From contested to ‘green’ frontiers in the Amazon? A long-term analysis of São Félix do Xingu, Brazil

References

• Adams, R.T. 2015. An emerging alliance of ranchers and farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. Tipití 13, no. 1: 63–79.
   Google Scholar
• Arima, E., P. Barreto, E. Araújo, and B. Soares-Filho. 2014. Public policies can reduce tropical deforestation: Lessons and challenges from Brazil. Land Use Policy 41: 465–73. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2014.06.026
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assunção, J., C. Gandour, and R. Rocha. 2012. Deforestation slowdown in the legal Amazon: Prices or policies? Rio de Janeiro: CPI Working Paper. http://climatepolicyinitiative.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Deforestation-Prices-or-Policies-Working-Paper.pdf (accessed April 18, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Baletti, B. 2014. Saving the Amazon? Sustainable soy and the new extractivism. Environment and Planning A 46, no. 1: 5–25. doi: 10.1068/a45241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barreto, P., M. Mesquita, E. Araújo, and B. Brito. 2009. Impunity for environmental violations in protected areas of the Amazon. IMAZON-State of the Amazon 13: 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, B.K. 2004. Amazônia: Geopolítica na virada do III milênio [Amazon: Geopolitics at the turn of the third millennium]. Rio de Janeiro: Garamond.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, E.L., A.O. Penna, and E. Araújo. 2014. Downgrading, downsizing, degazettement and reclassification of protected areas in Brazil. Conservation Biology 28, no. 4: 939–50. doi: 10.1111/cobi.12298
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boucher, D., P. Elias, J. Faires, and S. Smith. 2014. Deforestation success stories: Tropical nations where forest protection and reforestation policies have worked. Union of Concerned Scientists. http://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/legacy/assets/documents/global_warming/deforestation-success-stories-2014.pdf (accessed March 10, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Brandão, A.O. Jr., and C.M. Souza Jr. 2006. Mapping unofficial roads with Landsat images: A new tool to improve the monitoring of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest. International Journal of Remote Sensing 27, no. 1: 177–89. doi: 10.1080/01431160500353841
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branford, S., and M. Torres. 2017. Amazon land speculators poised to gain control of vast public lands. Mongabay Series: Global Forests, Amazon Infrastructure. https://news.mongabay.com/2017/03/amazon-land-speculators-poised-to-gain-control-of-vast-public-lands/ (accessed March 2, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Brannstrom, C. 2011. A Q-method analysis of environmental governance discourses in Brazil’s northeastern soy frontier. The Professional Geographer 63, no. 4: 531–49. doi: 10.1080/00330124.2011.585081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browder, J.O., and B.J. Godfrey. 1997. Rainforest cities: Urbanization, development, and globalization of the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Browder, J.O., M.A. Pedlowski, R. Walker, R.H. Wynne, P.M. Summers, A. Abad, N. Becerra-Cordoba, and J. Mil-Homens. 2008. Revisiting theories of frontier expansion in the Brazilian Amazon: A survey of the colonist farming population in Rondônia’s post-frontier, 1992–2002. World Development 36, no. 8: 1469–92. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunker, S. G. 1985. Under developing the Amazon. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, J.M. 2015. Conjuring property: Speculation and environmental futures in the Brazilian Amazon. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
   Google Scholar
• Castree, N. 2010. Neoliberalism and the biophysical environment: A synthesis and evaluation of the research. Environment and Society: Advances in Research 1: 5–45. doi: 10.3167/ares.2010.010102
   Google Scholar
