , Lewes : Falmer Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , Gary . 1987 . “ ‘Curriculum history in England and New Zealand’ ” . In International Perspectives in Curriculum History , Edited by: Goodson , Ivor . 297 – 327 . Kent : Croom Helm . For detailed analysis of this see
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , Peter and Lawton , Denis . 1978 . Curriculum Change in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries , London : Hodder and Stoughton .
   Google Scholar
• Marsden W. E. Post-War Curriculum Development: An Historical Appraisal History of Education Society Leicester 1979
   Google Scholar
• Goodson , Ivor . 1982 . School Subjects and Curriculum Change , Kent : Croom Helm . Ivor Goodson (ed.), Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum: Subjects for Study (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1985); Ivor Goodson (ed.), International Perspectives in Curriculum History (Kent: Croom Helm, 1987); Ivor Goodson, The Making of Curriculum: Essays in the Social History of Education (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1987, in press). Another recent contribution to this growing field is Michael H. Price (ed.). The Development of the Secondary Curriculum (Kent: Croom Helm, 1986)
   Google Scholar
• Franklin , Barry . 1985 . Building the American Community: The School Curriculum and the Search for Social Control , London and Philadelphia : Falmer Press . Herbert Kliebard, The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893-1958 (London, Boston, Henley: RKP. 1985)
   Google Scholar
• Griffiths , H. B. and Howson , A. G. 1974 . Society and Curriculum , Cambridge : CUP . GEOFFREY HOWSON, A History of Mathematics Education in England (Cambridge: CUP, 1982); BARRY COOPER, Renegotiating Secondary School Mathematics: A Study of Curriculum Change and Stability (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1985); BARRY COOPER, ‘Secondary school mathematics since 1905: reconstructing differentiation’, in IVOR GOOD-SON (ed.), Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1985), 89-119; MICHAEL PRICE, ‘Mathematics in English education 1860-1914: some questions and explanations in curriculum history’, in History of Education, 12/4, (1983), 271-84, W.H. BROCK, M.H. PRICE, ‘Squared paper in the nineteenth century: instruments of science and engineering, and symbol of reform in mathematical education’, Educational Studies in Mathematics, 11, (1980), 365-81. A forthcoming study is BOB MOON, The ‘New Maths’ Curriculum Controversy: An International Story (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1987, in press)
   Google Scholar
• Lowe , Roy . 1976 . ‘The divided curriculum: Sadler, Morant and the English secondary school’ . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 8/2 : 139 – 48 . and NANETTE WHITBREAD, ‘The early twentieth-century secondary curriculum debate in England’, in History of Education, 13/3 (1984), 221-37
   Google Scholar
• Uzzell , P. S. 1981 . “The curriculum: whence, why and whither’ . School Science Review , 223 : 343 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• Williams , Trevor I. 1982 . A Short History of Twentieth-Century Technology c. 1900-c. 1950 , Oxford and New York : Clarendon Press . esp. Ch.l; and Encyclopedia Britannica, macropaedia, 1974, 15th edn., vol. 18, 19-54. Useful introductions to the history of technology are
   Google Scholar
• Russell , Colin . 1983 . Science and Social Change in Britain and Europe, 1700-1900 , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hilary and Rose , Steven . 1969 . Science and Society , London : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• David , C. Goodman . 1973 . Scientific and Technical Communication , London : Open University Press . Unit 9 of Open University, Science and the Rise of Technology Since 1800: The Historical Perspective Unit 1
   Google Scholar
• Mathias Peter Science and Society, 1600-1900 CUP Cambridge 1972 and IAN INKSTER, JACK MORRELL (eds.), Metropolis and Province: Science in British Culture, 1780-1850 (London: Hutchinson, 1983)
   Google Scholar
• Macleod Roy Days of Judgement: Science, Examinations and the Organisation of Knowledge in Late Victorian England Nafferton Books Driffield 1982
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , James SIR . 1973 . The Scientific Community , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mendelsohn , Ernest . 1964 . “ ‘The emergence of science as a profession in nineteenth-century Europe’ ” . In The Management of Scientists Edited by: Hill , K.
   Google Scholar
• Kargon , Robert . 1977 . Science in Victorian Manchester: Enterprise and Expertise , Manchester : MUP .
   Google Scholar
• Russell , Colin , Coley , Noel and Roberts , Gerrylynn K. 1977 . Chemists by Profession: The Origins and Rise of the Royal Institute of Chemistry , Milton Keynes : Open University Press and Royal Institute of Chemistry . and Robert Bud, Gerrylynn K. Roberts, Science Versus Practice: Chemistry in Victorian Britain (Manchester: MUP, 1984)
   Google Scholar
• Morrell , Jack and Thackray , Arnold . 1981 . Gentlemen of Science: Early Years of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , London and New York : Oxford University Press . and Roy Macleod, Peter Collins (eds.), The Parliament of Science: The British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1831-1981 (Northwood: Science Reviews, 1981). A recent work on the Royal Society's changing role is All Scientists Now: The Royal Society in the Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: CUP, 1984)
   Google Scholar
• Berman , Morris . 1978 . Social Change and Scientific Organisation: The Royal Institution, 1799-1844 , London : Heinemann . Morris Berman, ‘Hegemony and the amateur tradition in British science’, in Journal of Social History, 8 (1975), 30-50; Frank M. Turner, ‘Public science in Britain’, Isis, 71 (1980), 589-608; Frank M. Turner, ‘The Victorian conflict between science and religion: a professional dimension’ in John M. Merriman (ed.), Consciousness and Class Experience in Nineteenth-Century Europe (New York and London, Holmes and Meier, 1979), 218-44
   Google Scholar
• Thackray , Arnold . 1974 . ‘Natural knowledge in cultural context: the Manchester model’ . American Historical Review , 79 : 672 – 709 . Jack Morrell, ‘Wissenschaft in Worstedopolis: Public Science in Bradford, 1800-1850’ in British Journal for History of Science, 18/1 (1985) 1-23
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan , R. A. 1978 . ‘Science and engineering: a case study in British experience in the midnineteenth century’ . Notes and Records of the Royal Society , 32/2 : 215 – 33 . ‘Institutional proliferation in the British engineering profession, 1847-1914’, Economic History Review, 38/1 (1985), 42-60; ‘The rise of scientific engineering in Britain’, in British Journal for History of Science, 18/2 (1985), 218-33
   Google Scholar
• Armytage , W. H.G. 1961 . A Social History of Engineering , 4th edn. , London : Faber and Faber . J.E. Gerstl, S.P. Hutton, Engineers: The Anatomy of a Profession. A Study of Mechanical Engineers in Britain (London: Tavistock Publications, 1966); W.J. Reader, Professional Men: The Rise of the Professional Classes in Nineteenth-Century England (London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1966)
   Google Scholar
• Hinton , Lord . 1970 . Engineers and Engineering , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Meadows , A. J. 1972 . Science and Controversy: A Biography of Sir Norman Lockyer , London : Macmillan . Susan Sheets-Pyerson, ‘Popular science periodicals in Paris and London: the emergence of a low scientific culture, 1820-1875’, in Annals of Science, 42(1985), 549-72; Gary Werskey, ‘Natureand politics between the wars’, Nature 1 November 1969, 462-72
   Google Scholar
• Werskey , Gary . 1978 . The Visible College: A Collective Biography of British Scientists and Socialists in the 1930s , London : Lane .
