Growing farmer-herder conflicts in Tanzania: the licenced exclusions of pastoral communities interests over access to resources

References

• Ahmed, A. G. M. 2009. “Climate Change as a Crucial Factor in the Darfur Crisis.” In Environment and Conflict in Africa: Reflection on Darfur, edited by M. Lerey, 81–98. Addis Ababa: University for Peace Africa Program.
   Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., K. Alinon, H. Buhaug, and J. T. Buseth. 2012. “Does Climate Change Drive Land-use Conflicts in the Sahel?” Journal of Peace Research 49 (1): 97–111. doi: 10.1177/0022343311427343
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T., and B. Boubacar. 2009. “Farmer-herder Conflicts, Pastoral Marginalisation and Corruption: A Case Study From the Inland Niger Delta of Mali.” Geographical Journal 175 (1): 71–81. doi: 10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00312.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., F. P. Maganga, and J. M. Abdalla. 2009. “The Kilosa Killings: Political Ecology of a Farmerâ “Herder Conflict in Tanzania.” Development and Change 40 (3): 423–445. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-7660.2009.01558.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockington, D. 1999. “Conservation, Displacement and Livelihoods. The Consequences of the Eviction for Pastoralists Moved From the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania.” Nomadic Peoples 3 (2): 74–96. doi: 10.3167/082279499782409370
   Google Scholar
• Brockington, D., and K. Homewood 1996. “Wildlife, Pastoralists and Science: Debates Concerning Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania.” In The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, edited by M. Leach and R. Mearns, 91–104. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Brooks, N. 2012. “Climate Change, Development and Conflict in the Sahel: A Review.” Paper prepared to support the study on climate change, water and conflict in the Niger River Basin, International Alert and the University of East Anglia, UEA.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, O., A. Hammill, and R. Mcleman. 2007. “Climate Change as the ‘New’ Security Threat: Implications for Africa.” International Affairs 83 (6): 1141–1154. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2007.00678.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryant, R. L. 1998. “Power, Knowledge and Political Ecology in the Third World: A Review.” Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 22 (1): 79–94. doi: 10.1177/030913339802200104
   Google Scholar
• Burke, M. B., E. Miguel, S. Satyanathd, J. A. Dykemae, and D. B. Lobell. 2009. “Warming Increases the Risk of Civil War in Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (49): 20670–20674. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0907998106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Büscher, B., and R. Fletcher. 2018. “Under Pressure: Conceptualising Political Ecologies of Green Wars.” Conservation and Society 16 (2): 105–113. doi: 10.4103/cs.cs_18_1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faris, S. 2007. “The Real Roots of Darfur.” The Atlantic Monthly April 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, D., P. Hirsch, and T. M. Li. 2013. Power of Exclusions: Land Dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson, D. L., and R. A. Schroeder. 2002. “Dilemmas of Counter-Mapping Community Resources in Tanzania.” Development and Change 33: 79–100. doi: 10.1111/1467-7660.00241
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiang, S. M., M. Burke, and E. Miguel. 2013. “Quantifying the Influence of Climate on Human Conflict.” Science 341 (6151): 1–10. doi: 10.1126/science.1235367
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ITV. 2012a. “Ikwiriri bado hakujatulia.” Accessed May 23. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cOSEzPhxEyU.
   Google Scholar
• ITV. 2012b. “Kilichojiri ikwiriri hadi polisi kuchomewa nyumba.” May 20.
   Google Scholar
• Lane, C. 1994. “Pastures Lost: Alienation of Barabeig Land in the Context of Land Policy and Legislation in Tanzania.” Nomadic Peoples 34 (35): 81–94.
   Google Scholar
• Leach, M., and R. Mearns. 1996. “Environmental Change and Policy.” In The Lie of the Land: Challenging Received Wisdom on the African Environment, edited by M. Leach and R. Mearns, 1–33. Oxford: James Currey.
   Google Scholar
• Lunstrum, E., P. Bose, and A. Zalik. 2016. “Environmental Displacement: The Common Ground of Climate Change, Extraction and Conservation.” Area 48 (2): 130–133. doi: 10.1111/area.12193
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malera, M. 2014. “Mauaji Kiteto kujadiliwa bungeni.” Tanzania Daima, November 18.
