From silk to concrete: exploring the socio-spatial aspects of the Agrarian question(s) in Mount Lebanon

References

• Abu-Rish, Ziad Munif. 2014. “Conflict and Institution Building in Lebanon, 1946-1955.” PhD Thesis, UCLA.
   Google Scholar
• Ajl, Max. 2020. “Does the Arab Region Have an Agrarian Question?” Journal of Peasant Studies: 1–29. doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1753706.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, and Cristóbal Kay. 2010a. “Surveying the Agrarian Question (Part 1): Unearthing Foundations, Exploring Diversity.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (1): 177–202. doi:10.1080/03066150903498838.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akram-Lodhi, A. Haroon, and Cristóbal Kay. 2010b. “Surveying the Agrarian Question (Part 2): Current Debates and Beyond.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (2): 255–284. doi:10.1080/03066151003594906.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Al-Bakri, J. T., J. C. Taylor, and T. R. Brewer. 2001. “Monitoring Land Use Change in the Badia Transition Zone in Jordan Using Aerial Photography and Satellite Imagery.” The Geographical Journal 167 (3): 248–262. doi:10.1111/1475-4959.00022.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allam, Nathalie. 2011. ‘Farming Is Like Gambling’; An Examination of the Decline of Produce Farming in Lebanon’s Central Bekaa Valley. Master of Arts Washington, DC: The Faculty of the Elliott School of International Affairs of the George Washington University.
   Google Scholar
• Alon, Gila, and Ronen Kadmon. 1996. “Effect of Successional Stages on the Establishment of Quercus Calliprinos in an East Mediterranean Maquis.” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 44 (4): 335–345. doi:10.1080/07929978.1996.10676655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amin, Samir. 2012. “Contemporary Imperialism and the Agrarian Question.” Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A Triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 1 (1): 11–26.
   Google Scholar
• Ashley, Caroline, and Simon Maxwell. 2002. “Rethinking Rural Development.” Forests, Trees and Livelihoods 12 (3): 155–161. doi:10.1080/14728028.2002.9752420.
   Google Scholar
• Associated Press. 2021. “Government Raises Price of Staple Bread Once More in Lebanon.” July 10. https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-business-lebanon-beirut-222130c8a79c87f19391350a14999c97.
   Google Scholar
• Ayeb, Habib, and Ray Bush. 2019. Food Insecurity and Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa: Agrarian Questions in Egypt and Tunisia. London: Anthem Press.
   Google Scholar
• Azhari, Timour. 2019. “‘It Was like Judgment Day’: Lebanese Devastated by Wildfires.” Aljazeera, October 17, 2019. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/10/17/it-was-like-judgment-day-lebanese-devastated-by-wildfires.
   Google Scholar
• Baroudi, Sami E. 2002. “Continuity in Economic Policy in Postwar Lebanon: The Record of the Hariri and Hoss Governments Examined, 1992-2000.” Arab Studies Quarterly 24 (1): 63–90.
   Google Scholar
• Batatu, Hanna. 1999. Syria’s Peasantry, the Descendants of its Lesser Rural Notables, and their Politics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bello, Walden F. 2009. The Food Wars. London: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Henry. 2006. “Is There an Agrarian Question in the 21st Century?” Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne d’études Du Développement 27 (4): 449–460. doi:10.1080/02255189.2006.9669166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein, Henry. 2010. Class Dynamics of Agrarian Change. Agrarian Change and Peasant Studies Series. Halifax, NS: Fernwood Pub.; Kumarian Press.
   Google Scholar
• BLOMINVEST Bank. 2014. The Lebanese Agricultural Sector in 2013: Minor but Steady Steps to Recovery. Beirut: Blom Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Brand, Aaron Tylor. 2014. “Lives Darkened by Calamity: Enduring the Famine of World War I in Lebanon and Western Syria.” PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts and Sciences at the American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon. http://scholarworks.aub.edu.lb/handle/10938/10186.
   Google Scholar
• Buccianti-Barakat, Liliane, and René Chamussy. 2012. Le Liban: Géographie d’un pays paradoxal. Paris: Belin.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, Ray. 2014. “Family Farming in the Near East and North Africa.” International Policy Centre for Inclusive Growth (IPC-IG) Working Paper No. 151.
   Google Scholar
• Bush, Ray, and Giuliano Martiniello. 2017. “Food Riots and Protest: Agrarian Modernizations and Structural Crises.” Word Development 91: 193–207.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byres, T. J. 1977. “Agrarian Transition and the Agrarian Question.” Journal of Peasant Studies 4 (3): 258–274. doi:10.1080/03066157708438024.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byres, T. J. 1991. “The Agrarian Question.” In A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, 2nd ed., edited by T. B. Bottomore, 9–11. Oxford: Blackwell Reference.
   Google Scholar
• Carte Du Liban. 1963. Beirut: Direction des affaires géographiques, Ministère de le défense nationale, état-major de l’armée.
   Google Scholar
• Chalak, Lamis, and Nada Sabra. 2007. Lebanon: Second Report on the State of Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Zahle: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
   Google Scholar
• Chalcraft, John. 2009. The Invisible Cage: Syrian Migrant Workers in Lebanon. Stanford: Stanford University Press. http://www.sup.org.
   Google Scholar
• Claval, Paul. 1988. “European Rural Societies and Landscapes, and the Challenge of Urbanization and Industrialization in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries.” Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geography 70 (1): 27–38. doi:10.2307/490739.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FAO - UN. 2014. Lebanon: Plan of Action for Resilient Livelihoods. Food Security Response and Stabilization of Rural Livelihoods Addressing the Impacts of the Syria Crisis (2014-2018). Baabda: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).
   Google Scholar
• Firestone, Ya’akov. 1975. “Crop-Sharing Economics in Mandatory Palestine – Part I.” Middle Eastern Studies 11 (1): 3–23. doi:10.1080/00263207508700284.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firro, Kais. 1990. “Silk and Agrarian Changes in Lebanon, 1860-1914.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 22 (2): 151–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedmann, Harriet. 1982. “The Political Economy of Food: The Rise and Fall of the Postwar International Food Order.” American Journal of Sociology 88 (January): S248–S286. doi:10.2307/3083245.
   Google Scholar
• Friedmann, Harriet, and Philip McMichael. 1989. “Agriculture and the State System: The Rise and Decline of National Agricultures, 1870 to the Present.” Sociologia Ruralis 29 (2): 93–117. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9523.1989.tb00360.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller, Anthony M. 1990. “From Part-Time Farming to Pluriactivity: A Decade of Change in Rural Europe.” Journal of Rural Studies 6 (4): 361–373. doi:10.1016/0743-0167(90)90049-E.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaspard, Toufic K. 2004. A Political Economy of Lebanon, 1948-2002: The Limits of Laissez-Faire. Social, Economic, and Political Studies of the Middle East and Asia. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Gates, Carolyn. 1989. The Historical Role of Political Economy in the Development of Modern Lebanon. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Lebanese Studies.
   Google Scholar
• Gharios, Cynthia, Saker El Nour, Martha Mundy, and Rami Zurayk. 2016. “Transformation Rurale, Paysage et Conflit Dans un Village du Liban Sud, Sinay.” Économie Rurale (353–354): 9–26. doi:10.4000/economierurale.4893.
   Google Scholar
• Haddad, Antoine. 1969. “Factors Affecting Farmers’ Participation in Abadiyeh Cooperative, Lebanon.” MSc Thesis, American University of Beirut, Beirut.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey, David. 1973. Social Justice and the City. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers).
   Google Scholar
• Henkin, Zalmen, Liat Hadar, and Imanuel Noy-Meir. 2007. “Human-Scale Structural Heterogeneity Induced by Grazing in a Mediterranean Woodland Landscape.” Landscape Ecology 22 (4): 577–587. doi:10.1007/s10980-006-9042-x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hobsbawm, Eric. 1992. “Introduction: Inventing Traditions.” In The Invention of Tradition, edited by Eric Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger, 1–14. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://digilib.bc.edu/reserves/mu340/spin/mu34023.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hourani, Najib. 2010. “Transnational Pathways and Politico-Economic Power: Globalisation and the Lebanese Civil War.” Geopolitics 15: 290–311.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hourani, Najib. 2015. “Capitalists in Conflict: The Lebanese Civil War Reconsidered.” Middle East Critique 24, no. 2.