   Google Scholar
• Vig , Norman J. 1968 . Science and Technology in British Politics , Oxford : Pergamon Press . Philip Gummett, Scientists in Whitehall (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1977)
   Google Scholar
• Fox Robert Weisz George The Organisation of Science and Technology in France 1808-1914 Cambridge University Press Cambridge 1980 N.B. also the useful review of this collection by John H. Weiss, ‘Changing contours of the social history of science and technology in industrialising France’, History of Education Quarterly, 23 (1983), 237-59. Hugo A. Meier, ‘Technology and democracy, 1800-1860’, in Mississippi Valley Historical Review, 43 (1957), 618-40
   Google Scholar
• Bradley , Margaret . 1985 . ‘Civil engineering and social change: the early history of the Paris Ecole desponts et chaussees’ . History of Education , 14/3 : 171 – 83 . and Peter Lundgreen, ‘Education for the science-based industrial state: The case for nineteenth-century Germany’, in History of Education, 13/1 (1984), 59-67. e.g.
   Google Scholar
• Brock , W. H. 1981 . ‘The Japanese connexion: engineering in Tokyo, London, and Glasgow at the end of the nineteenth-century’ . British Journal for the History of Science , 14 : 227 – 43 . and G.C. Allen, ‘Education, science and the economic development of Japan’, Oxford Review of Education, 4 (1978), 27-36
   Google Scholar
• ARGLES (note 10, 1964) suggests that by 1902 ‘the rationalization of resources which had been urged for years … was at last a fact, and from this time new strides had been made possible in the provision of a system of scientific and technical education suitable for the twentiethcentury … a start had been made; this beginning was not to reach full flower until the second half of the new century’, (p.44).
   Google Scholar
• Commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science, 6th Report (Devonshire Commission, C.1279, 1875, HMSO); Report of the Royal Commissioners on technical instruction, first and second reports (Samuelson commission, 1882-4, 5 vols, HMSO).
   Google Scholar
• Journal of Sources in Education History 2/2 (1979): science education in the nineteenth-century (microfiche, Carfax, Oxford).
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1973 . Science for the People: The Origins of the School Science Curriculum in England , London : George Allen and Unwin . Also David Layton, ‘Science in the schools: the first wave — a study of the influence of Richard Dawes (1793-1867)’, in British Journal of Educational Studies, 20/1 (1972), 38-57; and David Layton, ‘Science in general education: the rise and fall of the first movement 1851-1857’, Journal of Educational Administration and History, 5/1 (1973), 7-20. On Richard Dawes himself see also earlier work by Nancy Ball, ‘Richard Dawes and the teaching of common things’, in Educational Review, 17 (1964), 59-68, and W.A.C. Stewart, Progressives and Radicals in English Education, 1750-1970 (London: Macmillan, 1972), 67-74
   Google Scholar
• Young , Michael . 1976 . “ ‘The schooling of science’ ” . In Explorations in the Politics of School Knowledge , Edited by: Whitty , Geoff and Young , Michael . 47 – 61 . Driffield : Nafferton Books . ‘The development of state schooling since the nineteenth-century can be seen as an intervention into aspects of the everyday lives of the majority of the people in the interests of social control and economic productivity’, (p.53). See also Michael Young. ‘Notes for a sociology of science education’, Studies in Science Education, 1 (1974), 51-60
   Google Scholar
• Hodson , Derek . 1986 . “ ‘Science curriculum change in Victorian England: a case study of the science of common things’ ” . In International Perspectives in Curriculum History , Edited by: Goodson , Ivor . 139 – 178 . Kent : Croom Helm . Derek Hodson, R.B. Prophet, ‘Why the science curriculum changes —evolution or social control?’ in SSR, no.230 (September 1983), 5-18; Derek Hodson, R.B. Prophet, ‘The influence of phrenological theory on the science curriculum in Victorian England’, in Eur. Jnl of Science Education, 5/3 (1983), 263-74. Also Derek Hodson, Bob Prophet ‘A bumpy start to science education’, in New Scientist, no. 1521, 14 August 1986, 25-28
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1976 . ‘The educational work of the Parliamentary Committee of the British Association for the Advancement of Science’ . History of Education , 5/1 : 25 – 39 . Peter Collins, ‘The origins of the British Association's education section’, British Journal of Educational Studies, 27(1979), 232-44
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1972 . ‘The educational exhibition of 1854’ . Journal of the Royal Society of Arts , 120 : 183 – 7 . 253-6
   Google Scholar
• Strube , P. and Lynch , P. P. 1984 . ‘Some influences on the modern science text: alternative science writing’ . Eur. Jnl. of Science Education , 6/4 : 321 – 38 . and ‘What is the purpose of the science textbook? A study of authors' prefaces since the mid-nineteenth century’, in Eur. Jnl. of Science Education, 7/2 (1985), 121-30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacqueur , Thomas . 1976 . “ ‘Working-class demand and the growth of English elementary education, 1750-1850’ ” . In Schooling and Society: Studies in the History of Education , Edited by: Stone , Lawrence . 192 – 205 . Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press . ‘The role of working-class demand in the transformation of elementary education has been largely ignored and, if noted at all, relegated to an obscure and ill-lighted corner’, (p. 193)
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , Richard . 1979 . “ ‘Really useful knowledge’: radical education and working-class culture, 1790-1848’ ” . In Working-Class Culture: Studies in History and Theory , Edited by: Clarke , John . 75 – 102 . London : Hutchinson . See also Michael Cullen, ‘The Chartists and education’, in New Zealand Journal of History, 10/2 (1976), 162-77
   Google Scholar
• Vincent , David . 1981 . Bread, Knowledge and Freedom: A Study of Nineteenth-Century Working-Class Autobiography , London : Methuen . Also John Burnett, David Vincent, David Mayall (eds.), The Autobiography of the Working-Class: An Annotated, Critical Bibliography, vol.1: 1700-1900 (Brighton: Harvester, 1984), esp. Appendix D, Education
   Google Scholar
• Inkster , Ian . 1975 . ‘Science and the Mechanics’ Institutes, 1820–1850: the case of Sheffield’ . Annals of Science , 32 : 451 – 74 . S. Shapin, B. Barnes, ‘Science, nature and control: interpreting Mechanics’ Instutes’, Social Studies of Science, 7 (1977), 31-74; Michael Stephens, Gordon Roderick, ‘The great private initiative in nineteenth-century scientific and technical education — the mechanics’ institutes’, in M.D. Stephens, G.W. Roderick (eds.), Scientific and Technical Education in Early Industrial Britain (Nottingham: Department of Adult Education, University of Nottingham, 1981), 48-59; Michael Sanderson, Education, Economic Change and Society in England, 1780-1870 (London: Macmillan/Economic History Society, 1982), 28-9; David Garner, E.W. Jenkins, ‘The English mechanics’ institutes: the case of Leeds, 1824-42’, in History of Education, 13/2 (1984), 139-82. See esp.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsden , W. E. 1982 . ‘Diffusion and regional variation in elementary education in England and Wales 1800-1870’ . History of Education , 11/3 September : 173 – 94 . and W.B. Stephens, Regional Variations in Education During the Industrial Revolution (Leeds: Educational Administration and History monograph no.l, 1973)
   Google Scholar
• Inkster , Ian . 1981 . “ ‘Scientific culture and scientific education in Liverpool prior to 1812 — a case study in the social history of education’ ” . In Scientific and Technical Education in Early Industrial Britain Edited by: Stephens , M. D. and Roderick , G. W. 28 – 47 . points to an aspect of provincial and urban culture as being a ‘definite increase in scientific instruction demonstration, and experimentation within the schools’
   Google Scholar
• Harold and Silver , Pamela . 1974 . The Education of the Poor: The History of a National School, 1824-1974 , London : RKP . Also Harold Silver, Education as History (1983), 18-19. On ‘case-study’, see Ch. 12, ‘Case-study and historical research’
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , Phil . 1984 . The Lost Elementary Schools of Victorian England: The People's Education , London : Croom Helm .
   Google Scholar
• Silver , Harold . 1983 . ‘Ideology and the factory child: attitudes to half-time education’ . Education as History , : 35 – 59 . his
   Google Scholar
• Ball , Nancy . 1963 . Her Majesty's Inspectorate 1839-1849 , University of Birmingham Institute of Education . and J.E. Dunford, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Schools in England and Wales, 1860-1870 (Educational Administration and History monographs no. 9, 1980).Useful work on HMIs is, educational monographs no.6
   Google Scholar
• Stephens , W. B. 1969 . ‘The Victorian art schools and technical education: a case-study, 1850-1889’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 2/1 : 13
   Google Scholar
• Bell , Quentin . 1963 . The Schools of Design , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Dixon , K. 1970 . ‘George Wallis, Master of the Manchester School of Design, 1844-46’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 2/2 : 1 – 8 . which highlights the debate on whether the schools should be ‘academies’ or ‘workshops’. See especially
   Google Scholar
• Smith , Harold . 1974 . “ The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, 1826-1846 ” . In A Social and Bibliographical Evaluation , London : The Vine Press . See also J.V. Smith, ‘Reason, revelation and reform: Thomas Dick of Methuen and the ‘Improvement of Society by the Diffusion of Knowledge’, in History of Education, 12/4 (1983), 271-84
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth , Harry . 1971 . ‘South Kensington and Whitehall: a conflict of educational purpose’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 4 December : 9 – 19 . Also A.S. Bishop, The Rise of a Central Authority for English Education (Cambridge: CUP, 1971), chs. 7-9
   Google Scholar
• LAYTON, Science for the People, chs. 6-7.
   Google Scholar
• Horn , Pamela . 1982 . ‘The Corps of Royal Engineers and the growth of British technical education’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 14/1 : 18 – 26 . G.W. Tracey, ‘The origin and growth of scientific instruction in science classes under the Science and Art Department, 1858-1870’, Durham Research Review, 21 (September 1968)
   Google Scholar
• Butterworth , Harry . “ ‘The Science and Art Department examinations: origins and achievements’ ” . In Days of Judgement Edited by: Macleod , R. 27 – 44 . G.I. Birley, ‘The chemistry examinations of the department of science and art’, SSR, 66 (March 1985), 545-51; G.I. Birley, ‘The physics examinations of the department of science and art’, SSR, 65 (June 1984), 759-65
   Google Scholar
• Heward , Christine . “ ‘Education, examinations and the artisans: the Department of Science and Art in Birmingham, 1853-1902’ ” . In Days of Judgement Edited by: MacLeod , R. 45 – 64 . and B.H. Tolley, Th e people's scientific university: science education in the East Midlands, 1860-1890’, in Midlands History, 7 (1982), 116-31. See also Maurice Whitehead, Th e Jesuit contribution to science and technical education in late-nineteenth-century Liverpool’, Annals of Science 43 (1986), 353-68
   Google Scholar
• Garner , David . 1985 . The Society of Arts and the mechanics institutes: the coordination of endeavour towards scientific and technical education, 1851-54’ . History of Education , 14/4 : 255 – 62 . Harry Butterworth, The Society and the Department of Science and Art’: (i) Beginnings; in Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, 5344 (March 1983), 299-301; (ii) Examinations: Competition and Cooperation, in Journal of Royal Society of Arts, 5346 (May 1985), 424-6
   Google Scholar
• Barton , Ruth . 1981 . “ ‘Scientific opposition to technical education’ ” . In Scientific and Technical Education in Early Industrial Britain Edited by: Stephens , M. D. and Roderick , G. W. 13 – 27 .
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . 1985 . “ ‘To make the mind strong, rather than to make it full’: elementary school science teaching in London, 1870-1914’ ” . In Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum Edited by: Goodson , Ivor . 121 – 43 .
   Google Scholar
• Brock , W. H. 1971 . “ ‘Prologue to heurism’, in History of Education Society ” . In The Changing Curriculum 71 – 85 . Leicester and W.H. Brock (ed.), H.E. Armstrong and the Teaching of Science, 1880-1930 (Cambridge: CUP, 1973). See also G. van Praagh (ed.), H.E. Armstrong and Science Education (London: John Murray, 1973)
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1975 . ‘Science or education?’ . University of Leeds Review , 18 : 81 – 105 . A.J. Flintham, The contribution of Arthur Smithells, F.R.S., to science education’, in History of Education, 6/3 (1977), 195-208; R.A. Baker, R.A. Bayliss, ‘Louis Compton Miall: scientist and educator, 1842-1921’, in Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 37 (March 1983), 201-34
   Google Scholar
• Ball , Nancy . 1979 . ‘Practical subjects in mid-Victorian elementary schools’ . History of Education , 8/2 : 109 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Richards , Stewart . 1983 . ‘Masters of Art and Bachelors of Barley’: The struggle for agricultural education in mid-nineteenth-century Britain’ . History of Education , 12/3 : 161 – 75 . Pamela Horn, The Victorian Country Child (London: Roundwood Press, 1974); and Pamela Horn, Th e agricultural children act of 1873’, History of Education 3/2 (1974), 27-39. See also G.E. Fussell, ‘Farming textbooks for students of the New Victorian establishments’, in History of Education Society Bulletin, 36 (autumn 1985), 21-26
   Google Scholar
• Hurt , John . 1979 . Elementary Schooling and the Working-Classes, 1860-1918 , London : RKP . is a very useful work on the elementary school. Also Mary Sturt, The Education of the People: A History of Primary Education in England and Wales in the Nineteenth-Century (London: RKP, 1967)
   Google Scholar
• Griggs , Clive . 1983 . The Trades Union Congress and the Struggle for Education, 1868-1925 , London and Philadelphia : Falmer . Ch.6, A recent account is
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , Gary . 1983 . “ ‘David Forsyth and the Leeds Central Higher Grade School’ ” . In Yorkshire Studies in Education , Edited by: Fenwick , Keith . 1 – 19 . Leeds : University of Leeds .
   Google Scholar
• Royal Commission on Secondary Education . 1894-5 . London : HMSO .
   Google Scholar
• Argles , Michael . South Kensington to Robbins , 28
   Google Scholar
• Argles , Michael . 1959 . The Royal Commission on Technical Instruction, 1881-4: its inception and composition’ . Vocational Aspect of Education , 23 : 99 – 101 . R.S. Betts, The Samuelson Commission of 1881-1884 and English technical education’, in History of Education Society Bulletin, 34 (autumn 1984), 40-52
   Google Scholar
• Gosden , Peter . 1970 . “ ‘Technical instruction committees’ ” . In History of Education Society, Studies in the Government and Control of Education Since 1860 , 27 – 41 . London : Methuen . Also Malcolm Seaborne, ‘Education in the nineties: the work of the Technical Education Committees’, in Brian Simon (ed.), Education in Leicestershire 1540-1940: A Regional Study (Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1968), 178-94
   Google Scholar
• Sharp , P. R. 1971 . ‘Whiskey money and the development of technical and secondary education in the 1890's . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 6/1 : 31 – 6 .
   Google Scholar
• Fidler , G. C. 1977 . The Liverpool Trades Council and technical education in the era of the technical instruction committee’ . History of Education , 6/3 : 209 – 21 .
   Google Scholar
• Cruickshank , M. J. 1974 . “ ‘From mechanics’ institution to technical school, 1850-92’ ” . In Artisan to Graduate , Edited by: Cardwell , D. S.L. 134 – 56 . Manchester : Manchester U.P. .
   Google Scholar
• Bibby , Cyril . 1959 . T.H. Huxley: Scientist, Humanist and Educator , London : Watts . Cyril Bibby, T.H. Huxley and technical education’, in Journal of Royal Society of Arts, no. 4986, 14 September 1956, 810-20; and Cyril Bibby (ed.), T.H. Huxley on Education (Cambridge: CUP, 1971); David Layton, ‘Huxley as educator: a reappraisal’, History of Education Quarterly, 15 (1975), 219-25
   Google Scholar
• Foden , Frank . 1970 . Philip Magnus: Victorian Educational Pioneer , London : Vallentine Mitchell .
   Google Scholar
• Gowing , Margaret . 1975 . What's Science to History or History to Science? , 12 Oxford : Clarendon Press . (inaugural lecture, University of Oxford, 27 May 1975)
   Google Scholar
• Burstyn , John . 1977 . ‘Women's education in England during the nineteenth century: a review of the literature, 1970-1976’ . History of Education , 6/1 : 58
   Google Scholar
• Purvis , June . 1984 . “ The experience of schooling for working-class boys and girls in nineteenthcentury England’ ” . In Defining the Curriculum: Histories and Ethnographies , Edited by: Goodson , Ivor and Stephen , Ball . 89 – 115 . London and Philadelphia : Falmer Press . June Purvis, The double burden of class and gender in the schooling of working-class girls in nineteenthcentury England, 1800-1870’, in Len Barton, Stephen Walker (eds), Schools, Teachers and Teaching (Lewes: Falmer Press, 1981); June Purvis, Towards a history of women's education in nineteenth-century Britain: a sociological analysis’, in June Purvis, Margaret Hales (eds.) Achievement and Inequality in Education (London: RKP, 1983), 153-92; June Purvis, ‘Women's life is essentially domestic, public life being confined to men (Comte): separate spheres and inequality in the education of working-class women, 1854-1900’, History of Education, 10/4 (1981), 227-43, Richard Aldrich, ‘Educating our mistresses’, History of Education, 12/2 (1983), 93-102
   Google Scholar
• Ball , Nancy . 1979 . ‘Practical subjects in mid-Victorian elementary schools’ . History of Education , 8/2 : 109 – 20 . See also Robert Bayliss, ‘Home economics and the special reports’, in Journal of Educational Administration and History, 7/1 (1975), 18-27
   Google Scholar
• Purvis , June . “ ‘Domestic subjects since 1870’ ” . In Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum Edited by: Goodson , I. 145 – 76 . Carol Dyhouse, Girls Growing Up In Late Victorian and Edwardian England (London: RKP, 1981), Ch.3
   Google Scholar
• Bailey , Kathleen . 1986 . ‘Plain and nothing fancy: Her Majesty's Inspectors and school needlework and the 1870's’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 18/1 : 34 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . “ ‘To make the mind strong, rather than to make it full’: elementary school science teaching in London,1870-1914’ ” . In Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum Edited by: Goodson , I. 130 – 37 . esp.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis , Jane . 1984 . Women in England, 1870-1950 , Brighton : Wheatsheaf Books . Ch.2
   Google Scholar
• Bronowski , Jacob . 7 October 1956 . “ ‘Dr. Arnold's ghost’ ” . In Observer 7 October ,
   Google Scholar
• Goodman , David . 1973 . Scientific and Technical Communication Ch.5; G.W. Roderick, M.D. Stephens, ‘Science in the secondary schools’ in their Scientific and Technical Education in 19th Century England (Newton Abbot: David Charles, 1972), Ch.2
   Google Scholar
• Meadows , A. J. and Brock , W. H. 1975 . “ Topics fit for gentlemen: the problem of science in the public school curriculum’ ” . In The Victorian Public School , Edited by: Simon , Brian and Ian , Bradley . 95 – 114 . London : Gill and Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Sanderson , Michael . 1983 . Education, Economic Change and Society in England, 1780-1870 Ch.3
   Google Scholar
• Newsome , David . 1959 . A History of Wellington College, 1859-1959 , London : John Murray . merely refers to the ‘patronising endurance’ of Benson; J.R. de S. Honey draws attention to the lack of science in the English public school in his Tom Brown's Universe: The Development of the English Public School in the Nineteenth-Century (London: Millington Books, 1977). Rupert Wilkinson suggests that the lack of science and technology may have led to ‘amateurism’ in government: The Prefects: British Leadership and the Public School Tradition. A Comparative Study in the Making of Rulers (London: OUP, 1964), 68-70. Martin Wiener shows the cultural significance in terms of ‘The shaping of a gentleman’ — English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge: CUP 1981), 16-22. On resistance to curriculum change in the grammar schools in the nineteenth century, see R.S. Tomson, Th e Leeds grammar school case of 1805’, Journal of Educational Administration and History, 3/1 (1970), 1-6; and Frank Ball, Th e Taunton Commission, and the maintenance of the classical curriculum in the grammar schools’, Journal of Educational Administration and History 11/2 (1979), 8-12
   Google Scholar
• Board of Education . 1909 . Report on Science Teaching in Public Schools Represented on the Association of Public School Science Masters , London : HMSO . educational pamphlet no. 17, edited by Mr. O.H. Latter of Charterhouse), 1
   Google Scholar
• Brock , W. H. 1982 . “ ‘School science examinations: sacrifice or stimulus?’ ” . In Days of Judgement Edited by: MacLeod , Roy . 169 – 88 . Also a fascinating study of the ‘disciplinary power’ involved in science examinations, in the same volume, by Keith Hoskin — ‘Examinations and the schooling of science’, 213-36
   Google Scholar
• Cane , B. S. 1959 . ‘Scientific and technical subjects in the curriculum of English secondary schools at the turn of the century’ . British Journal of Educational Studies , 8/1 : 52 – 64 .
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1981 . “ The schooling of science in England, 1854-1939’ ” . In The Parliament of Science Edited by: MacLeod , Roy and Collins , Peter . 197 Also David Layton, ‘Lord Wrottesley FRS, pioneer statesman of science’, in Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 23 (1968), 230-47
   Google Scholar
• Hearl , Trevor . 1974 . ‘Military education and the school curriculum, 1800-1870’ . History of Education , 3 and Trevor Hearl, ‘Military examinations and the teaching of science, 1857-1870’, in Roy MacLeod (ed.), Days of Judgement (1982), 109-49. See also Alan Skelly, Th e tragedy of British military education: the Cardwell reforms, 1868-74’ in Journal of Educational Administration and History, 3/2(1971), 15-23
   Google Scholar
• Mansell , A. L. 1976 . ‘The influence of medicine on science education in England, 1892-1911’ . History of Education , 5/2 : 155 – 68 . and A.L. Mansell, ‘Examinations and medical education: the Preliminary Sciences in the examinations of London University and the English Conjoint Board, 1861-1911’, in Roy MacLeod (ed.) Days of Judgement (1982), 87-107. Also S.W.F. Halloway, ‘Medical education in England, 1830-1858: a sociological analysis’, in History, 49, (1964), 299-324
   Google Scholar
• Newton , D. P. 1983 . ‘A French influence on nineteenth-and twentieth-century physics teaching in English secondary schools’ . History of Education , 12/3 : 191 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Hans , Nicholas . 1951 . New Trends in Education in the Eighteenth Century , London : RKP . R.S. Tomson, Th e English grammar school curriculum in the eighteenth century: a reappraisal’, British Journal of Educational Studies, 19/1 (1971), 32-39; D. Harding, ‘Mathematics and science education in 18th-century Northamptonshire’, in History of Education, 1/2 (1972), 139-59; Ian Inkster, ‘Culture, institutions and urbanity: the itinerant science lecturer in Sheffield, 1790-1850’, in S. Pollard, C. Holmes (eds.), Essays in the Social and Economic History of South Yorkshire (Sheffield: South Yorkshire County Council, 1976), 218-32
   Google Scholar
• Timmons , George . 1983 . ‘Education and technology in the Industrial Revolution’ . History of Technology , 8 : 147
   Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm Eric Ranger TERENCE The Invention of Tradition Cambridge U.P. Cambridge 1983 esp. Introduction
   Google Scholar
• Stewart , W. A.C. 1972 . Progressive and Radicals in English Education, 1750-1970 , 63 – 4 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , D. 1955 . ‘Queenswood College, Hampshire: a mid-nineteenth-century experiment in science teaching’ . Annals of Science , 2 : 246 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Howson , Geoffrey . 1982 . A History of Mathematics Education in England , Cambridge : CUP . Ch.7
   Google Scholar
• Palmer , Richard J. 1977 . ‘The influence of F.W. Sanderson on the development of science and engineering at Dulwich College, 1885-1892’ . History of Education , 6/2 : 121 – 30 . also Sheila Hodges, God's Gift: A Living History of Dulwich College (London: Heinemann, 1981), Ch.3
   Google Scholar
• Roderick , G. W. and Stephens , M. D. 1974 . ‘Science and secondary education in nineteenth-century Liverpool’ . Annals of Science , 31 : 131 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod , Roy and Moseley , Russell . 1979 . ‘Fathers and daughters: reflections on women, science and Victorian Cambridge’ . History of Education , 8 : 321 – 33 . Also Roy MacLeod and Russell Moseley, ‘Breadth, depth and excellence: sources and problems in the history of university science education in England, 1850-1914’, Studies in Science Education, 5 (1978), 85-106. Especially
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Joyce Senders Pederson . 1979 . ‘The reform of women's secondary and higher education: institutional change and social values in mid and late Victorian England’ . History of Education Quarterly , 19/1 : 61 – 91 . Anne Digby, ‘New schools for the middle-class girl’, in History of Education Society, Educating the Victorian Middle-Class (Leicester, 1982), 1-25; Carol Dyhouse, ‘Social Darwinistic ideas and the development of women's education in England, 1880-1920’, in History of Education, 5/1 (1976), 41-58; and Carol Dyhouse, Girls Growing up in Later Victorian and Edwardian England (London: RKP, 1981), Ch.2
   Google Scholar
• Burstyn , Joan . 1980 . Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood , London : Croom Helm . Margaret Bryant, The Unexpected Revolution: A Study in the History of the Education of Women and Girls in the Nineteenth-Century (London: University of London Institute of Education, 1979)
   Google Scholar
• Seaborne , Malcolm . 1971 . The English School: its Architecture and Organisation, 1370-1870 , London : RKP . sheds much light on middle-class schools, 1840-70, in Chapter 11; the key period seems to be the following four decades. See Malcolm Seaborne, Roy Lowe, The English School: Its Architecture and Organisation, vol. II, 1870-1970 (London, RKP, 1977); and Stuart Maclure, Educational Development and School Building: Aspects of Public Policy, 1945-73. (London: Longman, 1984)
   Google Scholar
• Macleod R. Days of Judgement 1982 John Roach, Public Examinations in England, 1850-1900 (Cambridge: CUP, 1971)
   Google Scholar
• Board of Education . 1909 . Report on Science Teaching in Public Schools 2
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1981 . “ ‘The schooling of science in England 1854-1939’ ” . In The Parliament of Science Edited by: MacLeod , Roy and Collins , Peter . 205
   Google Scholar
• Eaglesham , Eric . 1956 . From School Board to Local Authority , London : RKP . Roy Lowe, ‘The divided curriculum: Sadler, Morant and the English secondary school’, in Journal of Curriculum Studies, 8 (1976), 139-48; Roy Lowe, ‘Robert Morant and the secondary school regulations of 1904’, in Journal of Educational Administration and History, 16/1 (January 1984), 37-46. Board of Education, Report of the Consultative Committee on Secondary Education, with Special Reference to Grammar Schools and Technical High Schools (Spens report) (London: HMSO, 1938)
   Google Scholar
• Gordon , Peter and Lawton , Denis . 1978 . Curriculum Change in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries , : 22
   Google Scholar
• Science Masters’ Association . 1936 . The Teaching of General Science London
   Google Scholar
• Simon , Brian . 1974 . The Politics of Educational Reform, 1920-1940 , London : Lawrence and Wishart . e.g. Gail Savage, ‘Social class and social policy. The civil service and secondary education in England during the interwar period’, Journal of Contemporary History, 18 (1983), 261-80
   Google Scholar
• Ingle , R. and Jennings , A. 1981 . Science in Schools , : 17
   Google Scholar
• Layton , David . 1972/1 . ‘Science as general education’ . Trends in Education , : 11 – 15 .
   Google Scholar
• SPENS REPORT, 1938 (note 153, above); Ministry of Education, 75 to 18: A Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) (Crowther report) (London: HMSO, 1979); Department of Education and Science, Aspects of Secondary Education in England: A survey by H.M. Inspectors of Schools (London: HMSO, 1979).
   Google Scholar
• Ministry of Education . 1960 . Science in Secondary Schools , London : HMSO . pamphlet no.38). See also, for a more recent treatment, Brian Woolnough, Terry Allsop, Practical Work in Science (Cambridge: CUP, Cambridge science education series, 1985), esp. Ch.l: ‘One hundred years of practical work’
   Google Scholar
• Tricker , R. A.R. 1967 . The Contribution of Science to Education , London : Mills and Boon .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. and From Armstrong to Nuffield . 1979 . ‘Science education and the secondary school regulations, 1902-1909’ . Journal of Educational Administration and History , 10/2 : 31 – 8 . July 1978 ‘H.E. Armstrong, heurism and the common sense of science’, Durham and Newcastle Research Review, no.41 (1978), 27-38; The Thomson committee and the Board of Education, 1916-22’, in British Journal of Educational Studies, 21 (1973), 76-87
   Google Scholar
• Layton , D. 1985 . Interpreters of Science , See also, for a brief treatment, A.L. Mansell, ‘Science for all? Science education 1850-1920’, in School Science Review, no.200 (March 1976), 579-85
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. From Armstrong to Nuffield ch.5
   Google Scholar
• Manthorpe , Catherine . 1986 . ‘Science or domestic science? The struggle to define an appropriate science education for girls in early twentieth-century England’ . History of Education , 15/3 : 195 – 213 . See also Purvis, ‘Domestic subjects since 1870’, in Goodson (eds.), Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum, esp. 156-60. Helen Sillitoe's A History of the Teaching of Domestic Subjects (London: Methuen, 1933; reprinted 1966) is still useful as a source; also N.B. Robert Bayliss, ‘Flexner, Smithells and home economics’, Journal of Educational Administration and History, 8/2 (1976), 9-18
   Google Scholar
• Dyhouse , Carol . 1976 . ‘Social Darwinistic ideas and the development of women's education in England, 1880-1920’ . History of Education , 5/1 : 41 – 58 . and Girls Growing up in Late Victorian and Edwardian England (London: RKP, 1981)
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , G. , Jenkins , E. W. and Layton , D. Technological Revolution? esp. Ch.3
   Google Scholar
• Perkins W. H. Science in Schools Butterworths Scientific Publications London 1958 See also M. Bull, ‘The teaching of science in secondary grammar schools’, in Studies in Education, 1/4 (Journal of the Institute of Education, University College of Hull, June 1950), 85-102; and Ernest Coulson, Confessions of a Forward-Looking Educational Conservationist (London: Chelsea College, 1972)
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . 1979 . Social Pressures and Curriculum Innovation: A Study of the Nuffield Foundation Science Teaching Project , London : Methuen . and ‘Background to Nuffield Science’, History of Education, 8/3 (1979), 223-37. Layton, Interpreters of Science, ch.10. R.S. Clark's A Biography of the Nuffield Foundation (London: Longmans, 1972) is also helpful on the attitude of the Nuffield Foundation to education, although more could be done on the ‘purity’ of the school science that it supported
   Google Scholar
• Woolnough , Brian C. 1987 . Of People, Policies and Power: The Shaping of an Academic Curriculum, Physics Teaching in Schools, 1960-85 , London and Philadelphia : Falmer Press . in press). Newton (Note 137: 1983, above) is also a useful source
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . 1980 . “ ‘Nuffield O-Level Chemistry’ ” . In Curriculum Research and Development in Action , Edited by: Lawrence , Stenhouse . 44 – 53 . London : Heinemann . W.A. Campbell, N.N. Greenwood, ‘How we got our sixth form chemistry’ in Chemistry in Britain, 5 (1969), 62-6; Anthony Ashman, ‘Chemistry in schools — past, present and future’, Part One: SSR, 66 (June 1985), 696-704; Anthony Ashman, ‘Teaching chemistry — 1944 and all that’, Education in Chemistry, 22/2 (March 1985), 38-9, 42
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . 1979 . “ ‘Biological science: integration or fragmentation?’ ” . In Post-War Curriculum Development; An Historical Appraisal , Edited by: Marsden , W. E. 49 – 61 . Leicester : History of Education Society . and Ivor Goodson, School Subjects and Curriculum Change (Kent: Croom Helm, 1982). See also E.W. Jenkins, From Armstrong to Nuffield, ch.4 and ‘The development of school biology 1918-1945’, in History of Education, 8/1 (1979), 59-74
   Google Scholar
• Dowdeswell , W. H. 1981 . Teaching and Learning Biology , London : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• E.W. JENKINS, From Armstrong to Nuffield, ch.3. L. Connell, W.S. James, ‘General Science Today’, SSR, no.138 (March 1958), 277-85, is an eloquent call for the teaching of separate sciences.
   Google Scholar
• Bees , E. A. 1973 . ‘Astronomy as a school subject — an historical retrospect’ . Journal of British Astronomical Association , 83/2 : 112 – 17 . and P.A.H. Seymour, ‘A review of astronomy in schools: brief history, current activity and proposals for the future’, SSR, 66 (March 1985), 551-6
   Google Scholar
• Sherratt , W. J. 1982-3 . ‘History of science in the science curriculum: an historical perspective’ . SSR , Parts I and II, and R.S. West, ‘The teaching of the history of science and technology’, in Education in Science, 93 (1981), 18-20. See also P.J. Rogers, ‘Epistemology and history in the teaching of school science’, Eur. Journal of Science Education, 4/1 (1981), 1-10
   Google Scholar
• Waring , Mary . 1979 . ‘The implementation of curriculum change in school science in England and Wales’ . Eur. Journal of Science Education , 1/3 : 257 – 75 .
   Google Scholar
• Tall , Graham . 1981 . ‘British science curriculum projects — have they taken root in schools?’ . Eur. Jnl. of Science Education , 3/1 : 17 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Millar , R. H. 1981 . ‘Curriculum rhetoric and social control: a perspective on recent curriculum development’ . Eur. Jnl. of Science Education , 3 : 271 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Fensham , Peter . 1985 . ‘Science for all: a reflective essay’ . Jnl. of Curriculum Studies , 17/4 : 415 – 35 .