   Google Scholar
• Makoye, K.. 2012. “Drought Drives Herders into Conflict with Farmers.” Thomson Routers Foundation, June 12.
   Google Scholar
• Mwananchi. 2013. “Viongozi Wadaiwa Kuchochea Migogoro ya Wakulima, Wafugaji Wilayani Rufiji”. April 27.
   Google Scholar
• Ndaskoi, N. O. 2012. “Kilombero na Rufiji zatiririsha demo za wafugaji.” Raia Mwema, December 26.
   Google Scholar
• Neumann, R. P. 1998. Imposing Wilderness: Struggles Over Livelihood and Nature Preservation in Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Parliament of Tanzania. 2009. “Hotuba ya Bajeti ya Waziri wa Maendeleo ya Mifugo na Uvuvi kwa Mwaka wa Fedha 2009/2010.” http://www.parliament.go.tz/index.php/sessions/contribution/1122/2005-2010/53.
   Google Scholar
• Regassa, A., Y. HizekieL, and B. Korf. 2018. “Civilizing’ the Pastoral Frontier: Land Grabbing, Dispossession and Coercive Agrarian Development in Ethiopia.” Journal of Peasant Studies, doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1420060.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, J. C. 1998. “Theorizing Access: Forest Profits Along Senegal’s Charcoal Commodity Chain.” Development and Change 29: 307–341. doi: 10.1111/1467-7660.00080
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, J. 2014. “Cause and Response: Vulnerability and Climate in the Anthropocene.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 41 (5): 667–705. doi: 10.1080/03066150.2014.894911
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribot, J. C., and N. L. Peluso. 2003. “A Theory of Access.” Rural Sociology 68 (2): 153–181. doi: 10.1111/j.1549-0831.2003.tb00133.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Righarts, M. 2009. “Climate Change in Conflict.” Natural Hazard Observer, 11–14.
   Google Scholar
• Salehyan, I. 2008. “From Climate Change to Conflict? No Consensus Yet.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (3): 315–326. doi: 10.1177/0022343308088812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz, P., and D. R. Randall. 2003. An Abrupt Climate Change Scenario and its Implications for United States National Security. Washington, DC: Environmental Media Services.
   Google Scholar
• Sendalo, D. S. C. 2009. A Review of Land Tenure Policy Implications on Pastoralism in Tanzania. Department of Livestock Research, Training and Extension, Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries.
   Google Scholar
• Shem, M. N. 2010. “Impacts of Government Policies on Pastoralist Livelihoods in Semi-Arid Areas of Tanzania.” ICID, August 16–18, 2010, Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil.
   Google Scholar
• Sikor, T., and C. Lund. 2009. The Politics of Possession: Property, Authority and Access to Natural Resources. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Theisen, O. M. 2008. “Blood and Soil? Resource Scarcity and Internal Armed Conflict Revisited.” Journal of Peace Research 45 (6): 801–818. doi: 10.1177/0022343308096157
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. D. 1999. “No Space for Participation: Pastoralist Narratives and the Etiology of Park-Herder Conflict in Southeastern Niger.” Land Degradation &amp; Development 10: 345–363. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199907/08)10:4<345::AID-LDR358>3.0.CO;2-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNEP. 2007. Sudan: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Program.
   Google Scholar
• URT. 1995. Land Policy.
   Google Scholar
• URT. 1999. Land Act.
   Google Scholar
• URT. 1999. Village Act.
   Google Scholar
• URT. 2007. “Hotuba ya Waziri Mkuu, Mh. Edward Lowassa (MB) wakati wa kutoa hoja ya kuahirisha mkutano wa saba wa bunge la Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania.” Dodoma, 20 Aprili.
   Google Scholar
• URT. 2011. Taarifa ya Mafanikio ya Mkoa wa Pwani kwa Kipindi cha Miaka 50 ya Uhuru wa Tanzania Bara – Rufiji, Kibaha, Mkuranga, Kisarawe, Mafia and Bagamoyo Districts.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, M. 2008. Study on Options for Pastoralists to Secure their livelihoods: Pastoralism and Policy Process in Tanzania. Mbarali Case Study. Report submitted to the TNRF.
   Google Scholar
• Walsh, M. 2012. “The Not-so-Great Ruaha and Hidden Histories of an Environmental Panic in Tanzania.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 6 (2): 303–335. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2012.669575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar