Farmer-herder relations, land governance and the national conflict in Mali

References

• Audu, S. D. 2014. “Freshwater Scarcity: A Threat to Peaceful Co-Existence Between Farmers and Pastoralists in Northern Nigeria.” International Journal of Development and Sustainability 3 (1): 242–251.
   Google Scholar
• Bassett, T. J. 1988. “The Political Ecology of Peasant-Herder Conflicts in the Northern Ivory Coast” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78 (3): 453–472. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1988.tb00218.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baudais, V. 2020. “The Impact of the Malian Crisis on the Group of Five Sahel Countries: Balancing Security and Development Priorities.” (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI), Ed.) Accessed August 10, 2021. https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2020/impact-malian-crisis-group-five-sahel-countries-balancing-security-and-development-priorities.
   Google Scholar
• Bayart, J. F. 2000. “Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion.” African Affairs 99 (395): 217–267. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/99.395.217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beeler, S. 2006. Conflicts between Farmers and Herders in North-Western Mali (No 141). London: IIED.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, C. E. 2008. “Legal Pluralism and Decentralization: Natural Resource Management in Mali.” World Development 36 (11): 2255–2276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.03.005.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A. 1997. “Natural Resource Management, Paradigm Shifts, and the Decentralisation Reform in Mali.” Human Ecology 25 (1): 121–143. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021940004348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., and B. Ba. 2009. “Farmer–Herder Conflicts, Pastoral Marginalisation and Corruption: A Case Study from the Inland Niger Delta of Mali.” Geographical Journal 175 (1): 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2008.00312.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., and B. Ba. 2019. “Why do Pastoralists in Mali Join Jihadist Groups? A Political Ecological Explanation.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1474457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., and B. Ba. 2021. “Fulani-Dogon Killings in Mali: Farmer-Herder Conflicts as Insurgency and Counterinsurgency.” African Security 14(1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., and H. Svarstad. 2019. “Political Ecology.” In Vol. 4, edited by Brian D. Fath, Encyclopedia of Ecology, 391–396, 2nd ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, S. 1988. “Concentration Without Privatisation? Some Consequences of Changing Patterns of Rural Land Control in Africa.” In Land and Society in Contemporary Africa, edited by R. E. Downs, and S. P. Reyna, 53–76. Lebanon: University Press of New England.
   Google Scholar
• Berry, S. 1993. No Condition is Permanent: The Social Dynamics of Agrarian Change in sub-Saharan Africa. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, C. 2003. “Decentralization As Political Strategy In West Africa” Comparative Political Studies 36 (4): 355–380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414003251173.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boone, C. 2014. Property and Political Order in Africa: Land Rights and the Structure of Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, M., M. Coulibaly, and F. Machado. 2000. Popular Perceptions of Good Governance in Mali (Afrobarometer. No. 9). Cape Town: Institute for Democracy in South Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Breusers, M., S. Nederlof, and T. van Rheenen. 1998. “Conflict or Symbiosis? Disentangling Farmer-Herdsman Relations: The Mossi and Fulbe of the Central Plateau, Burkina Faso.” The Journal of Modern African Studies, 357–380. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022278X98002808.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brottem, L. 2014. “Hosts, Strangers and the Tenure Politics of Livestock Corridors in Mali.” Africa, 84, 638–657. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972014000424.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brottem, L. V. 2016. “Environmental Change and Farmer-Herder Conflict in Agro-Pastoral West Africa” Human Ecology 44 (5): 547–563. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-016-9846-5.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camara, B. 2013. “The Dynamics of Land Tenure Systems in the Niger Basin, Mali.” Africa, 83, 78–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0001972012000721.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, A. F. 2000. “From Military Dictatorship to Democracy: The Decentralisation Process in Mali.” In Democracy and Development in Mali, edited by R. J. Bingen, D. Robinson, and J. Staatz, 251–264. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cline, L. E. 2021. “Jihadist Movements in the Sahel: Rise of the Fulani?” Terrorism and Political Violence 35 (1): 1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotula, L., and S. Cissé. 2006. “Changes in ‘Customary’ Resource Tenure Systems in the Inner Niger Delta, Mali.” The Journal of Legal Pluralism and Unofficial Law 38 (52): 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/07329113.2006.10756689.