• Castro, E.R., R. Monteiro, and C.P. Castro. 2004. Atores sociais na fronteira mais avançada do Pará: São Félix do Xingu [Social actors in the most advanced frontier of Pará: São Félix do Xingu]. Núcleo de Altos Estudos Amazônicos-UFPA, Paper do NAEA 180. (http://www.naea.ufpa.br/naea/novosite/paper/332 (accessed April 13, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Claudino, L.S.D. 2011. Ocupação dos espaços, gestão e degradação das pastagens entre pecuaristas da microrregião de São Félix do Xingu – PA [Occupation of spaces, management and degradation of pastures among ranchers in the micro-region of São Félix do Xingu – PA]. Masters thesis, Federal University of Pará-UFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary, D. 1993. After the frontier: Problems with political economy in the modern Brazilian amazon. Journal of Latin American Studies 25, no. 2: 331–49. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X00004685
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dagnino, E. 2007. Citizenship: A perverse confluence. Development in Practice 17, no. 4/5: 549–56. doi: 10.1080/09614520701469534
   Google Scholar
• Dias, A., N. Aleixo, and K. Miranda. 2016. Mapeamento socio-institucional do município de São Félix do Xingu [Socio-institutional mapping of São Félix do Xingu]. In Governança Socioambiental na Amazônia: Agricultura Familiar e os Desafios para a Sustentabilidade em São Félix do Xingu – Pará [Socio-environmental Governance in Amazonia: Family Agriculture and the Challenges for Sustainability in São Félix do Xingu], eds. R.P. Souza, R.C. da Silva, K. Miranda, and M.A. Neto, 81–121. Belém: Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Fairhead, J., M. Leach, and I. Scoones. 2012. Green grabbing: A new appropriation of nature? The Journal of Peasant Studies 39, no. 2: 237–61. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2012.671770
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnside, P.M. 2002. Avança Brasil: Environmental and social consequences of Brazil’s planned infrastructure in Amazonia. Environmental Management 30, no. 6: 735–47. doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2788-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearnside, P.M. 2014. Brazil’s Madeira river dams: A setback for environmental policy in Amazonian development. Water Alternatives 7, no. 1: 256–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreira, J., L.E.O. Aragão, J. Barlow, P. Barreto, E. Berenguer, M. Bustamante, T.A. Gardner, A.C. Lees, A. Lima, J. Louzada, R. Pardini, L. Parry, C.A. Peres, P.S. Pompeu, M. Tabarelli, and J. Zuanon. 2014. Brazil’s environmental leadership at risk. Science 346, no. 6210: 706–7. doi: 10.1126/science.1260194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foweraker, J. 1981. The struggle for land: A political economy of the pioneer frontier in Brazil, 1930 to the present. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. 1989. The end of history? The National Interest 16: 3–18.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia, D., F.S.V.R. Filho, G.M. Mallmann, and F. Fonseca. 2017. Costs, benefits and challenges of sustainable livestock intensification in a major deforestation frontier in the Brazilian Amazon. Sustainability 9: 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner, B. 2012. Tourism and the politics of the global land grab in Tanzania: Markets, appropriation and recognition. The Journal of Peasant Studies 39, no. 2: 377–402. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2012.666973
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gebara, M.F. 2014. Sustainable landscapes pilot program in São Félix do Xingu, Brazil. In Redd+ On the ground, eds. E.O. Sills, S.S. Atmadja, C. de Sassi, A.E. Duchelle, D.E. Kweka, I.A.P. Resosudarmo, and W. Sunderlin, 106–23. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
   Google Scholar
• Gibbs, H.K., J. Munger, J. L’Roe, P. Barreto, R. Pereira, M. Christie, T. Amaral, and N.F. Walker. 2016. Did ranchers and slaughterhouses respond to zero-deforestation agreements in the Brazilian Amazon? Conservation Letters 9, no. 1: 32–42. doi: 10.1111/conl.12175
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes, C.V.A., E. Garcia, E.S. Alves, M.M. Queiroz, and F.P. Oliveira. 2015. Cocoa agroforestry system as an alternative for degraded pastureland restoration, food security and livelihoods development among smallholders in a Brazilian Amazon agricultural frontier. In Enhancing food security through forest landscape restoration: Lessons from Burkina Faso, Brazil, Guatemala, Viet Nam, Ghana, Ethiopia and Philippines, eds. C. Kumar, C. Saint-Laurent, S. Begeladze, and M. Calmon, 42–69. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
   Google Scholar
• Hoelle, J. 2015. Rainforest cowboys: The rise of ranching and cattle culture in western Amazonia. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ianni, O. 1978. A luta pela terra [The struggle for land]. Petrópolis: Vozes.
   Google Scholar
• IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística). 2013. Produção da pecuária municipal [Municipal cattle production]. http://biblioteca.ibge.gov.br/index.php/biblioteca-catalogo?view = detalhes&id = 784 (accessed June 15, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Keck, M. 1995. Social equity and environmental politics in Brazil: Lessons from the rubber tappers of Acre. Comparative Politics 27, no.1: 409–24. doi: 10.2307/422227
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, P.T. 2015. Engaging the Brazilian state: The Belo Monte Dam and the struggle for political voice. The Journal of Peasant Studies 42, no. 6: 1137–56. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2014.991719
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lapola, D.M., L.A. Martinelli, C.A. Peres, J.P.H.B. Ometto, M.E. Ferreira, C.A. Nobre, A.P.D. Aguiar, M.C. Bustamante, M.F. Cardoso, M.H. Costa, C.A. Joly, C.C. Leite, P. Moutinho, G. Sampaio, B.N. Strassburg, and I.C.G. Vieira. 2013. Pervasive transition of the Brazilian land-use system. Nature Climate Change 4, no.1: 27–35. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2056
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loyola, R. 2014. Brazil cannot risk its environmental leadership. Diversity and Distributions 20, no. 12: 1365–7. doi: 10.1111/ddi.12252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisonnave, F. 2017. Ação do IBAMA contra desmatamento embarga frigoríficos da JBS no Pará [IBAMA action against deforestation embargoes JBS slaughterhouses in Pará]. São Paulo: Folha de São Paulo. http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mercado/2017/03/1868784-acao-do-ibama-contra-desmatamento-embarga-frigorificos-da-jbs-no-pa.shtml (accessed March 25, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Martins, J. Souza. 1980. Expropriação e violência: A questão política no campo [Expropriation and violence: The rural political situation]. São Paulo: Hucitec.
   Google Scholar
• MDA (Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário). 2015. Terra Legal – Amazônia Legal [Legal Land – Legal Amazon]. http://www.mda.gov.br/sitemda/pagina/acompanhe-ações-do-mda-e-incra (accessed April 18, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Mertens, B., R. Poccard-Chapuis, M.-G. Piketty, A.E. Lacques, and A. Venturieri. 2002. Crossing spatial analyses and livestock economics to understand deforestation processes in the Brazilian Amazon: The case of São Félix do Xingu in Southern Pará. Agricultural Economics 27: 269–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MMA (Ministério do Meio Ambiente). 2015. Plano ação para prevenção e controle do desmatamento na Amazônia Legal (PPCDAm) 3ª fase (2012–2015) – Pelo uso sustentável e conservação da floresta [Action plan for prevention and control of deforestation in the Legal Amazonia, 3rd phase (2012–2015) – Towards sustainable use and forest conservation]. http://www.mma.gov.br/images/arquivo/80120/PPCDAm/_FINAL_PPCDAM.PDF (accessed June 25, 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Miranda, K., M.A. Neto, R.P. Souxa, and R. Corrêa. 2016. Perspectivas para a sustentabilidade pela agricultura familiar: possibilidades para transição agroecológica [Prospects for sustainability of family agriculture: Possibilities for agro-ecological transition]. In Governança Socioambiental na Amazônia: Agricultura Familiar e os Desafios para a Sustentabilidade em São Félix do Xingu – Pará [Socio-environmental Governance in Amazonia: Family Agriculture and the Challenges for Sustainability in São Félix do Xingu], eds. R.P. Souza, R.C. da Silva, K. Miranda, and M.A. Neto, 122–75. Belém: Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Moore Foundation. 2016. Deforestation-Free Beef in Brazil. https://www.moore.org/article-detail?newsUrlName = deforestation-free-beef-in-brazil (accessed April 18, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Moreira, E. 2016. O cadastro ambiental rural: A nova face da grilagem na Amazônia? [The rural environmental registration: The new face of landgrabbing in the Amazon?]. Associação Brasileira dos Membros do Ministério Público de Meio Ambiente. www.abrampa.org.br/site/?ct = noticia&id = 230 (accessed January 5, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Nepstad, D., D. McGrath, C. Stickler, A. Alencar, A. Azevedo, B. Swette, T. Bezerra, M. Digiano, J. Shimada, R.R. da Motta, E. Armijo, L. Castello, P. Brando, M.C. Hansen, M. McGroth-Horn, O. Carvalho, L. Hess. 2014. Slowing Amazon deforestation through public policy and interventions in beef and soy supply chains. Science 344, no. 6188: 1118–23. doi: 10.1126/science.1248525
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nepstad, D., B. Soares-Filho, F. Merry, A. Lima, P. Moutinho, J. Carter, M. Bowman, A. Cattageno, H Rodrigues, S. Schwartzman, D. McGrath, C. Stickler, R. Lubowski, P. Piris-Cabezas, S. Rivero, A. Alencar, O. Almeida, and O. Stella. 2009. The end of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Science 326, no. 5958: 1350–1. doi: 10.1126/science.1182108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira, G. and S. Hecht. 2016. Sacred groves, sacrifice zones and soy production: Globalization, intensification and neo-nature in South America. The Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 2: 251–85. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2016.1146705
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacheco, P. and R. Poccard-Chapuis. 2012. The complex evolution of cattle ranching development amid market integration and policy shifts in the Brazilian Amazon. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 102, no. 6: 1366–90. doi: 10.1080/00045608.2012.678040
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paulson, S., L.L. Gezon, and M. Watts. 2003. Locating the political in political ecology: An introduction. Human Organization 62, no. 3: 205–17. doi: 10.17730/humo.62.3.e5xcjnd6y8v09n6b
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso, N.L., and C. Lund. 2011. New frontiers of land control: Introduction. The Journal of Peasant Studies 38, no. 4: 667–81. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2011.607692
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira, A. Reis. 2015. Do posseiro ao sem-terra. A luta pela terra no Sul e Sudeste do Pará [From squatter to landless. The struggle for land in the South and Southeast of Pará]. Recife: Editora da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, J.N.A. 2005. Terra do Meio: Estudo de case na nova fronteira Amazônica [Land in the Middle: An case study on the new Amazon frontier]. Masters thesis, Federal University of Pará-UFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Pinto, L.F. 1980. No rastro do saque [In the trail of the plunder]. São Paulo: Hucitec.
   Google Scholar
• Poccard-Chapuis, R., J. Tourrand, M. Piketty, and J. Bastos da Veiga. 2001. Cadeia produtiva de gado de corte e pecuarização da agricultura familiar na Transamazônica [Beef production chain and livestock growth among small farmers on the Transamazon highway]. Belém: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental.
   Google Scholar
• Poirier, C. 2017. Brazil’s rollbacks jeopardize the Amazon’s future. Americas Quarterly Web Exclusive. July 3. http://www.americasquarterly.org/content/amazon-protection-brazil (accessed July 3, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Rigg, J., and P. Vandergeest. 2012. Revisiting rural places: Pathways to poverty and prosperity in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press.
   Google Scholar
• Robbins, P. 2003. Political ecology. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Saidler, M.F.S. 2015. As (in)constâncias da Urbe selvagem [The (in)constancies of the savage City]. Ph.D. dissertation, Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Schmink, M. 1994. The socioeconomic matrix of deforestation. In Population and environment: Rethinking the debate, eds. L. Arizpre, P. Stone, and D. Major, 253–75. Boulder: Westview.
   Google Scholar
• Schmink, M. and C.H. Wood. 1992. Contested frontiers in Amazonia. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schmink, M. and C.H. Wood. 2012. Conflitos sociais e a formação da Amazônia [Social conflicts and the formation of the Amazon]. Belém: Editora da Universidade Federal do Pará.
