Forest as ‘nature’ or forest as territory? Knowledge, power, and climate change conservation in the Peruvian Amazon

References

• Andes Amazon Fund. 2021. Andes Amazon Fund: Safeguarding the Most Diverse Landscapes on Earth.” Impact Report, December 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Augusto Melendez, Maria Claudia. 2018. “Cuando el Estado y la sociedad confluyen: la construcción de la política territorial en San Martín (2002–2018).” Debates en Sociología 47: 9–39. doi:10.18800/debatesensociologia.201802.001.
   Google Scholar
• Barclay, Frederica. 1991. “Protagonismo del Estado en el proceso de incorporación de la selva.” In Amazonía, 1940–1990: el extravío de una ilusión, edited by Frederica Barclay, Martha Rodríguez, Fernando Santos-Granero, and Marcel Valcárcel, 43–102. Lima: Terra Nuova / CISEPA PUCP.
   Google Scholar
• Biffi, Valeria, and Anahí Chaparro. 2021. “Introducción. Visiones De San Martín Y Territorios Vividos En La Amazonía Andina.” Anthropologica 39 (46): 5–9. doi:10.18800/anthropologica.202101.000.
   Google Scholar
• Blanco Galdos, Hugo. 1972. Tierra o muerte. Las luchas campesinas en Perú. México: Siglo XXI.
   Google Scholar
• Bocarejo, Diana, and Diana Ojeda. 2016. “Violence and Conservation: Beyond Unintended Consequences and Unfortunate Coincidences.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 69: 176–183. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2015.11.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borras, Saturnino M. Jr., Ian Scoones, Amita Baviskar, Marc Edelman, Nancy Lee Peluso, and Wendy Wolford. 2022. “Climate Change and Agrarian Struggles: An Invitation to Contribute to a JPS Forum.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 49 (1): 1–28. doi:10.1080/03066150.2021.1956473.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass, Tom. 1989. “Trotskyism, Hugo Blanco and the Ideology of a Peruvian Peasant Movement.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 16 (2): 173–197. doi:10.1080/03066158908438389.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bravo Mego, Sandra Lizeth. 2019. “La afectación directa positiva de la creación de Cordillera Escalera vs el derecho de consulta previa un conflicto sin resolver.” Bachelor ‘s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/13657.
   Google Scholar
• Brockington, Dan. 2002. Fortress Conservation: The Preservation of the Mkomazi Game Reserve. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Chaparro, Anahí. 2018. Caminos de crianza Kichwa Lamista: relaciones entre personas y lugares de Alto Pucalpillo.” Master diss., Universidad Federal Fluminense.
   Google Scholar
• Che Piu, Hugo, and Tania García. 2011. Estudio REDD Perú: La situación REDD en el Perú. Lima: Derecho Ambiente y Recursos Naturales (DAR).
   Google Scholar
• Chomba, Susan, Juliet Kariuki, Jens Friis Lund, and Fergus Sinclair. 2015. “Roots of Inequity: How the Implementation of REDD+ Reinforces Past Injustices.” Land Use Policy 50: 202–213. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2015.09.021.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consejo Transitorio de Administración Regional (CTAR). 2002. Estudio Justificatorio para el establecimiento del Área de Conservación Regional Cordillera Escalera (ACR – CE) N° 141-2002-CTAR-SM/PE presented to INRENA.
   Google Scholar
• Conservation International Peru. 2016. Alto Mayo Conservation Initiative Monitoring & Implementation N°3 (2014–2016). Monitoring and implementation Report, VCS Version 3, CBB Standards Second Edition. Lima, Peru.
   Google Scholar
• Conservation International Peru. 2022. “Innovando la gestión del Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo.” https://www.conservation.org/peru/iniciativas-actuales/innovando-la-gestion-del-bosque-de-proteccion-alto-mayo.
   Google Scholar
• Coomes, Oliver T. 1996. “State Credit Programs and the Peasantry Under Populist Regimes: Lessons from the APRA Experience in the Peruvian Amazon.” World Development 24 (8): 1333–1346. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(96)00039-3.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crabtree, John. 1997. “Populismo y neopopulismo: la experiencia peruana.” Apuntes: Revista de Ciencias Sociales 40: 97–109. doi:10.21678/apuntes.40.457.
   Google Scholar
• Crabtree, John. 2002. “The Impact of Neo-Liberal Economics on Peruvian Peasant Agriculture in the 1990s.” Journal of Peasant Studies 29 (3–4): 131–161. doi:10.1080/03066150412331311049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Defensoría del Pueblo. 2011. Reporte de Conflictos Sociales No. 90. August 2011. Lima.