   Google Scholar
• dal Santo, E., and E. J. van der Heide. 2018. “Escalating Complexity in Regional Conflicts: Connecting Geopolitics to Individual Pathways to Terrorism in Mali.” African Security 11 (3): 274–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2018.1505232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidheiser, M., and A. M. Luna. 2008. “From Complementarity to Conflict: A Historical Analysis of Farmer-Fulbe Relations in West Africa.” African Journal on Conflict Resolution 8 (1): 77–104. https://doi.org/10.4314/ajcr.v8i1.39421.
   Google Scholar
• Della Porta, D. 2009. Social Movement Studies and Political Violence. Aarhus: Centre for Studies in Islamism and Radicalisation, Aarhus University.
   Google Scholar
• Diallo, O. A. 2017. “Ethnic Clashes, Jihad, and Insecurity in Central Mali.” Peace Review 29 (3): 299–306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1344529.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doornbos, M. 2001. “'Good Governance': The Rise and Decline of a Policy Metaphor?.” Journal of Development Studies 37 (6): 93–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/713601084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dowd, C., and C. Raleigh. 2013. “The Myth of Global Islamic Terrorism and Local Conflict in Mali and the Sahel.” African Affairs 112 (448): 498–509. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adt039.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faguet, J. P. 2011. Decentralisation and Governance. Economic Organisation and Public Policy. Discussion Papers: EOPP, 27. London: London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Fay, C. 1995. “La Démocratie au Mali, ou le Pouvoir en Pâture” [Democracy in Mali, or the Wandering Power]. Cahiers d'études africaines 35 (137): 19–53.
   Google Scholar
• George, J., A. Adelaja, T. Awokuse, and O. Vaughan. 2021. “Terrorist Attacks, Land Resource Competition and Violent Farmer-Herder Conflicts.” Land Use Policy 102: 105241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.105241.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Getachew, A. 2021. “Reimagining Decolonisation Today: A Review of Neither Settler nor Native” [Review of the Book Neither Settler nor Native: The Making and Unmaking of Permanent Minorities, by M. Mamdani]. CODESRIA Bulletin Online 15: 1–4. Retrieved from https://codesria.org/IMG/pdf/15-_adom_codbul_online_2021.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Goodfellow, T., and S. Lindemann. 2013. “The Clash of Institutions: Traditional Authority, Conflict and the Failure of ‘Hybridity’ in Buganda.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 51 (1): 3–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/14662043.2013.752175.
   Google Scholar
• Government of Mali. 2000. Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper.
   Google Scholar
• Harriss, J. 2002. “The Case for Cross-Disciplinary Approaches in International Development.” World Development 30 (3): 487–496. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00115-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst, J. 2014. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hernann, A. 2016. “Discourse in Crisis: Situating Slavery, Jihad and Military Intervention in Northern Mali.” Dialectical Anthropology 40 (3): 267–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10624-016-9437-2.
   Google Scholar
• Hesseling, G., and H. van Dijk. 2005. “Administrative Decentralisation and Political Conflict in Mali.” In Is Violence Inevitable in Africa, edited by P. Chabal and U. Engel, 171–192. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Homer-Dixon, T. 1999. Environment, Scarcity, and Violence. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hussein, K., J. Sumberg, and D. Seddon. 1999. “Increasing Violent Conflict Between Herders and Farmers in Africa: Claims and Evidence.” Development Policy Review 17 (4): 397–418. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-7679.00094.
   Google Scholar
• IDA & IMF. 2000. Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Document for the Completion Point Under the Original Framework and Decision Point Under the Enhanced Framework (Rep. No. 40369).