   Google Scholar
• Hourani, Najib. 2015b. “People or Profit? Two Post-Conflict Reconstructions in Beirut.” Human Organization 74 (2): 174–184.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen, Louisa J. M, and Antonio Di Gregorio. 2004. “Obtaining Land-Use Information from a Remotely Sensed Land Cover Map: Results from a Case Study in Lebanon.” International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 5 (2): 141–157. doi:10.1016/j.jag.2004.02.001.
   Google Scholar
• Jones, David R. W. 1963. “Apple Production in the Lebanon: A Study of Agricultural Development in an Under-Developed Area.” Economic Geography 39 (3): 245–257.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labaki, Boutros. 1988. “Confessional Communities, Social Stratification and Wars in Lebanon.” Social Compass 35 (4): 533–561. doi:10.1177/003776868803500406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lebanon Ministry of Agriculture. 2003. National Action Programme to Combat Desertification. Beirut: National Action Programme.
   Google Scholar
• Lebanon Ministry of Environment. 2010. “State of the Environment Report.”
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, Norman N. 1953. “Lebanon. The Mountain and Its Terraces.” Geographical Review 43 (1): 1–14. doi:10.2307/211535.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marot, Bruno, and Serge Yazigi. 2012. “The Reconstructon of Beirut: Sowing Seeds for Future Conflicts?” Translated by Oliver Waine. Meropolitics, November 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Martinez, Carlos. 2017. “Still a Secret.” The Business Year, June 26. https://www.thebusinessyear.com/lebanon-2017/globalization-could-change-once-attractive-banking-secrecy-laws-in-lebanon/focus.
   Google Scholar
• McCarthy, James. 2008. “Rural Geography: Globalizing the Countryside.” Progress in Human Geography 32 (1): 129–137. doi:10.1177/0309132507082559.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, Philip. 1997. “Rethinking Globalization: The Agrarian Question Revisited.” Review of International Political Economy 4 (4): 630–662. doi:10.1080/09672299708565786.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMichael, Philip. 2013. Food Regimes and Agrarian Questions. Agrarian Change & Peasant Studies 2. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Milbourne, Paul. 2003. “Nature – Society – Rurality: Making Critical Connections.” Sociologia Ruralis 43 (3): 193–195. doi:10.1111/1467-9523.00240.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, Jason W. 2008. “Ecological Crises and the Agrarian Question in World-Historical Perspective.” Monthly Review 60 (6): 54–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moore, Jason W. 2017. “Metabolic Rift or Metabolic Shift? Dialectics, Nature, and the World-Historical Method.” Theory and Society 46 (4): 285–318.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mroue, Bassam. 2020. “Lebanon Removes Banking Secrecy Rules to Fight Corruption.” AP NEWS, May 28, AP News edition, sec. Cabinets. https://apnews.com/article/9fd38092fba8ca8d72696efe246d512e.
   Google Scholar
• Naff, Alixa. 1993. Becoming American: The Early Arab Immigrant Experience. Carbondale: SIU Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nasr, Salim. 1978. “Backdrop to Civil War: The Crisis of Lebanese Capitalism.” MERIP Reports 73 (December): 3–13.
   Google Scholar
• Nasr, Salim. 1985. “La Transition Des Chiites Vers Beyrouth: Mutation Sociales et Mobilisation Communautaire à La Veille de 1975.” In Mouvements Communautaires et Espaces Urbains Au Machreq, 87–116. Beirut: Centre d’études et de recherches sur le Moyen-Orient contemporain.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, Roger. 1993. The Middle East in the World Economy, 1800-1914. Rev pbk. ed. London: I.B. Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• Owen, Roger, Tosun Aricanli, and Haluk Kasnakoglu. 1986. In Food, States, and Peasants: Analyses of the Agrarian Question in the Middle East, 1st ed., edited by Alan Richards. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Perevolotsky, Avi. 2005. “Integrating Landscape Ecology in the Conservation of Mediterranean Ecosystems: The Israeli Experience.” Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 53 (3–4): 203–213. doi:10.1560/DQL0-Q22F-LMD5-97LK.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perevolotsky, Avi, and Yigal Haimov. 1992. “The Effect of Thinning and Goat Browsing on the Structure and Development of Mediterranean Woodland in Israel.” Forest Ecology and Management 49 (1): 61–74. doi:10.1016/0378-1127(92)90160-B.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitts, Graham Auman. 2016. “Fallow Fields: Famine and the Making of Lebanon.” Georgetown University-Graduate School of Arts & Sciences. PhD thesis, Washington, D.C: Georgetown University. https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/1042896.
   Google Scholar
• Ploeg, Jan Douwe van der. 2008. The New Peasantries: Struggles for Autonomy and Sustainability in an Era of Empire and Globalization. London: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Polat, Huseyin. 2010. “Cooperatives in the Arab World: Reaffirming Their Validity for Regional and Local Development.” Background Paper Presented at the ILO Sub-Regional Workshop, Beirut, November 23. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/—arabstates/—ro-beirut/documents/genericdocument/wcms_210766.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Richani, Nazi. 1990. “The Druze of Mount Lebanon: Class Formation in a Civil War.” Middle East Report (162): 26–30. doi:10.2307/3013282.
   Google Scholar
• Safieddine, Hicham. 2019. Banking on the State: Financial Foundations of Lebanon. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sajadian, China. 2020. “The Agrarian Question in Lebanon Today: A View from a Camp in the Bekaa Valley.” Jadaliyya - جدلية. August 19. https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/41585.
   Google Scholar
• Schirazi, Asghar. 1993. Islamic Development Policy: The Agrarian Question in Iran. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Soffer, Arnon. 1986. “Lebanon: Where Demography is the Core of Politics and Life.” Middle Eastern Studies 22 (2): 197–205. doi:10.1080/00263208608700659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan, Hellen. 2019. “The Making of Lebanon’s October Revolution.” New Yorker, October 29. https://www.newyorker.com/news/dispatch/the-making-of-lebanons-october-revolution.
   Google Scholar
• Swyngedouw, Erik. 2004. Social Power and the Urbanization of Water: Flows of Power. Oxford Geographical and Environmental Studies Series. Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Tarawneh, Mohamed Fayez. 2013. Rural Capitalist Development in the Jordan Valley: The Case of Deir Alla – the Rise and Demise of Social Groups. Leiden: Sidestone Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor, J. C., T. R. Brewer, and A. C. Bird. 2000. “Monitoring Landscape Change in the National Parks of England and Wales Using Aerial Photo Interpretation and GIS.” International Journal of Remote Sensing 21 (13–14): 2737–2752. doi:10.1080/01431160050110269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson, Elizabeth. 2000. Colonial Citizens: Republican Rights, Paternal Privilege, and Gender in French Syria and Lebanon. The History and Society of the Modern Middle East. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Traboulsi, Fawwaz. 2012. A History of Modern Lebanon. London: Pluto Press . Distributed in the United States of America exclusively by Palgrave Macmillian.
   Google Scholar
• Trew, Bel, Oliver Carroll, Samira el-Azar, and Richard Hall. 2020. “The Seven Years of Neglect, and 13 min of Chaos, That Destroyed Beirut.” The Independent, August 12. sec. News.
   Google Scholar
• Woods, Michael. 2010. Rural. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank Data. n.d. “Rural Population (% of Total Population) - Lebanon | Data.” Accessed March 14 2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.RUR.TOTL.ZS?locations = LB.
   Google Scholar
• Zervas, Georges. 2011. “Current Trends in Animal Production Practices in Southern European Systems.” Granada Workshop Report 6. Greece. https://macaulay.webarchive.hutton.ac.uk/livestocksystems/granada/zervas.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Zohary, M. 1962. Plant Life of Palestine: Israel and Jordan. New York: Ronald Press.
   Google Scholar