   Google Scholar
• De la Cadena, M. 2015. Earth Beings: Ecologies of Practice Across Andean Worlds. Durham/London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Descola, Philippe. 1996. In the Society of Nature: A Native Ecology in Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Egerlid, Josefin. 2015. “Governing Indigenous Territories in the Peruvian Amazon: Placing People or Forest First?” Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:slu:epsilon-s-4975.
   Google Scholar
• Elden, Stuart. 2010. “Thinking Territory Historically.” Geopolitics 15 (4): 757–761. doi:10.1080/14650041003717517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ELM (En La Mira). 2022. “SERNANP y Policía Nacional Coordinan Plan de Operaciones para la Lucha Frontal contra los Deforestadores del BPAM” (Press Conference Video). Tarapoto, April 8, 2022. https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=2063326573827897&id=100004517228627&sfnsn=wa.
   Google Scholar
• Espinosa, Oscar. 2009. “¿Salvajes Opuestos al Progreso?: Aproximaciones Históricas y Antropológicas a las Movilizaciones Indígenas en la Amazonía Peruana.” Anthropologica 27 (27): 123–168. https://revistas.pucp.edu.pe/index.php/anthropologica/article/view/1602.
   Google Scholar
• Fairhead, James, Melissa Leach, and Ian Scoones. 2012. “Green Grabbing: A new Appropriation of Nature?” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2): 237–261. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.671770.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco, Jennifer, and Saturnino M. Borras Jr. 2019. “Grey Areas in Green Grabbing: Subtle and Indirect Interconnections Between Climate Change Politics and Land Grabs and Their Implications for Research.” Land Use Policy 84: 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.03.013.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frank, David Jhon, Ann Hironaka, and Evan Schofer. 2000. “The Nation-State and the Natural Environment Over the Twentieth Century.” American Sociological Review 65: 96–116. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2657291.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy. 2021. “Climates of Capital: For a Trans-Environmental eco-Socialism.” New Left Review 127: 94–127.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy, James Angus, Thiago Cardoso, Angela Steward, and Luke Parry. 2018. “Amazonian Peasant Livelihood Differentiation as Mutuality-Market Dialectics.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 45 (7): 1382–1409. doi:10.1080/03066150.2017.1296833.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gootenberg, Paul. 2018. “Introduction: Orphans of Development: The Unanticipated Rise of Illicit Coca in the Amazon Andes, 1950–1990.” In The Origins of Cocaine: Colonization and Failed Development in the Amazon Andes, edited by Paul Gootenberg, and Liliana Dávalos, 1–18. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Greene, Shane. 2009. Customizing Indigeneity. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. doi:10.1515/9780804771283.
   Google Scholar
• Grillo, Luciana, Allison Kendra, Álvaro Pastor, and Hernán Manrique López. 2021. “Addressing Socio-Environmental Challenges and Unintended Consequences of Peruvian Drug Policy: An Analysis in Two Former Cocalero Valleys.” Journal of Illicit Economies and Development 3 (1): 97–117.
   Google Scholar
• Guha, R., and J. Martínez-Alier. 1997. Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South. London, New York: Earthscan.
   Google Scholar
• Gustafsson, Maria-Therese, and Martin Scurrah. 2019. “Strengthening Subnational Institutions for Sustainable Development in Resource-Rich States: Decentralized Land-use Planning in Peru.” World Development 119: 133–144. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.03.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutiérrez-Sanín, Francisco. 2021. “Tough Tradeoffs: Coca Crops and Agrarian Alternatives in Colombia.” International Journal of Drug Policy 89, 103156. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103156.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haraway, Donna J. 2016. Staying with the Trouble: Making Kin in the Chthulucene. Durham: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Heckmann, Matthias. 2006. The upper montane forests of the Yuracyacu: Soils and vegetation (Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo, Northern Perú).” Diploma diss., University de Bayreuth.
   Google Scholar
• Holmes, George, and Connor J. Cavanagh. 2016. “A Review of the Social Impacts of Neoliberal Conservation: Formations, Inequalities, Contestations.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 75: 199–209. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2016.07.014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• IFRC (International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies). 2022. Food security and livelihoods. https://www.ifrc.org/food-security-and-livelihoods.
   Google Scholar
• Igoe, Jim, and Dan Brockington. 2007. “Neoliberal Conservation: A Brief Introduction.” Conservation & Society 5 (4): 432–449. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26392898.
   Google Scholar
• INRENA (Instituto de Recursos Naturales). 2008. Plan Maestro del Bosque de Protección Alto Mayo 2008–2013. Lima.
   Google Scholar
• Katila, Pia, Carol J. Pierce Colfer, Wil de Jong, Glenn Galloway, Pablo Pacheco, and Georg Winkel, eds. 2019. Sustainable Development Goals: Their Impacts on Forests and People. Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108765015.
   Google Scholar
• Kaulard, Anke. 2021. “La Construcción de Redes e Infraestructuras Sinérgicas del Cacao en San Martín (2007 - 2018).” Phd diss., Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/21232.
   Google Scholar
• Kay, Cristobal. 2008. “Reflections on Latin American Rural Studies in the Neoliberal Globalization Period: A new Rurality?” Development and Change 39 (6): 915–943. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2008.00518.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krause, Torsten. 2020. “Reducing Deforestation in Colombia While Building Peace and Pursuing Business as Usual Extractivism?” Journal of Political Ecology 27 (1): 401–418. doi:10.2458/v27i1.23186.
   Google Scholar
• Larson, Anne M., and Fernanda Soto. 2008. “Decentralization of Natural Resource Governance Regimes.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 33: 213–239. doi:10.1146/annurev.environ.33.020607.095522.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach, Melissa, and Ian Scoones, eds. 2015. Pathways to Sustainability. Carbon Conflicts and Forest Landscapes in Africa. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Li, Tania Murray. 2007. “Practices of Assemblage and Community Forest Management.” Economy and Society 36 (2): 263–293. doi:10.1080/03085140701254308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Fabiana. 2015. Unearthing Conflict: Corporate Mining, Activism, and Expertise in Peru. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manrique López, Hernán. 2016. El fin de la guerra de la cocaína: construcción del Estado y desarrollo alternativo en la región San Martín (1978–2015).” Bachelor’s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
   Google Scholar
• Mbatu, Richard S. 2016. “REDD + Research: Reviewing the Literature, Limitations and Ways Forward.” Forest Policy and Economics 73: 140–152. doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2016.09.010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medina Revilla, Alicia. 2015. “La comunicación para el desarrollo y la gestión participativa-intercultural de áreas naturales protegidas: estudio del caso de Cordillera Escalera en San Martín.” Bachelor’s thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/6597.
   Google Scholar
• Merino, Roger, and Maria-Therese Gustafsson. 2021. “Localizing the Indigenous Environmental Steward Norm: The Making of Conservation and Territorial Rights in Peru.” Environmental Science & Policy 124: 627–634. doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministerio de Cultura del Perú. 2019. “Base de Datos de Pueblos Indígenas u Originarios.” Accessed 29 May 2022. http://bdpi.cultura.gob.pe/pueblos-indigenas.
   Google Scholar
• Montana, Jasper. 2021. “From Inclusion to Epistemic Belonging in International Environmental Expertise: Learning from the Institutionalisation of Scenarios and Models in IPBES.” Environmental Sociology 7 (4): 305–315. doi:10.1080/23251042.2021.1958532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montefrio, Marvin Joseph, and Wolfram H. Dressler. 2016. “The Green Economy and Constructions of the “Idle” and “Unproductive” Uplands in the Philippines.” World Development 79: 114–126. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.11.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Myers, Rodd, Anne M. Larson, Ashwin Ravikumar, Laura F. Kowler, Anastasia Yang, and Tim Trench. 2018. “Messiness of Forest Governance: How Technical Approaches Suppress Politics in REDD+ and Conservation Projects.” Global Environmental Change 50: 314–324. doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2018.02.015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NICFI (Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative). n.d. “Partner Countries: Peru.” Norwegian Ministry of Climate and Environment. Accessed October 5, 2022. https://www.nicfi.no/partner-countries/peru/.
   Google Scholar
• Nightingale, Andrea Joslyn, Siri Eriksen, Marcus Taylor, Timothy Forsyth, Mark Pelling, Andrew Newsham, Emily Boyd, et al. 2020. “Beyond Technical Fixes: Climate Solutions and the Great Derangement.” Climate and Development 12 (4): 343–352. doi:10.1080/17565529.2019.1624495.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, Diana. 2012. “Green Pretexts: Ecotourism, Neoliberal Conservation, and Land Grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia.” Journal of Peasant Studies 39 (2): 357–375. doi:10.1080/03066150.2012.658777.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojeda, Diana. 2014. “Descarbonización y despojo: desigualdades socioambientales y las geografías del cambio climático.” In Desigualdades socioambientales en América Latina, edited by Barbara Göbel, Manuel Góngora-Mera, and Astrid Ulloa, 255–290. Bogota: Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
   Google Scholar
• Oldekop, Johan A., Laura Vang Rasmussen, Arun Agrawal, Anthony J. Bebbington, Patrick Meyfroidt, David N. Bengston, Allen Blackman, et al. 2020. “Forest-linked Livelihoods in a Globalized World.” Nature Plants 6: 1400–1407. doi:10.1038/s41477-020-00814-9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, Maritza, and Anke Kaulard. 2020. “Fighting the Climate Crisis in Persistently Unequal Land Regimes: Natural Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon.” Journal of Cleaner Production 265: 121605. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121605.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paredes, Maritza, and Hernán Manrique. 2021. “The State's Developmentalist Illusion and the Origins of Illegal Coca Cultivation in Peru's Alto Huallaga Valley (1960–80).” Journal of Latin American Studies 53 (2): 245–267. doi:10.1017/S0022216X21000225.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso, Nancy L. 2011. “Emergent Forest and Private Land Regimes in Java.” Journal of Peasant Studies 38 (4): 811–836.doi:10.1080/03066150.2011.608285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Farrar & Rinehart.
   Google Scholar
• Rasmussen, Mattias Borg. 2018. “Paper Works: Contested Resource Histories in Peru’s Huascarán National Park.” World Development 101: 429–440. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.05.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ritchie, Hannah, and Max Roser. 2021. “Forests and Deforestation.” Our World in Data. Accessed April 5, 2022. https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation.
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, Dianne. 2011. Networks, Territories and Distributed Power in Land Grabs in Latin America.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Global Land Grabbing, Sussex, April, 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, Dianne. 2015. “Networked, Rooted and Territorial: Green Grabbing and Resistance in Chiapas.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 42 (3e4): 695–723. doi:10.1080/03066150.2014.993622.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocheleau, Dianne, and Robin Roth. 2007. “Rooted Networks, Relational Webs and Powers of Connection: Rethinking Human and Political Ecologies.” Geoforum; Journal of Physical, Human, and Regional Geosciences 38 (38): 433–437. doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2006.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos-Granero, Fernando. 1991. “Frentes económicos, espacios regionales, y fronteras capitalistas en la amazonía.” In Amazonía, 1940–1990: el extravío de una ilusión, edited by Frederica Barclay, Martha Rodríguez, Fernando Santos-Granero, and Marcel Valcárcel, 227–287. Lima: Terra Nuova / CISEPA PUCP.
   Google Scholar
• Santos-Granero, Fernando, and Frederica Barclay. 2000. Tamed Frontiers: Economy, Society, and Civil Rights in Upper Amazonia. Boulder: Westview Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schilling-Vacaflor, Almut, and Ricarda Flemmer. 2015. “Conflict Transformation Through Prior Consultation? Lessons from Peru.” Journal of Latin American Studies 47 (4): 811–839. doi:10.1017/S0022216X15000826.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt-Soltau, Kai, and Dan Brockington. 2007. “Protected Areas and Resettlement: What Scope for Voluntary Relocation?” World Development 35 (12): 2182–2202. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder, Heike, and Constance McDermott. 2014. “Beyond Carbon: Enabling Justice and Equity in REDD+ Across Levels of Governance.” Ecology and Society 19 (1): 31. doi:10.5751/ES-06537-190131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones, Ian. 2009. “Livelihoods Perspectives and Rural Development.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 36 (1): 171–196. doi:10.1080/03066150902820503.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scoones, Ian, Melissa Leach, and Peter Newell, eds. 2015. The Politics of Green Transformations. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Scott, James C. 2008. Seeing Like a State. New Heaven: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Neil. 1990. Uneven Development: Nature, Capital, and the Production of Space. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Soper, Kate. 1995. What Is Nature? Culture, Politics, and the Non-Human. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Strathern, Marilyn. 1990. The Gender of the Gift: Problems with Women and Problems with Society in Melanesia. Berkeley: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Svampa, M. 2019. Neo-extractivism in Latin America: Socio-Environmental Conflicts, the Territorial Turn, and new Political Narratives. London: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Thorp, Rosemary, and Maritza Paredes. 2010. Ethnicity and the Persistence of Inequality: The Case of Peru. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tsing, Anna Lowenhaupt. 2015. The Mushroom at the End of the World. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Valderrama, Miguel. 2017. “ACR Cordillera Escalera: miopías en los preliminares de una gestión cuestionada.” SERVINDI, December 14, 2017. https://www.servindi.org/actualidad-noticias/14/12/2017/acr-cordillera-escalera-miopias-en-los-preliminares-de-una-gestion.
   Google Scholar
• Viveiros de Castro, Eduardo. 1999. The transformation of objects into subjects in Amerindian ontologies.” In the symposium entitled “Re-animating Religion: A Debate on the New Animism.” Paper presented at the 98th Annual Meeting of the American Anthropological Association, Chicago, November.
   Google Scholar
• West, Paige, and Dan Brockington. 2006. “An Anthropological Perspective on Some Unexpected Consequences of Protected Areas.” Conservation Biology 20 (3): 609–616. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3879216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, Paige, Jim Igoe, and Dan Brockington. 2006. “Parks and Peoples: The Social Impact of Protected Areas.” Annual Review of Anthropology 35: 251–277. doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123308.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, Erik Olin. 2019. How to be an Anti-Capitalist in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Verso Books.
   Google Scholar