1,622
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Beating the bounds: how does ‘open source’ become a seed commons?

References

  • Anonymous. 1975. A poster to illustrate Winstanley, a film directed by Kevin Brownlow and Andrew Mollo.
  • African Biodiversity Network, and Gaia Foundation. 2016. Celebrating African rural women: Custodians of seed, food and traditional knowledge for climate resilience.
  • Aistara, G.A. 2011. Seeds of kin, kin of seeds: The commodification of organic seeds and social relations in Costa Rica and Latvia. Ethnography 12, no. 4: 490–517. doi: 10.1177/1466138111400721
  • Almekinders, C., and N.P. Louwaars. 1999. Farmers’ seed production: New approaches and practices. London: Intermediate Technology.
  • Aoki, K. 2008. Seed wars: Controversies and cases on plant genetic resources and intellectual property. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.
  • Aoki, K. 2009. Free seeds, not free beer: Participatory plant breeding, open source seeds, and acknowledging user innovation in agriculture. Fordham Law Review 77: 2275–310.
  • Azzellini, D. 2016. Labour as a commons: The example of worker-recuperated companies. Critical Sociology (August 7). Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/0896920516661856
  • Barlow, M., and T. Clarke. 2005. Blue gold: the fight to stop the corporate theft of the world’s water. New ed. New York: New Press.
  • Barnes, P. 2001. Who owns the sky? Washington, DC: Island Press.
  • Benkler, Y. 2006. The wealth of networks: How social production transforms markets and freedom. New Haven: Yale University Press.
  • Benkler, Y. 2011. The penguin and the leviathan: The triumph of cooperation over self-Interest. 1st ed. New York: Crown Business.
  • Bollier, D. 2003. Silent theft: The private plunder of our common wealth. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Bollier, D. 2005. Brand name Bullies: The quest to own and control culture. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
  • Bollier, D. 2014. Think like a commoner: A short introduction to the life of the commons. Gabriola, BC: New Society Publishers.
  • Bollier, D. 2016. Commoning as a transformative social paradigm. The Next System Project. http://thenextsystem.org/commoning-as-a-transformative-social-paradigm/.
  • Bollier, D., and S. Helfrich, eds. 2015. Patterns of commoning. Amityville, NY: Common Strategies Group.
  • Butruille, D.V., F.H. Birru, M.L. Boerboom, E.J. Cargill, D.A. Davis, P. Dhungana, G.M. Dill, et al. 2015. Maize breeding in the United States: Views from within Monsanto. In Plant breeding reviews: Volume 39, ed. J. Janick, 199–282. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
  • Carney, J.A. 2001. Black rice: The African origins of rice cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Cavanagh, John, and International Forum on Globalization, ed. 2002. Alternatives to economic globalization: A better world is possible. San Francisco, CA: Berrett-Koehler.
  • Chander, A., and M. Sunder. 2004. The Romance of the Public Domain. California Law Review 92, no. 5: 1331–73. doi: 10.2307/3481419
  • Charles, D. 2014. Plant breeders release first ‘open source seeds’. NPR: The Salt, April 17.
  • CSA-India (Center for Sustainable Agriculture-India). 2014. Open source seed systems. http://csa-india.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Open_Source_Seed_Systems­­­_1.0.pdf
  • De Angelis, M. 2004. Separating the doing and the deed: Capital and the continuous character of enclosures. Historical Materialism 12, no. 2: 57–87. doi: 10.1163/1569206041551609
  • Deppe, C. 1993/2000. Breed your own vegetable varieties: The gardener’s and farmer’s guide to plant breeding and seed saving. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Deppe, C. 2017. Fertile Valley Seeds Catalog. http://www.caroldeppe.com/FVS%202017%20Seed%20Catalog%20&%20Order%20Form-170130.pdf
  • Escobar, A. 1994/2011. Encountering development: The making and unmaking of the third world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Escobar, A. 2015. Commons in the pluriverse. In Patterns of commoning, eds. D. Bollier, and S. Helfrich, 348–60. Amityville, NY: Common Strategies Group.
  • ETC Group. 2015. Breaking bad: Big Ag mega-mergers in play: Dow+DuPont in the pocket? Next: Demonsanto? ETC Group Communiqué 115, December.
  • Federici, S. 2011. Feminism and the politics of the commons. The commoner.
  • Fernandez-Cornejo, J. 2004. The seed industry in US agriculture: An exploration of data and information on crop seed markets, regulation, industry structure, and research and development; US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Agriculture information bulletin 786: Washington, DC, USA.
  • F.T. 2017. Organon: Gramsci’s organic intellectuals. FUCK Theory: Experiments in Visceral Philosophy. http://fucktheory.tumblr.com/post/42589015691/organon-gramscis-organic-intellectuals-along
  • GAFF (Global Alliance for the Future of Food). 2016. The future of food: Seeds of resilience, a compendium of perspectives on agricultural biodiversity from around the world.
  • Galt, R.E. 2013. Placing food systems in first world political ecology: A review and research agenda. Geography Compass 7, no. 9: 637–58. doi: 10.1111/gec3.12070
  • Goodman, D., and M. Watts, eds. 1997. Globalising food: Agrarian questions and global restructuring. London: Routledge.
  • Graddy, T.G. 2013. Regarding biocultural heritage: In situ political ecology of agricultural biodiversity in the Peruvian Andes. Agriculture and Human Values 30, no. 4: 587–604. doi: 10.1007/s10460-013-9428-8
  • GRAIN. 2015. UPOV 91 and other seed laws: a basic primer on how companies intend to control and monopolise seeds.
  • GRAIN. 2016. New mega-treaty in the pipeline: What does RCEP mean for farmers seeds in Asia? March 2016.
  • GRAIN and LVC (La Via Campesina). 2015. Seed laws that criminalize farmers: Resistance and fight back. http://viacampesina.org/en/images/stories/pdf/2015-Seed%20laws%20booklet%20EN.pdf.
  • Gramsci, A. 1932. Notebook 11: Introduction to the study of philosophy. In Marxists.org/archive. https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/index.htm.
  • Gramsci, A. 1971/2010. Selections from the prison notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. Eds. Quintin Hoare and Geoffrey Nowell-Smith. v8. New York: International Publ.
  • Grossman, L.S. 1998. The political ecology of bananas: Contract farming, peasants, and agrarian change in the Eastern Caribbean. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Hamilton, L.M. 2014. Linux for lettuce: Hacking the seed industry. Virginia Quarterly Review 90, no. 3: 56–69.
  • Hardin, G. 1968. The Tragedy of the Commons. Science 162, no. 3859: 1243–8. doi: 10.1126/science.162.3859.1243
  • Harvey, D. 2003. The new imperialism. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • Hindle, S. 2003. “‘Not by bread only?’ Common right, parish relief and endowed charity in a forest economy, c. 1600–1800,” in The poor in England, 1700–1850: An economy of makeshifts, eds. S. King, and A. Tomkins, 52–53. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Howard, P.H. 2009. Visualizing consolidation in the global seed industry: 1996–2008. Sustainability 1, no. 4: 1266–87. doi: 10.3390/su1041266
  • Howard, P.H. 2015. Intellectual property and consolidation in the seed industry. Crop Science 55, no. 6: 2489–95. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.09.0669
  • Howard, P.H. 2016. Concentration and power in the food system: Who controls what we eat? New York: Bloomsbury.
  • Iles, A., and M. Montenegro de Wit. 2015. Sovereignty at what scale? An inquiry into multiple dimensions of food sovereignty. Globalizations 12, no. 4: 481–97. doi: 10.1080/14747731.2014.957587
  • Illich, Ivan. 1981. Shadow Work. Open Forum Series, Boston: M. Boyars.
  • Jussaume, R.A., and L. Glenna. 2009. Considering structural, individual and social network explanations for ecologically sustainable agriculture: An example drawn from Washington State wheat growers. Sustainability 1, no. 2: 120–32. doi: 10.3390/su1020120
  • Khoo, S., L.K. Taylor, and V. Andreotti. 2016. Ethical internationalization, neoliberal restructuring and ‘Beating the Bounds’ of higher education. In Assembling and governing the higher education institution, eds. L. Shultz, and M. Viczko, 85–110. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • Kloppenburg, J.R. 1988/2004. First the seed: The political economy of plant biotechnology, 1492–2000. 2nd ed. Science and Technology in Society. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.
