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- Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. An earlier version of this paper was first read as the Presidential Address, to the Medieval India Section, Indian History Congress, Fortieth Session, at Waltair, in December 1979. It was later discussed at three seminars respectively organised by the School of Social Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi; Department of History, Erasmus University, Rotterdam; and Society for the Study of Feudalism, Sorbonne, Paris. I was fortunate enough to receive written and oral comments from Maurice Aymard, Guy Bois, Barun De, Irfan Habib, R.H. Hilton, Iqtidar Alam Khan, Frank Perlin, Burton Stein and immannuel Wallerstein; it isa privilege to acknowledge my debt of gratitude to them all.