   Google Scholar
• Jones-Casey, K., and A. Knox. 2011. “Farmer-herder Conflicts in Mali.” Focus on Land in Africa. World Resources Institute and LandesaRural Development Institute. Accessed March 15, 2015. www.Focusonland.com/download/51dda6a62a68d/.
   Google Scholar
• Jourde, C. 2017. “How Islam Intersects Ethnicity and Social Status in the Sahel.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35 (4): 432–450. https://doi.org/10.1080/02589001.2017.1361016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S. N. 2003. “The Ontology of “Political Violence”: Action and Identity in Civil Wars” Perspectives on Politics, 475–494. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1537592703000355.
   Google Scholar
• Kalyvas, S. N. 2004. “The Paradox of Terrorism in Civil War.” The Journal of Ethics 8 (1): 97–138. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOET.0000012254.69088.41.
   Google Scholar
• Keen, D. 2012. “Wars Within Wars.” In Useful Enemies: When Waging Wars is More Important Than Winning Them, edited by D. Keen, 116–137. London: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kisangani, E. F. 2012. “The Tuaregs’ Rebellions in Mali and Niger and the US Global War on Terror.” International Journal on World Peace 29 (1): 59–97.
   Google Scholar
• Knight, J. 1992. Institutions and Social Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Köhler, F. 2021. “Pastoralists and the State … and ‘Islamic State’ On Eastern Niger's Frontier: Between Evasion And Engagement” Nomadic Peoples 25 (1): 59–79. https://doi.org/10.3197/np.2021.250104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maiangwa, B. 2017. ““Conflicting Indigeneity” and Farmer–Herder Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa” Peace Review 29 (3): 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1080/10402659.2017.1344527.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamdani, M. 1996. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Manor, J. 1999. “The Political Economy of Democratic Decentralisation.” In Directions in Development Series, edited by J. Manor. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Mbaeze, N. 2018. Herders–Farmers Conflict in Nigeria: Implication for National Development. Enugu: Godfrey Okoye University, 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Meierding, E. 2013. “Climate Change and Conflict: Avoiding Small Talk About the Weather.” International Studies Review 15 (2): 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/misr.12030.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meinzen-Dick, R. S., and R. Pradhan. 2002. Legal Pluralism and Dynamic Property Rights (No. 577-2016-39147).
   Google Scholar
• Mohamed, H. 2023. “Analysis: What’s Next for Mali after MINUSMA Withdrawal?” Al Jazeera, July 3. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/7/3/what-next-for-mali-after-minusma-withdrawal.
   Google Scholar
• Mohan, G., and K. Stokke. 2000. “Participatory Development and Empowerment: The Dangers of Localism.” Third World Quarterly 21 (2): 247–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436590050004346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. 2006a. “Changing Contexts and Dynamics of Farmer-Herder Conflicts Across West Africa.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des études Africaines 40 (1): 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2006.10751334.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. 2006b. “The Politics of Permanent Conflict: Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Northern Cameroon.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des études Africaines 40 (1): 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2006.10751337.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. 2010. “Understanding Herder-Farmer Conflicts in West Africa: Outline of a Processual Approach.” Human Organization, 69 138–148. https://doi.org/10.17730/humo.69.2.aq85k02453w83363.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nijenhuis, K. 2009. “Reconsidering Conflicts Over Land in the Sahel as Conflicts Over Power.” In Legal Anthropology from the Low Countries, Special Issue Recht der Werkelijkheid, edited by A. Böcker W. van Rossum and H. Weyers, 69–99. Amsterdam: Reed Business.
   Google Scholar
• North, D. C. 1990. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Nsaibia, H. 2020a. “State Atrocities in the Sahel: The Impetus for Counterinsurgency Results is Fueling Government Attacks on Civilians.” (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), Ed.). Accessed August 10, 2021. https://acleddata.com/2020/05/20/state-atrocities-in-the-sahel-the-impetus-for-counter-insurgency-results-is-fueling-government-attacks-on-civilians/.
   Google Scholar
• Nsaibia, H. 2020b. “Mali: Any End to the Storm?” (Armed Conflict Location & Event Data Project (ACLED), Ed.). Accessed February 27, 2021. https://acleddata.com/2020/12/17/mali-any-end-to-the-storm/.
   Google Scholar
• OECD & SWAC. 2020. “The Changing Geography of Conflict in North and West Africa.” In The Geography of Conflict in North and West Africa, West African Studies, edited by OECD/SWAC, 77–124. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/02181039-en.
   Google Scholar
• Pringle, R. 2006. “Mali's Unlikely Democracy.” The Wilson Quarterly 30 (2): 31–39.
   Google Scholar
• Putzel, J. 2010. Why Development Actors Need a Better Definition of ‘State Fragility. London: Crisis States Research Centre, The London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Putzel, J., and J. Di John. 2012. Meeting the Challenges of Crisis States. London: Crisis States Research Centre, The London School of Economics and Political Science.
   Google Scholar
• Richards, P. 2005. “New War: An Ethnographic Approach.” In No Peace No War: An Anthropology of Contemporary Armed Conflicts, edited by P. Richards, 1–22. Athens: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenje, M. O., O. P. Adeniyi, and T. O. Peju-Rosenje. 2020. “State Fragility and the Accentuation of Conflict in Nigeria: A Critical Evaluation of Herdsmen-Farmers’ Conflict in The Fourth Republic.” EBSU Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 10 (1): 88–116.
   Google Scholar
• Sabrow, S. 2017. “Local Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Peace Operations by the UN, Regional Organizations and Individual States – a Case Study of the Mali Conflict” International Peacekeeping 24 (1): 159–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/13533312.2016.1249365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangaré, B. 2016. “Le Centre du Mali: épicentre du djihadisme? [The Centre of Mali: Epicentre of Jihadism?].” Note d'Analyse du GRIP 12.
   Google Scholar
• Smith, Z. K. 2001. “Mali’s Decade of Democracy.” Journal of Democracy 12: 73–79. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2001.0057.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svarstad, H., T. A. Benjaminsen, and R. OverÃ. 2018. “Power Theories in Political Ecology.” Journal of Political Ecology 25 (1): 350–363. https://doi.org/10.2458/v25i1.23044.
   Google Scholar
• Thurston, A. 2013. “Mali: The Disintegration of a ‘Model African Democracy’.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development, 2(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/sta.aq.
   Google Scholar
• Tobie, A., and B. Sangaré. 2019. Impacts des groupes armés sur les populations au nord et au centre du Mali [Impacts of Armed Groups on Populations in Northern and Central Mali] (Rep.). Stockholm: SIPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, M. D. 1999. “Merging Local and Regional Analyses of Land-Use Change: The Case of Livestock in the Sahel” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 89 (2): 192–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00142.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. D. 2004. “Political Ecology and the Moral Dimensions of “Resource Conflicts”: The Case of Farmer–Herder Conflicts in the Sahel” Political Geography 23 (7): 863–889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2004.05.009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner, M. D. 2006. “The Micropolitics of Common Property Management on the Maasina Floodplains of Central Mali.” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des études Africaines 40 (1): 41–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2006.10751335.
   Google Scholar
• van Dijk, H., and M. de Bruijn. 1995. “Pastoralists, Chiefs and Bureaucrats: A Grazing Scheme in Dryland Central Mali.” In Local Resource Management in Africa, edited by J. P. M. van den Breemer, C. A. Drijver, and B. L. Venema, 77–95. Hoboken: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• von Benda-Beckmann, K. 1984. The Broken Stairways to Consensus: Village Justice and State Courts in Minangkabau. Dordrecht: Foris.
   Google Scholar
• von Benda-Beckmann, F. V. 2001. “Legal Pluralism and Social Justice in Economic and Political Development.” IDS Bulletin 32 (1): 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2001.mp32001006.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker, P. A. 2005. “Political Ecology: Where is the Ecology?” Progress in Human Geography 29 (1): 73–82. https://doi.org/10.1191/0309132505ph530pr.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar