2,733
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Regular Articles

Harvesting consent: South Asian tea plantation workers’ experience of Fairtrade certification

References

  • ACMS (Assam Chah Mazdoor Sangha). 2015. Memorandum of Settlement with Employers’ Associations 26th February 2015. Dibrugarh: ACMS. Accessed 19 August 2021. http://www.assamchahmazdoorsangha.org/BILATERAL%20AGREEMENT%20PDF/Wage%20Agreement%20of%20Daily%20Rated%20Worker.pdf.
  • Anner, M. 2015. “Labor Control Regimes and Worker Resistance in Global Supply Chains.” Labor History 56 (3): 292–307.
  • Bacon, C. M. 2010. “Who Decides What Is Fair in Fair Trade? The Agri-Environmental Governance of Standards, Access, and Price.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (1): 111–147.
  • Bass, D. 2013. Everyday Ethnicity in Sri Lanka: Up-Country Tamil Identity Politics. London: Routledge.
  • Behal, R. P., and P. P. Mohapatra. 1992. “‘Tea and Money Versus Human Life’: The Rise and Fall of the Indenture System in the Assam Tea Plantations 1840–1908.” Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (3-4): 142–172.
  • Besky, S. 2014. The Darjeeling Distinction: Labor and Justice on Fair-Trade Tea Plantations in India. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Bhowmik, S. K. 2011. “Ethnicity and Isolation: Marginalization of Tea Plantation Workers.” Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts 4 (2): 235–253.
  • Bhowmik, S. K. 2015. “Living Conditions of Tea Plantation Workers.” Economic & Political Weekly 50 (46 & 47): 29–32.
  • Brass, T., and H. Bernstein. 1992. “Introduction: Proletarianisation and Deproletarianisation on the Colonial Plantation.” Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (3-4): 1–40.
  • Breman, J., and E. V. Daniel. 1992. “Conclusion: The Making of a Coolie.” Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (3-4): 268–295.
  • Burawoy, M. 1979. Manufacturing Consent: Changes in the Labor Process Under Monopoly Capitalism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cramer, C., D. Johnston, B. Mueller, C. Oya, and J. Sender. 2017. “Fairtrade and Labour Markets in Ethiopia and Uganda.” The Journal of Development Studies 53 (6): 841–856.
  • Davies, S. 1990. “Inserting Gender into Burawoy’s Theory of the Labour Process.” Work, Employment and Society 4 (3): 391–406.
  • Dolan, C. S. 2008. “In the Mists of Development: Fairtrade in Kenyan Tea Fields.” Globalizations 5 (2): 305–318.
  • Dolan, C. S. 2010. “Virtual Moralities: The Mainstreaming of Fairtrade in Kenyan Tea Fields.” Geoforum 41 (1): 33–43.
  • Erdogan, E. 2016. “I Pray for the Factory to Continue Earning Money: The Familial Factory Regime of the ‘Sun’ Food Factory in Turkey.” Feminist Review 113 (1): 68–84.
  • Fairtrade International. 2014. Fairtrade Standard for Hired Labour. Bonn: Fairtrade International.
  • Fairtrade International. 2018. Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade. 9th ed. Bonn: Fairtrade International.
  • Fairtrade International. 2020. Monitoring the Scope and Benefits of Fairtrade. 10th ed. Bonn: Fairtrade International.
  • FAO IGG (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Intergovernmental Group on Tea). 2011. Contribution of Smallholders to the Tea Sub-sector and Policies Required to Enhance their Livelihood. Colombo: FAO IGG.
  • FAOSTAT (FAO Statistics Division). 2020. FAOSTAT Database. Accessed 19 August 2021. http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data.
  • Fischer, E. F., B. Victor, and L. Asturias de Barrios. 2021. “Quality versus Solidarity: Third Wave Coffee and Cooperative Values among Smallholding Maya Farmers in Guatemala.” Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (3): 640–657.
  • Fortin, E. 2018. “Repoliticising Multi-Stakeholder Standards Processes: The Roundtable on Sustainable Biomaterials’ Standards and Certification Scheme.” Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (4): 805–824.
  • Fridell, G. 2014. “Fair Trade Slippages and Vietnam Gaps: The Ideological Fantasies of Fair Trade Coffee.” Third World Quarterly 35 (7): 1179–1194.
  • Gunetilleke, N., S. Kuruppu, and S. Goonasekera. 2008. The Estate Workers’ Dilemma: Tensions and Changes in the Tea and Rubber Plantations in Sri Lanka. Colombo: CEPA.
  • Gupta, R. D. 1992. “Plantation Labour in Colonial India.” Journal of Peasant Studies 19 (3-4): 173–198.
  • Harriss-White, B. 2003. India Working: Essays on Society and Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Herman, A. 2010. “Connecting the Complex Lived Worlds of Fairtrade.” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 12 (4): 405–422.
  • Indian Tea Association. 2020. Provisional Crop Estimates (m kg): April 2020 & 2019. Accessed 19 August 2021. https://www.indiatea.org/uploads/scenerio_image/1496838969.pdf.
  • Jaffee, D. 2012. “Weak Coffee: Certification and Co-optation in the Fair Trade Movement.” Social Problems 59 (1): 94–116.
  • Jayawardena, K., and R. Kurian. 2015. Class, Patriarchy and Ethnicity on Sri Lankan Plantations – Two Centuries of Power and Protest. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan.
  • Jegathesan, M. 2019. Tea and Solidarity. Tamil Women and Work in Postwar Sri Lanka. Washington, DC: University of Washington Press.
  • Kumar, A. 2022. “Wages of Politics or Last-Mile Welfare? The Case of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA).” Territory, Politics, Governance. 10 (1): 103–119.
  • Kurian, R. 2018. “The Industrial Plantation under Colonialism in South Asia: Finance Capital Price Takers and Labour Regimes.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Colonial Agricultural Modernities, 1750s–1870s: Capital, Concepts, Circulations Berlin, Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, March 22 and 23.
  • Kurian, R., and K. Jayawardena. 2017. “Plantation Patriarchy and Structural Violence: Women Workers in Sri Lanka.” In Social and Cultural Dimensions of Indian Indentured Labour and Its Diaspora: Past and Present, edited by M. S. Hassankhan, L. Roopnarine, and R. Mahase, 25–50. London: Routledge.
  • Labour Bureau. 2009. Socio-economic Conditions of Women Workers in Plantation Industry 2008–09. Chandigarh: Labour Bureau, Ministry of Labour & Employment.
  • Lalitha, N., V. Nelson, A. Martin, and H. Posthumus. 2013. Assessing the Poverty Impact of Sustainability Standards: Indian Tea. London: University of Greenwich.
  • LeBaron, G. 2018. The Global Business of Forced Labour: Report of Findings. Sheffield: SPERI & University of Sheffield.
  • Li, T. M. 2011. “Centering Labor in the Land Grab Debate.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (2): 281–298.
  • Makita, R. 2012. “Fair Trade Certification: The Case of Tea Plantation Workers in India.” Development Policy Review 30 (1): 87–107.
  • Manjapra, K. 2018. “Plantation Dispossessions: The Global Travel of Agricultural Racial Capitalism.” In American Capitalism. New Histories, edited by S. Beckert, and C. Desan, 361–387. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Mezzadri, A. 2017. The Sweatshop Regime: Labouring Bodies, Exploitation and Garments Made in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Ministry of Plantation Industries & Export Agriculture of Sri Lanka. 2020. Statistical Information on Plantation Crops 2018. Colombo: Ministry of Plantation Industries & Export Agriculture.
  • Mintz, S. W. 1985. Sweetness and Power: The Place of Sugar in Modern History. New York: Viking Penguin.
  • Neilson, J., and B. Pritchard. 2010. “Fairness and Ethicality in their Place: The Regional Dynamics of Fair Trade and Ethical Sourcing Agendas in the Plantation Districts of South India.” Environment and Planning A 42 (8): 1833–1851.
  • Newsome, K., P. Taylor, J. Bair, and A. Rainnie, eds. 2015. Putting Labour in Its Place: Labour Process Analysis and Global Value Chains. London: Palgrave.
  • Oya, C. 2013. “The Land Rush and Classic Agrarian Questions of Capital and Labour: A Systematic Scoping Review of the Socioeconomic Impact of Land Grabs in Africa.” Third World Quarterly 34 (9): 1532–1557.
  • Payne, J. 2018. “Manufacturing Masculinity: Exploring Gender and Workplace Surveillance.” Work and Occupations 45 (3): 346–383.
  • Phillips, N. 2011. “Informality, Global Production Networks and the Dynamics of ‘Adverse Incorporation’.” Global Networks 11 (3): 380–397.
  • Pye, O. 2010. “The Biofuel Connection–Transnational Activism and the Palm oil Boom.” Journal of Peasant Studies 37 (4): 851–874.
  • Pye, O. 2021. “Agrarian Marxism and the Proletariat: A Palm Oil Manifesto.” Journal of Peasant Studies 48 (4): 807–826.
  • Raj, J. 2019. “Beyond the Unions: The Pembillai Orumai Women’s Strike in the South Indian Tea Belt.” Journal of Agrarian Change 19 (4): 671–689.
  • Raynolds, L. T. 2014. “Fairtrade, Certification, and Labor: Global and Local Tensions in Improving Conditions for Agricultural Workers.” Agriculture and Human Values 31 (3): 499–511.
  • Raynolds, L. T. 2017. “Fairtrade Labour Certification: The Contested Incorporation of Plantations and Workers.” Third World Quarterly 38 (7): 1473–1492.
  • Reinecke, J. 2010. “Beyond a Subjective Theory of Value and Towards a ‘Fair Price’: An Organizational Perspective on Fairtrade Minimum Price Setting.” Organization 17 (5): 563–581.
  • Riisgaard, L. 2015. “Fairtrade Certification, Conventions and Labor.” In Handbook of Research on Fair Trade, edited by L. Raynolds, and E. Bennett, 120–138. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Sarkar, K., and S. K. Bhowmik. 1998. “Trade Unions and Women Workers in Tea Plantations.” Economic & Political Weekly 33 (52): L50–L52.
  • Selwyn, B. 2012. “Beyond Firm-Centrism: Re-integrating Labour and Capitalism into Global Commodity Chain Analysis.” Journal of Economic Geography 12 (1): 205–226.
  • Sen, S. 2004. “‘Without His Consent?’: Marriage and Women’s Migration in Colonial India.” International Labor and Working-Class History 65: 77–104.
  • Sen, D. 2017. Everyday Sustainability: Gender Justice and Fair Trade Tea in Darjeeling. Albany: SUNY Press.
  • Sen, D., and S. Majumder. 2011. “Fair Trade and Fair Trade Certification of Food and Agricultural Commodities.” Environment and Society 2 (1): 29–47.
  • Sharma, A. 2016. “Female Labour in Tea Plantations: Labour Process and Labour Control.” In Land, Labour and Livelihoods. Indian Women‘s Perspectives, edited by B. Fernandez, M. Gopal, and O. Ruthven, 111–131. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Siegmann, K. A., A. Sajitha, K. Fernando, K. J. Joseph, K. Romeshun, R. Kurian, and P. K. Viswanathan. 2019. “Testing Fairtrade’s Labour Rights Commitments in South Asian Tea Plantations: A Good Match Between Civic and Industrial Conventions?” Revue Internationale des Etudes du Developpement 240 (4): 63–94.
  • Staricco, J. I. 2019. “Class Dynamics and Ideological Construction in the Struggle Over Fairness: A Neo-Gramscian Examination of the Fairtrade Initiative.” Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (1): 96–114.
  • Staricco, J. I., and S. Ponte. 2015. “Quality Regimes in Agro-Food Industries: A Regulation Theory Reading of Fair Trade Wine in Argentina.” Journal of Rural Studies 38: 65–76.
  • Tea Board of India. 2017. 63st Annual Report, 2016–17. Kolkata: Tea Board of India.
  • Thibbotuwawa, M., P. Jayawardena, N. Arunatilake, and N. Gunasekera. 2019. Living Wage Report Sri Lanka. Estate Sector. The Global Living Wage Coalition.
  • Van Rijn, F., R. Fort, R. Ruben, T. Koster, and G. Beekman. 2020. “Does Certification Improve Hired Labour Conditions and Wageworker Conditions at Banana Plantations?” Agriculture and Human Values 37 (2): 353–370.
  • Viswanathan, P. K. 2021. “Do Trade Certifications Alleviate Economic and Social Deprivations of Plantation Workers? A Study of the tea Plantation Sector in India.” Work Organisation, Labour & Globalisation 15 (2): 46–72.
  • West, P. 2010. “Making the Market: Specialty Coffee, Generational Pitches, and Papua New Guinea.” Antipode 42 (3): 690–718.