  • Kloppenburg, J.R. 2014. Re-purposing the master’s tools: The Open Source Seed Initiative and the struggle for seed sovereignty. The Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 6: 1225–46. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2013.875897
  • Kloppenburg, J.R., M.J. Chappell, M. Colley, I.L. Goldman, C. Luby, T. Michaels, F. Morton, M. Sligh, and T. Stearns. 2014. Free as in speech, not as in beer: The Open Source Seed Initiative. In Organic seed growers conference proceedings, ed. K. Hubbard, 144–46. Corvallis, OR: Organic Seed Alliance.
  • Lawn, C.R. 2016. Lawn clippings: Why OSSI? – Open Source Seed Initiative Newsletter, November 21. http://osseeds.org/lawn-clippings-why-ossi/
  • Lessig, L. 2004. Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity. New York: Penguin Press.
  • Ley de Semillas. 2015. Gaceta oficial de La Republica Bolivariana de Venezuela, No. 6.207 Extraordinario edition.
  • Linebaugh, P. 2008. The Magna Carta manifesto: Liberties and commons for All. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Linebaugh, P. 2010. Some principles of the commons. Counterpunch, January 8. http://www.counterpunch.org/2010/01/08/some-principles-of-the-commons/
  • Linebaugh, P. 2014. Stop, thief! The commons, enclosures and resistance. Oakland, CA: PM Press.
  • Lofthouse, J. 2016. Landrace gardening: Do it for the taste. Mother Earth News, April 27.
  • Lofthouse, J. 2017a. For sale: Genetically-diverse promiscuously-pollinated landrace seeds grown by Joseph Lofthouse in Cache Valley in the Rocky Mountains. http://garden.lofthouse.com/seed-list.phtml.
  • Lofthouse, J. 2017b. Adaptivar landraces. http://garden.lofthouse.com/seed-list.phtml.
  • Luby, C.H., J.R. Kloppenburg, and I.L. Goldman. 2016. Open source plant breeding and the Open Source Seed Initiative. In Plant breeding reviews, Vol. 40, ed. J. Janick, 271–98. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Luby, C.H., J. Kloppenburg, T.E. Michaels, and I.L. Goldman. 2015. Enhancing freedom to operate for plant breeders and farmers through open source plant breeding. Crop Science 55, no. 6: 2481–8. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2014.10.0708
  • Madison, M.J., B.M. Frischmann, and K.J. Strandburg. 2009. Constructing commons in the cultural environment. Cornell Law Review 95: 657–709.
  • Marx, K. 1977. Capital: A critique of political economy. Vol. 1. New York: Vintage Books.
  • Mascarenhas, M., and L. Busch. 2006. Seeds of change: Intellectual property rights, genetically modified soybeans and seed saving in the United States. Sociologica Ruralis 46, no. 2: 122–38. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9523.2006.00406.x
  • McGuire, S., and L. Sperling. 2016. Seed systems smallholder farmers use. Food Security 8, no. 1: 179–95. doi: 10.1007/s12571-015-0528-8
  • Montenegro de Wit, M. 2017. Stealing into the wild: conservation science, plant breeding and the makings of new seed enclosures. The Journal of Peasant Studies 44, no. 1: 169–212. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2016.1168405
  • Mooney, P.R. 1983. Seeds of the earth: A private or public resource? San Francisco, CA: Institute for Food and Development Policy; Inter Pares (London).
  • Moore, G., and W. Tymowski. 2005. Explanatory guide to the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. IUCN Environmental Policy and Law Paper No. 57.
  • Morton, F. 2014. Open source seed: A farmer-breeder’s perspective. In Organic seed growers conference proceedings, ed. K. Hubbard, 147–49. Corvallis, OR: Organic Seed Alliance.
  • Murphy, K., D. Lammer, S. Lyon, B. Carter, and S.S. Jones. 2005. Breeding for organic and low-input farming systems: An evolutionary–participatory breeding method for inbred cereal grains. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 20, no. 1: 48–55. doi: 10.1079/RAF200486
  • NoiseCat, J.B. 2017. The western idea of private property is flawed. The Guardian, March 27.
  • Nowak, M., and V. Prashad. 2016. The essentials of socialist writing. Jacobin, December 20.
  • OSA (Organic Seed Alliance). 2016. State of organic seed 2016, K. Hubbard and J. Zystro, eds. https://stateoforganicseed.org/.
  • Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the commons: The evolution of institutions for collective action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Peet, R., and M. Watts. 1993. Introduction: Development theory and environment in an age of market triumphalism. Economic Geography 69, no. 3: 227–53. doi: 10.2307/143449
  • Peluso, N.L. 2017. Whigs and hunters: the origins of the Black Act, by E.P. Thompson. The Journal of Peasant Studies 44, no. 1: 309–21. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2016.1264581
  • Podoll, D. 2014. Prairie road organic seed. Open Source Seed Initiative: Plant breeders. http://osseeds.org/people/.
  • Robbins, P. 2012. Political ecology: A critical introduction. 2nd ed. Critical introductions to geography. Chichester, West Sussex; Malden, MA: J. Wiley & Sons.
  • Schiavoni, C.M. 2017. The contested terrain of food sovereignty construction: Toward a historical, relational and interactive approach. The Journal of Peasant Studies 44, no. 1: 1–32. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2016.1234455
  • Shiva, V. 1997. Biopiracy: The plunder of nature and knowledge. Boston, MA: South End Press.
  • Smith, C., and S.H. Bragdon. 2016. The relationship between intellectual property rights and small-scale farmer innovations. Geneva: Quaker United Nations Office.
  • Solnit, R. 2017. Rebecca Solnit reads from the The mother of all questions; Discusses hope and resistance. Democracy Now, March 28.
  • Tapia, M., and B. Tobin. 2013. Five guardians of the seed: The role of Andean farmers in the caring and sharing of agrobiodiversity. In Common pools of genetic resources: Equity and innovation in international biodiversity law, eds. E.C. Kamau, and G. Winter, 79–100. First edition. Routledge Research in International Environmental Law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
  • Thompson, E.P. 1971. The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century. Past and Present 50, no. 1: 76–136. doi: 10.1093/past/50.1.76
  • Thompson, E.P. 1975. Whigs and hunters: The origin of the Black Act. 1st ed. (reprinted w. new postscript). Peregrine Books. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
  • Tripp, R. and Overseas Development Institute, eds. 1997. New seed and old laws: Regulatory reform and the diversification of national seed systems. London: Intermediate Technology on behalf of the Overseas Development Institute.
  • UPOV 1961. International convention for the protection of new varieties of plants [(UPOV) of 2 December 1961, as revised at Geneva on 10 November 1972, 23 October 1978, and 19 March 1991, Publication 221, Geneva, UPOV, 1994].
  • Vera-Herrera, R. 2016. Ejercer nuestros saberes es su mejor Protección. Biodiversidad. http://www.biodiversidadla.org/index.php/layout/set/print/layout/set/print/Principal/Secciones/Documentos/Ejercer_nuestros_saberes_es_su_mejor_proteccion.
  • Vogler, J. 2012. Global commons revisited. Global Policy 3, no. 1: 61–71. doi: 10.1111/j.1758-5899.2011.00156.x
  • Wattnem, T. 2016. Seed laws, certification and standardization: outlawing informal seed systems in the global south. The Journal of Peasant Studies 43, no. 4: 850–67. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2015.1130702
  • Watts, M. 2000. Political ecology. In A companion to economic geography, eds. E.S. Sheppard, and T.J. Barnes, 257–74. Blackwell companions to geography. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
  • Weinland, D. 2017. ChemChina and Sinochem plan $100bn merger. Financial Times, May 8.
  • Yoke Ling, C., and B. Adams. 2016. Farmers’ right to participate in decision-making: Implementing article 9.2 (c) of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, Working Paper. APBREBES.
  • Zimmerer, K.S. 1996. Changing fortunes: Biodiversity and peasant livelihood in the Peruvian Andes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.