   Google Scholar
• Schwartzman, S., A. Alencar, H. Zarin, and A.P.S. Souza. 2010. Social movements and large-scale tropical forest protection on the Amazon frontier: Conservation from chaos. The Journal of Environment & Development 19, no. 3: 274–99. doi: 10.1177/1070496510367627
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartzman, S., A. Villas Boas, K.Y. Ono, M.G. Fonseca, J. Doblas, B. Zimmerman, P. Junquira, A. Jerozolimski, M. Salazar, R.P. Junqueira, and M. Torres. 2013. The natural and social history of the indigenous lands and protected areas corridor of the Xingu river basin. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1619: 1–12. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0164
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silva, E. and W.S. Tostes. 2012. Caracterização econômica, social e ambiental do município de São Félix do Xingu: Uma análise da última década [Economic, social and environmental characterization of the municipality of São Félix do Xingu]. Unpublished.
   Google Scholar
• Sousa, R.P., R.C. da Silva, K. Miranda, and M.A. Neto. 2016. Governança socioambiental na Amazônia: Agricultura familiar e os desafios para a sustentabilidade em São Félix do Xingu – Pará [Socio-environmental governance in Amazonia: Family agriculture and the challenges for sustainability in São Félix do Xingu]. Belém: Instituto Internacional de Educação do Brasil.
   Google Scholar
• Taravella, R. and X. Arnauld de Sartre. 2012. The symbolic and political appropriation of scales: A critical analysis of the Amazonian ranchers’ narrative. Geoforum: Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 43, no. 3: 645–56. doi: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2011.11.009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thaler, G. 2017. The land sparing complex: Environmental governance, agricultural intensification and state-building in the Brazilian Amazon. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 107, no. 6: 1424–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thypin-Bermeo, S. and B.J. Godfrey. 2012. Envisioning Amazonian frontiers: Place-making in a Brazilian boomtown. Journal of Cultural Geography 29, no. 2: 215–38. doi: 10.1080/08873631.2012.684948
   Google Scholar
• Tinoco, J. 2016a. Boi clandestino não morre de velho [Clandestine cattle do not die of old age]. O Eco. www.oeco.org.br/reportagens/boi-candestino-nao-morre-de velho/ (accessed January 5, 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Tinoco, J. 2016b. Polícia Federal desmonta quadrilha de desmatadores comandada de São Paulo [Federal Police dismantle deforestation gang based out of São Paulo]. O Eco. http://www.oeco.org.br/reportagens/policia-federal-desmonta-quadrilha-de-desmatadores-comandada-de-sao-paulo/ (accessed July 25, 2016).
   Google Scholar
• Torres, M.J.D. and D.F. Alarcon. 2017. Dono é quem desmata: Conexões entre grilagem e desmatamento no Sudoeste Paraense [The owner is the one who deforests: Connections between landgrabbing and deforestation in the Southwest of Pará]. Altamira, Brazil: Instituto Agronômico da Amazônia.
   Google Scholar
• Velásquez, C., A.V. Boas, and S. Schwartzman. 2006. Desafio para a gestão ambiental integrada em território de fronteira agrícola no oeste do Pará [Challenge for integrated environmental management in agricultural frontier territory in western Pará]. RAP 40, no. 6: 1061–75.
   Google Scholar
• Welch, C.A., and S. Sauer. 2015. Rural unions and the struggle for land in Brazil. The Journal of Peasant Studies 42, no. 6: 1109–35. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2014.994511
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilshusen, P.R. 2003. Exploring the political contours of conservation: A conceptual view of power in practice. In Contested nature: Promoting international biodiversity with social justice in the twenty-first century, eds. S.R. Brechin, P.R. Wilshusen, and C.L. Fortwrangler, Chapter 3. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, C.H. and M. Schmink. 1978. Blaming the victim: Small farmer production in an Amazon colonization program. Studies in Third World Societies 7: 77–98.
   Google Scholar