   Google Scholar
• Young , Michael . 1958 . The Rise of the Meritocracy 1870-2033: An Essay on Education and Equality , 56 London : Thames and Hudson .
   Google Scholar
• Other recent work on the comprehensives which stresses the continuity from the ‘grammar school curriculum’ includes Stephen Ball (ed.), Comprehensive Schooling: A Reader (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1984), and David Hargreaves, The Challenge for the Comprehensive School: Culture, Curriculum and Community (London: RKP, 1982).
   Google Scholar
• Crowther report, 1959, Ch.35 ‘The Alternative Road’, p.391.
   Google Scholar
• Thoms , D. W. 1981 . ‘Market forces and recruitment to technical education: the example of the junior technical schools’ . History of Education , 10/2 : 132
   Google Scholar
• See D.W. THOMS, loc. cit., 125-32; D.W. Thorns, ‘Curriculum innovation in technical education: London 1918-1939’, in History of Education, 8/4 (1979), 307-19; and his Policy-Making in Education: Robert Blair and the London County Council, 1904-24. (Leeds: Educational Administration and History monograph no. 10, 1980).
   Google Scholar
• Alfred Richardson , W. 1939 . The Technical College: Its Organisation and Administration , London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cotgrove's , Stephen . 1958 . Technical Education and Social Change , London : George Allen and Unwin . includes a chapter on ‘Industry, science and technology’, useful for this purpose
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , Reese . 1960 . The Secondary Technical School , London : RKP .
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , Gary . 1985 . “ ‘Pioneers of an ‘Alternative Road’? The Association of Heads of Secondary Technical Schools, 1951-64’ ” . In Social Histories of the Secondary Curriculum Edited by: Goodson , Ivor . 313 – 42 . Gary McCulloch, ‘Views of the Alternative Road: the Crowther Concept’, in David Layton (ed.), The Alternative Road: The Rehabilitation of the Practical (Leeds: University of Leeds, 1984), 57-73; McCulloch, Jenkins, Layton, Technological Revolution? esp. Ch.4. For a brief assessment, see John Hudson, ‘Whatever happened to technical schools?’, Times Educational Supplement, 3 October 1986
   Google Scholar
• Kingsland , John C. 1965 . “ ‘Cray Valley Technical High School for Boys (Kent)’ ” . In British Secondary Education: Overview and Appraisal , Edited by: Gross , Richard E. 335 – 68 . London : Oxford University Press . J. Safkin, ‘The Association of Heads of Secondary Technical Schools’, Vocational Aspect, 6 (May 1951), 170-72; J. Safkin, ‘The secondary technical school’, Journal of Education, April 1954, 165-7; A.J. Jenkinson, ‘Reservoirs of talent: the secondary technical school’, Research, 10/11 (November 1957), 417-21; Edward Semper, ‘The need for a report on the alternative road’, Technical Education, 2/7 (July 1960), 19-20. Also H. Rochester, ‘The secondary technical school’, in Studies in Education, 1/3 (Journal of Institute of Education, Hull, June 1949), 39-45. Fred Naylor, Technical Schools: A Tale of Four Countries (London: Centre for Policy Studies, 1985) is a recent comparative view appealing for a revival of technical schools
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. 1985 . ‘A Magnificent Pile!’ A Centenary History of the Leeds Central High School , Leeds : University of Leeds . Ch.7. See also W.R. Meyer, ‘The death of the junior tech’, Times Educational Supplement, 31 October 1986
   Google Scholar
• A useful source on recent examination boards and politics is Peter Fisher, External Examinations in Secondary Schools in England and Wales, 1944-1964 (Leeds: Educational Administration and History monograph no.11, 1982). More generally, for the twentieth century, John Roach, ‘Examinations and the secondary schools, 1900-1945’, History of Education, 8/1 (1979), 45-58. A general survey of technical examinations is F.E. Foden, ‘Technical examinations in England’, in Paedagogica Historica, 6 (1966), 68-97.
   Google Scholar
• Page , Graham . 1965 . Engineering Among the Schools , London : Institution of Mechanical Engineers . Schools Council, A School Approach to Technology (London: HMSO, curriculum bulletin no.2, 1967)
   Google Scholar
• Macdonald , Barry and Walker , Rob . 1976 . Changing the Curriculum , London : Open Books . Rob Walker, ‘Project Technology’, in Lawrence Stenhouse (ed.), Curriculum Research and Development in Action (1980), 115-36.
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , G. , Jenkins , E. W. and Layton , D. Technological Revolution? chs. 8,9,10. Layton, Interpreters of Science, ch.11
   Google Scholar
• Harrison , Geoffrey . 1973 . “ ‘Technological interpretations of design education in Britain’ ” . In International Perspectives of Design Education , Edited by: Pemberton , A. R. and Eggleston , S. J. 94 – 103 . Keele : University of Keele . The role of technology in science education’, in C.P. McFadden, World Trends in Science Education (Canada, 1980), 18-26; Technology in schools’, in David Layton (ed.), The Alternative Road: the Rehabilitation of the Practical (1984), 75-87
   Google Scholar
• Heywood , John . 1978 . ‘Factors influencing attitudes to technology in schools’ . British Journal of Educational Studies , 26/2 : 137 – 49 . Also J. Heywood, J. Pollitt, V. Nash, The schools and technology’, in Lancaster Studies in Higher Education, 1 April 1966. A useful and influential report was Oxford University Department of Education, Technology and the Grammar Schools (Oxford, 1961) intended to study Th e educational factors which apparently predispose boys to pure rather than applied science’
   Google Scholar
• Dodd , Tom . 1978 . Design and Technology in the School Curriculum , London : Hodder and Stoughton . John Eggleston, Developments in Design Education (London: Open Books, 1976)
   Google Scholar
• For Semper's work in helping pave the way towards ‘Project Technology’, see MacDonald and Walker, Changing the Curriculum, 105-7; Edward Semper, The place of engineering in the sixth-form curriculum’, Technical Education, 8/6 (June 1966) 258-61. Hartley conveyed some of his ideas on science and technology in The contribution of engineering to the British economy’, in Chartered Mechanical Engineer, June 1964. Lord Jackson's views are apparent in his ‘Science, technology and society’, The Advancement of Science, September 1967. Presidential addresses to the Science Masters' Association and later the Association for Science Education, contained in the School Science Review over the years, indicate the attitudes and hopes of many eminent figures.
   Google Scholar
• Sneed , G. C. 1967 . ‘The development of applied science at Ealing Grammar School’ . The Advancement of Science , April : 667 – 76 . gives some details on this
   Google Scholar
• Taylor , L. C. , eds. 1965 . “ The work of Gerd Sommerhoff at Sevenoaks School is introduced in his own article, ‘The Technical Activities Centre’ ” . In Experiments in Education at Sevenoaks , 57 – 72 . Sevenoaks . Donald Hutchings (eds.), Towards More Creative Science(Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1966) supports this kind of stance
   Google Scholar
• Brace , William . 1964 . ‘The Association for Technical Education in Schools’ . The Vocational Aspect , : 229 – 34 . introduces this topic., autumn
   Google Scholar
• Trends in Education. 1979/1, on craft, design and technology. Useful information is also in Department of Education and Science, Technology in Schools: Developments in Craft, Design and Technology Departments (London: HMSO, 1982).
   Google Scholar
• Comber , N. M. 1948 . Agricultural Education in Great Britain , London : Longmans .
   Google Scholar
• Jenkins , E. W. 1981 . ‘Science, sentimentalism or social control? The nature study movement in England and Wales, 1899-1914’ . History of Education , 10/1 : 33 – 44 . and R.J.W. Selleck, The New Education, 1870-1914 (Melbourne: Pitman, 1968)
   Google Scholar
• 1963 . “ The only major text is still William Taylor's ” . In The Secondary Modern School , London : Faber and Faber . The Newsom report on the average and below average child is also a valuable source of data — Department of Education and Science, Half Our Future: Report of the Central Advisory Council for Education (England) (London: HMSO, 1963)
   Google Scholar
• McCulloch , Gary . 1986 . ‘Policy, politics and education: the Technical and Vocational Education Initiative’ . Journal of Education Policy , 1/1 : 35 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Maclure , Stuart . 1982 . ‘The educational consequences of Mr. Norman Tebbit’ . Oxford Review of Education , 8/2 : 103 – 20 . John Dancy (ed.), TVEI Perspectives (School of Education, University of Exeter, 1984). Robert Aitken, ‘MSC, TVEI and education in perspective’, in Political Quarterly, 57/3 (July-September 1986), 231-5, is a useful brief contribution
   Google Scholar
• Woolhouse , John . 1984 . “ ‘The Technical and Vocational Education Initiative’ ” . In The Alternative Road Edited by: Layton , David . 133 – 47 .
   Google Scholar
• A useful source for Lord Young's general viewpoint is House of Commons Education, Science and Arts Committee: minutes of evidence, Monday 20 December 1982: Manpower Services Commission. A supportive view from a highly experienced member of the same government is Lord Hailsham, Th e Older I Grow the More I Learn’, in Journal of Royal Society of Arts, no.5350 (September 1985), 695-704.
   Google Scholar
• Burgess Tyrrell Education for Capability RSA/NFER-Nelson London 1986 puts the case for an increase in ‘practical’ approaches to the school curriculum. See also Journal of Royal Society of Arts, no.5362 (September 1986), symposium on Education for Capability, 663-75
   Google Scholar
• Bates Inge Clarke John Cohen Philip Finn Dan Moore Robert Willis Paul Schooling for the Dole? The New Vocationalism Macmillan London 1984 David Cathell, ‘New vocationalism: the relevance of the 1890's, in Vocational Aspect of Education, 98 (December 1985), 87-91. See also RICHARD PRING, ‘Curriculum for ages 14-18: the "new vocationalism" ’, Melbourne Studies in Education (1986), 93-115
   Google Scholar
• Savory , Maurice . 1980 . “ ‘Science in society’ ” . In World Trends in Science Education Edited by: McFadden , Charles . 178 – 82 . See also P. James Gaskell, ‘Science, technology and society: issues for science teachers’, in Studies in Science Education, 9 (1982), 33-46; to be compared with M. McConnell, ‘Teaching about science, technology and society at the secondary school level in the United States: an educational dilemma for the 1980's’, Studies in Science Education, 9 (1982), 1-32. Also useful is John Ziman, Teaching and Learning About Science and Society (Cambridge: CUP, 1980)
   Google Scholar
• Walford , Geoffrey . 1985 . ‘The construction of a curriculum area: science in society’ . Br. Jnl. of Sociology of Education , 6/2 : 155 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Kelly Alison The Missing Half: Girls and Science Education Manchester U.P. Manchester 1981 Jan Harding, Switched Off: The Science Education of Girls (London: 1983); Catherine Manthorpe, ‘Men's science, women's science or science? Some issues related to the study of girls' science education’, in Studies in Science Education, 9 (1982), 65-80. Equal Opportunities Commission, Gender and the Secondary School Curriculum (London: research bulletin no.6, 1982) is a slightly more general source. Department of Education and Science, Girls and Science (London: HMSO, 1982) shows evidence of 'official' concern
   Google Scholar
• Layton , D. Interpreters of Science ch.3
   Google Scholar
• Smail , Barbara . 1985 . ‘An attempt to move mountains: the ‘Girls into Science and Technology’ (GIST) project’ . Journal of Curriculum Studies , 17/3 : 351 – 4 . Alison Kelly, ‘The construction of masculine science’, in Br. Jnl. of Sociology of Education, 6/2(1985), 133-54. Barbara Smail, Judith Whyte, Alison Kelly, ‘Girls into Science and Technology: the first two years’, in Equal Opportunities Commission, Gender and the Secondary School Curriculum (research bulletin no.6, spring 1982, 1-15); Baroness Platt, ‘Women into Science and Engineering’, in Jnl. of R.S.A., no.5344 (March 1985), 267-78
   Google Scholar
• Griggs , Clive . 1985 . Private Education in Britain , London and Philadelphia : Falmer Press . Brian Salter, Ted Tapper, Power and Policy in Education: The Case of Independent Schooling (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1985); Geoffrey Walford (ed.), British Public Schools: Policy and Practice (London and Philadelphia: Falmer Press, 1984)
   Google Scholar
• Layton , D. Interpreters of Science esp. ch.10
   Google Scholar
• Hearnden , Arthur . 1984 . Red Robert: A Life of Robert Birley , London : Hamish Hamilton .
   Google Scholar
• Unlike its counterpart in Australia: see Don Smart, ‘The Industrial Fund: a highly successful model of big business collaboration with the Headmasters Conference in the interests of school science’, in Melbourne Studies in Education, 1984 (Melbourne UP., 81-105)’.
   Google Scholar
• Skidelsky , Robert . 1969 . English Progressive Schools , London : Penguin . Jonathan Croall, Neill of Summerhill: The Permanent Rebel (London: RKP, 1983)
   Google Scholar
• Richards , Colin and Holford , Derek . 1983 . The Teaching of Primary Science: Policy and Practice , Lewes : Falmer Press . A useful preliminary discussion is John Gammage, Science 5-13 Project (monograph no.1, Wollongong Institute of Education, 1981)
   Google Scholar
• Driver , Rosalind and Oldham , Valerie . 1986 . ‘A constructivist approach to curriculum development in science’ . Studies in Science Education , 13 : 105 – 22 . ‘It has become widely accepted that children develop ideas and beliefs about the natural world long before they are formally taught, and the importance of these conceptions for learning has been recognised by many researchers’. (p. 105).Such history might develop important links with recent ‘constructivist’ research on children's frameworks for learning in science education. See e.g.
   Google Scholar